메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 75, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 1330-1342

Proteomic analysis of the nucleus accumbens in rhesus monkeys of morphine dependence and withdrawal intervention

Author keywords

Morphine; Nucleus accumbens; Primate; Proteomics; Synucleins

Indexed keywords

ALPHA ACTIN; ALPHA SYNUCLEIN; ALPHA TROPOMYOSIN; BETA SYNUCLEIN; CALMODULIN; CLONIDINE; CYTOSKELETON PROTEIN; DIMETHYLARGININASE; ELONGATION FACTOR 1BETA; ELONGATION FACTOR TU; ENDOPHILIN; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM PROTEIN 29; FUMARYLACETOACETASE; GAMMA SYNUCLEIN; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 70; MALATE DEHYDROGENASE; METHADONE; NEURON SPECIFIC NUCLEAR PROTEIN; ORNITHINE OXOACID AMINOTRANSFERASE; PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS; PEROXIREDOXIN 2; PROTEASOME; PROTEIN SERINE THREONINE KINASE; PYRIDOXAL KINASE; PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE; STATHMIN; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; SYNAPTOTAGMIN I; TROPOMODULIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

EID: 84855906864     PISSN: 18743919     EISSN: 18767737     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.11.008     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (32)

References (53)
  • 1
    • 0042331424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug addiction
    • Cami J., Farre M. Drug addiction. N Engl J Med 2003, 349:975-986.
    • (2003) N Engl J Med , vol.349 , pp. 975-986
    • Cami, J.1    Farre, M.2
  • 2
    • 84855894247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurobiology of addiction
    • Koob G.F. Neurobiology of addiction. Focus 2011, 9:55.
    • (2011) Focus , vol.9 , pp. 55
    • Koob, G.F.1
  • 3
    • 33845798406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytosolic proteomic alterations in the nucleus accumbens of cocaine overdose victims
    • Tannu N., Mash D., Hemby S. Cytosolic proteomic alterations in the nucleus accumbens of cocaine overdose victims. Mol Psychiatry 2006, 12:55-73.
    • (2006) Mol Psychiatry , vol.12 , pp. 55-73
    • Tannu, N.1    Mash, D.2    Hemby, S.3
  • 4
    • 34547918341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression changes of hippocampal energy metabolism enzymes contribute to behavioural abnormalities during chronic morphine treatment
    • Chen X.L., Lu G., Gong Y.X., Zhao L.C., et al. Expression changes of hippocampal energy metabolism enzymes contribute to behavioural abnormalities during chronic morphine treatment. Cell Res 2007, 17:689-700.
    • (2007) Cell Res , vol.17 , pp. 689-700
    • Chen, X.L.1    Lu, G.2    Gong, Y.X.3    Zhao, L.C.4
  • 5
    • 75549083403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrative proteomic analysis of the nucleus accumbens in rhesus monkeys following cocaine self-administration
    • Tannu N., Howell L., Hemby S. Integrative proteomic analysis of the nucleus accumbens in rhesus monkeys following cocaine self-administration. Mol Psychiatry 2008, 15:185-203.
    • (2008) Mol Psychiatry , vol.15 , pp. 185-203
    • Tannu, N.1    Howell, L.2    Hemby, S.3
  • 6
    • 33645464689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intermittent administration of morphine alters protein expression in rat nucleus accumbens
    • Li K.W., Jimenez C.R., van der Schors R.C., Hornshaw M.P., et al. Intermittent administration of morphine alters protein expression in rat nucleus accumbens. Proteomics 2006, 6:2003-2008.
    • (2006) Proteomics , vol.6 , pp. 2003-2008
    • Li, K.W.1    Jimenez, C.R.2    van der Schors, R.C.3    Hornshaw, M.P.4
  • 7
    • 34250617838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proteomic analysis of rat cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum after exposure to morphine
    • Bierczynska-Krzysik A., Pradeep J.J.P., Silberring J., Kotlinska J., et al. Proteomic analysis of rat cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum after exposure to morphine. Int J Mol Med 2006, 18:775.
    • (2006) Int J Mol Med , vol.18 , pp. 775
    • Bierczynska-Krzysik, A.1    Pradeep, J.J.P.2    Silberring, J.3    Kotlinska, J.4
  • 8
    • 34250875149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proteomic analysis of rat prefrontal cortex in three phases of morphine-induced conditioned place preference
    • Yang L., Sun Z.S., Zhu Y. Proteomic analysis of rat prefrontal cortex in three phases of morphine-induced conditioned place preference. J Proteome Res 2007, 6:2239-2247.
