Examining organizational learning in schools: The role of psychological safety, experimentation, and leadership that reinforces learning

Journal of Educational Change

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 67-94

  Higgins, Monica ^a   Ishimaru, Ann ^a   Holcombe, Rebecca ^a   Fowler, Amy ^a  

^a HARVARD GRADUATE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION   (United States)

Author keywords

Confirmatory factor analysis; Experimentation; Leadership; Organizational learning; Psychological safety; School change; Teacher perceptions

Indexed keywords

EID: 84855349361     PISSN: 13892843     EISSN: 15731812     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10833-011-9167-9     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Argyris, C., & Schon, D. A. (1996). Organizational learning II: Theory, methods and practice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
2. Bentler, P. M. (1989). Causal modeling via structural equation systems. In J. R. Nesselroade & R. B. Cattell (Eds.), Handbook of multivariate experimental psychology: Perspectives on individual difference (2nd ed., pp. 317-335). New York: Plenum Press.
3. Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
4. Boudett, K. P., City, E. A., & Murnane, R. J. (Eds.). (2005). Data wise: A step-by-step guide to using assessment results to improve teaching and learning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press.
5. Boyd, W. L. (Ed.). (2008). American Journal of Education, 114(4), 521-700.
6. Bryk, A. S., Camburn, E., & Louis, K. S. (1999). Professional community in Chicago elementary schools: Facilitating factors and organizational consequences. Educational Administration Quarterly, 35(5), 751-781.
7. Bryk, A. S., & Schneider, B. (2003). Trust in schools: A core resource for school reform. Educational Leadership, 60(6), 40-44.
8. Bryk, A. S., Sebring, P. E., Allensworth, A. L., & Easton, J. Q. (2010). Organizing schools for improvement: Lessons from Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
9. Chicago Consortium for School Research. (2007). Items that compose the measure innovation. Retrieved from http://ccsr.uchicago.edu/surveymeasures2007/innv.html.
10. Cohen, D. (1990). A revolution in one classroom: The case of Mrs. Oublier. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 12(3), 311-329.
11. Cohen, W., & Levinthal, D. (1990). Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1), 128-152.
12. Cole, M., & Wertsch, J. V. (1996). Beyond the individual-social antinomy in discussions of Piaget and Vygotsky. Human Development, 39(5), 250-256.
13. Collinson, V., Cook, T., & Conley, S. (2006). Organizational learning in schools and school systems: Improving learning, teaching, and leading. Theory into Practice