    • (2007) J Proteome Res , vol.6 , pp. 2239-2247
    • Yang, L.1    Sun, Z.S.2    Zhu, Y.3
  • 9
    • 79953118182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes of protein expression profiles in the amygdala during the process of morphine-induced conditioned place preference in rats
    • Lin X.J., Wang Q.S., Cheng Y., Ji J., Yu L.C. Changes of protein expression profiles in the amygdala during the process of morphine-induced conditioned place preference in rats. Behav Brain Res 2011.
    • (2011) Behav Brain Res
    • Lin, X.J.1    Wang, Q.S.2    Cheng, Y.3    Ji, J.4    Yu, L.C.5
  • 11
    • 34247352040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary and biomedical insights from the rhesus macaque genome
    • Gibbs R.A., Rogers J., Katze M.G., Bumgarner R., et al. Evolutionary and biomedical insights from the rhesus macaque genome. Science 2007, 316:222.
    • (2007) Science , vol.316 , pp. 222
    • Gibbs, R.A.1    Rogers, J.2    Katze, M.G.3    Bumgarner, R.4
  • 12
    • 41049095853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contributions of non-human primates to neuroscience research
    • Capitanio J.P., Emborg M.E. Contributions of non-human primates to neuroscience research. Lancet 2008, 371:1126-1135.
    • (2008) Lancet , vol.371 , pp. 1126-1135
    • Capitanio, J.P.1    Emborg, M.E.2
  • 17
    • 0032210705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clonidine blocks acquisition but not expression of conditioned opiate withdrawal in rats
    • Schulteis G., Stinus L., Risbrough V.B., Koob G.F. Clonidine blocks acquisition but not expression of conditioned opiate withdrawal in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 1998, 19:406-416.
    • (1998) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.19 , pp. 406-416
    • Schulteis, G.1    Stinus, L.2    Risbrough, V.B.3    Koob, G.F.4
  • 18
    • 0033662168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A modified silver staining protocol for visualization of proteins compatible with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry
    • Yan J.X., Wait R., Berkelman T., Harry R.A., et al. A modified silver staining protocol for visualization of proteins compatible with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2000, 21:3666-3672.
    • (2000) Electrophoresis , vol.21 , pp. 3666-3672
    • Yan, J.X.1    Wait, R.2    Berkelman, T.3    Harry, R.A.4
  • 19
    • 33947698785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clonidine attenuates morphine withdrawal and subsequent drug sensitization in rhesus monkeys
    • Chen S., Zhai H., Cui Y., Shi J. Clonidine attenuates morphine withdrawal and subsequent drug sensitization in rhesus monkeys. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007, 28:473-483.
    • (2007) Acta Pharmacol Sin , vol.28 , pp. 473-483
    • Chen, S.1    Zhai, H.2    Cui, Y.3    Shi, J.4
  • 20
    • 34249774895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The biochemical analysis of methadone modulation on morphine-induced tolerance and dependence in the rat brain
    • Whistler L.H.J.L. The biochemical analysis of methadone modulation on morphine-induced tolerance and dependence in the rat brain. Pharmacology 2007, 79:193-202.
    • (2007) Pharmacology , vol.79 , pp. 193-202
    • Whistler, L.H.J.L.1
  • 21
    • 0028913958 scopus 로고
    • Clonidine and opiate receptor antagonists in the treatment of heroin addiction
    • Gerra G., Marcato A., Caccavari R., Fontanesi B., et al. Clonidine and opiate receptor antagonists in the treatment of heroin addiction. J Subst Abuse Treat 1995, 12:35-41.
    • (1995) J Subst Abuse Treat , vol.12 , pp. 35-41
    • Gerra, G.1    Marcato, A.2    Caccavari, R.3    Fontanesi, B.4
  • 22
    • 77956647666 scopus 로고
    • Methadone induces necrotic-like cell death in SH-SY5Y cells by an impairment of mitochondrial ATP synthesis
    • Perez-Alvarez S., Cuenca-Lopez M.D., de Mera R.M., Puerta E., et al. Methadone induces necrotic-like cell death in SH-SY5Y cells by an impairment of mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1802, 2010:1036-1047.
    • (1802) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.2010 , pp. 1036-1047
    • Perez-Alvarez, S.1    Cuenca-Lopez, M.D.2    de Mera, R.M.3    Puerta, E.4
  • 23
    • 33646945995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leucine 135 of tropomodulin-1 regulates its association with tropomyosin, its cellular localization, and the integrity of sarcomeres
    • Kong K.Y., Kedes L. Leucine 135 of tropomodulin-1 regulates its association with tropomyosin, its cellular localization, and the integrity of sarcomeres. J Biol Chem 2006, 281:9589.
    • (2006) J Biol Chem , vol.281 , pp. 9589
    • Kong, K.Y.1    Kedes, L.2
  • 25
    • 0037835766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mice lacking tropomodulin-2 show enhanced long-term potentiation, hyperactivity, and deficits in learning and memory
    • Cox P.R., Fowler V., Xu B., Sweatt J.D., et al. Mice lacking tropomodulin-2 show enhanced long-term potentiation, hyperactivity, and deficits in learning and memory. Mol Cell Neurosci 2003, 23:1-12.
    • (2003) Mol Cell Neurosci , vol.23 , pp. 1-12
    • Cox, P.R.1    Fowler, V.2    Xu, B.3    Sweatt, J.D.4
  • 26
    • 36749094065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S-nitrosylation of peroxiredoxin 2 promotes oxidative stress-induced neuronal cell death in Parkinson's disease
    • Fang J., Nakamura T., Cho D.H., Gu Z., Lipton S.A. S-nitrosylation of peroxiredoxin 2 promotes oxidative stress-induced neuronal cell death in Parkinson's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2007, 104:18742.
    • (2007) Proc Natl Acad Sci , vol.104 , pp. 18742
    • Fang, J.1    Nakamura, T.2    Cho, D.H.3    Gu, Z.4    Lipton, S.A.5
  • 27
    • 19444375216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peroxiredoxins: a historical overview and speculative preview of novel mechanisms and emerging concepts in cell signaling
    • Rhee S.G., Chae H.Z., Kim K. Peroxiredoxins: a historical overview and speculative preview of novel mechanisms and emerging concepts in cell signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2005, 38:1543-1552.
    • (2005) Free Radic Biol Med , vol.38 , pp. 1543-1552
    • Rhee, S.G.1    Chae, H.Z.2    Kim, K.3
  • 28
    • 0028157433 scopus 로고
    • On the protective mechanism of the thiol-specific antioxidant enzyme against the oxidative damage of biomacromolecules
    • Yim M.B., Chae H.Z., Rhee S.G., Chock P.B., Stadtman E.R. On the protective mechanism of the thiol-specific antioxidant enzyme against the oxidative damage of biomacromolecules. J Biol Chem 1994, 269:1621.
    • (1994) J Biol Chem , vol.269 , pp. 1621
    • Yim, M.B.1    Chae, H.Z.2    Rhee, S.G.3    Chock, P.B.4    Stadtman, E.R.5
  • 29
    • 0034674703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of peroxiredoxins in regulating intracellular hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in thyroid cells
    • Kim H., Lee T.H., Park E.S., Suh J.M., et al. Role of peroxiredoxins in regulating intracellular hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in thyroid cells. J Biol Chem 2000, 275:18266.
    • (2000) J Biol Chem , vol.275 , pp. 18266
    • Kim, H.1    Lee, T.H.2    Park, E.S.3    Suh, J.M.4
  • 30
    • 18044393223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute or repeated cocaine administration generates reactive oxygen species and induces antioxidant enzyme activity in dopaminergic rat brain structures
    • Dietrich J.B., Mangeol A., Revel M.O., Burgun C., et al. Acute or repeated cocaine administration generates reactive oxygen species and induces antioxidant enzyme activity in dopaminergic rat brain structures. Neuropharmacology 2005, 48:965-974.
    • (2005) Neuropharmacology , vol.48 , pp. 965-974
    • Dietrich, J.B.1    Mangeol, A.2    Revel, M.O.3    Burgun, C.4
  • 31
    • 23744513837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cocaine alters catalase activity in prefrontal cortex and striatum of mice
    • Macedo D.S., Vasconcelos S.M.M., Santos R.S., Aguiar L.M.V., et al. Cocaine alters catalase activity in prefrontal cortex and striatum of mice. Neurosci Lett 2005, 387:53-56.
    • (2005) Neurosci Lett , vol.387 , pp. 53-56
    • Macedo, D.S.1    Vasconcelos, S.M.M.2    Santos, R.S.3    Aguiar, L.M.V.4
  • 32
    • 0033805156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mammalian class theta GST and differential susceptibility to carcinogens: a review
    • Landi S. Mammalian class theta GST and differential susceptibility to carcinogens: a review. Mutat Res/Rev Mutat Res 2000, 463:247-283.
    • (2000) Mutat Res/Rev Mutat Res , vol.463 , pp. 247-283
    • Landi, S.1
  • 33
    • 43149088019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inducible heat shock protein 70 and its role in preconditioning and exercise
    • Madden L.A., Sandström M.E., Lovell R.J., McNaughton L. Inducible heat shock protein 70 and its role in preconditioning and exercise. Amino acids 2008, 34:511-516.
    • (2008) Amino acids , vol.34 , pp. 511-516
    • Madden, L.A.1    Sandström, M.E.2    Lovell, R.J.3    McNaughton, L.4
  • 34
    • 0036468432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chaperone suppression of α-synuclein toxicity in a Drosophila model for Parkinson's disease
    • Auluck P.K., Chan H., Trojanowski J.Q., Lee V.M.Y., Bonini N.M. Chaperone suppression of α-synuclein toxicity in a Drosophila model for Parkinson's disease. Science 2002, 295:865.
    • (2002) Science , vol.295 , pp. 865
    • Auluck, P.K.1    Chan, H.2    Trojanowski, J.Q.3    Lee, V.M.Y.4    Bonini, N.M.5
  • 35
    • 13244267202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of suppression of α-synuclein neurotoxicity by geldanamycin in Drosophila
    • Auluck P.K., Meulener M.C., Bonini N.M. Mechanisms of suppression of α-synuclein neurotoxicity by geldanamycin in Drosophila. J Biol Chem 2005, 280:2873.
    • (2005) J Biol Chem , vol.280 , pp. 2873
    • Auluck, P.K.1    Meulener, M.C.2    Bonini, N.M.3
  • 37
    • 0033577159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress induces amyloid-like aggregate formation of NACP/[alpha]-synuclein in vitro
    • Hashimoto M., Hsu L.J., Xia Y., Takeda A., et al. Oxidative stress induces amyloid-like aggregate formation of NACP/[alpha]-synuclein in vitro. Neuroreport 1999, 10:717.
    • (1999) Neuroreport , vol.10 , pp. 717
    • Hashimoto, M.1    Hsu, L.J.2    Xia, Y.3    Takeda, A.4
  • 38
    • 0033890821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • α-Synuclein promotes mitochondrial deficit and oxidative stress
    • Hsu L.J., Sagara Y., Arroyo A., Rockenstein E., et al. α-Synuclein promotes mitochondrial deficit and oxidative stress. Am J Pathol 2000, 157:401-410.
    • (2000) Am J Pathol , vol.157 , pp. 401-410
    • Hsu, L.J.1    Sagara, Y.2    Arroyo, A.3    Rockenstein, E.4
  • 39
    • 0033039909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in rat hippocampus attenuates morphine tolerance and dependence
    • Fan G.H., Wang L.Z., Qiu H.C., Ma L., Pei G. Inhibition of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in rat hippocampus attenuates morphine tolerance and dependence. Mol Pharmacol 1999, 56:39.
    • (1999) Mol Pharmacol , vol.56 , pp. 39
    • Fan, G.H.1    Wang, L.Z.2    Qiu, H.C.3    Ma, L.4    Pei, G.5
  • 40
    • 0019948185 scopus 로고
    • Effects of acute and chronic morphine treatment of calmodulin activity of rat brain
    • Nehmad R., Nadler H., Simantov R. Effects of acute and chronic morphine treatment of calmodulin activity of rat brain. Mol Pharmacol 1982, 22:389.
    • (1982) Mol Pharmacol , vol.22 , pp. 389
    • Nehmad, R.1    Nadler, H.2    Simantov, R.3
  • 41
    • 0036171404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stathmin-deficient mice develop an age-dependent axonopathy of the central and peripheral nervous systems
    • Liedtke W., Leman E.E., Fyffe R.E.W., Raine C.S., Schubart U.K. Stathmin-deficient mice develop an age-dependent axonopathy of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Am J Pathol 2002, 160:469.
    • (2002) Am J Pathol , vol.160 , pp. 469
    • Liedtke, W.1    Leman, E.E.2    Fyffe, R.E.W.3    Raine, C.S.4    Schubart, U.K.5
  • 42
    • 34548313729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanistic aspects of Parkinson's disease: α-synuclein and the biomembrane
    • Beyer K. Mechanistic aspects of Parkinson's disease: α-synuclein and the biomembrane. Cell Biochem Biophys 2007, 47:285-299.
    • (2007) Cell Biochem Biophys , vol.47 , pp. 285-299
    • Beyer, K.1
  • 43
    • 0034681471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dopaminergic loss and inclusion body formation in α-synuclein mice: implications for neurodegenerative disorders
    • Masliah E., Rockenstein E., Veinbergs I., Mallory M., et al. Dopaminergic loss and inclusion body formation in α-synuclein mice: implications for neurodegenerative disorders. Science 2000, 287:1265.
    • (2000) Science , vol.287 , pp. 1265
    • Masliah, E.1    Rockenstein, E.2    Veinbergs, I.3    Mallory, M.4
  • 44
    • 0034704752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease
    • Feany M.B., Bender W.W. A Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease. Nature 2000, 404:394-398.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.404 , pp. 394-398
    • Feany, M.B.1    Bender, W.W.2
  • 45
    • 0035260641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular basis of long-term plasticity underlying addiction
    • Nestler E.J. Molecular basis of long-term plasticity underlying addiction. Nat Rev Neurosci 2001, 2:119-128.
    • (2001) Nat Rev Neurosci , vol.2 , pp. 119-128
    • Nestler, E.J.1
  • 46
    • 0037092442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A role for α-synuclein in the regulation of dopamine biosynthesis
    • Perez R.G., Waymire J.C., Lin E., Liu J.J., et al. A role for α-synuclein in the regulation of dopamine biosynthesis. J Neurosci 2002, 22:3090.
    • (2002) J Neurosci , vol.22 , pp. 3090
    • Perez, R.G.1    Waymire, J.C.2    Lin, E.3    Liu, J.J.4
  • 47
    • 10944243102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of α-synuclein in presynaptic dopamine recruitment
    • Yavich L., Tanila H., Vepsäläinen S., Jakala P. Role of α-synuclein in presynaptic dopamine recruitment. J Neurosci 2004, 24:11165.
    • (2004) J Neurosci , vol.24 , pp. 11165
    • Yavich, L.1    Tanila, H.2    Vepsäläinen, S.3    Jakala, P.4
  • 49
    • 0035950270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beta-synuclein inhibits alpha-synuclein aggregation: a possible role as an anti-parkinsonian factor
    • Hashimoto M., Rockenstein E., Mante M., Mallory M., Masliah E. Beta-synuclein inhibits alpha-synuclein aggregation: a possible role as an anti-parkinsonian factor. Neuron 2001, 32:213.
    • (2001) Neuron , vol.32 , pp. 213
    • Hashimoto, M.1    Rockenstein, E.2    Mante, M.3    Mallory, M.4    Masliah, E.5
  • 50
    • 39049097066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alpha synuclein protein levels are increased in serum from recently abstinent cocaine abusers
    • Mash D.C., Adi N., Duque L., Pablo J., et al. Alpha synuclein protein levels are increased in serum from recently abstinent cocaine abusers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2008, 94:246-250.
    • (2008) Drug Alcohol Depend , vol.94 , pp. 246-250
    • Mash, D.C.1    Adi, N.2    Duque, L.3    Pablo, J.4
  • 51
    • 17344368736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joint analysis of the NACP-REP1 marker within the alpha synuclein gene concludes association with alcohol dependence
    • Bönsch D., Lederer T., Reulbach U., Hothorn T., et al. Joint analysis of the NACP-REP1 marker within the alpha synuclein gene concludes association with alcohol dependence. Hum Mol Genet 2005, 14:967.
    • (2005) Hum Mol Genet , vol.14 , pp. 967
    • Bönsch, D.1    Lederer, T.2    Reulbach, U.3    Hothorn, T.4
  • 52
    • 18844374771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • α-Synuclein protein levels are increased in alcoholic patients and are linked to craving
    • Bönsch D., Greifenberg V., Bayerlein K., Biermann T., et al. α-Synuclein protein levels are increased in alcoholic patients and are linked to craving. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005, 29:763-765.
    • (2005) Alcohol Clin Exp Res , vol.29 , pp. 763-765
    • Bönsch, D.1    Greifenberg, V.2    Bayerlein, K.3    Biermann, T.4
  • 53
    • 33744552229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peripheral blood alpha-synuclein mRNA levels are elevated in cynomolgus monkeys that chronically self-administer ethanol
    • Walker S.J., Grant K.A. Peripheral blood alpha-synuclein mRNA levels are elevated in cynomolgus monkeys that chronically self-administer ethanol. Alcohol 2006, 38:1-4.
    • (2006) Alcohol , vol.38 , pp. 1-4
    • Walker, S.J.1    Grant, K.A.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.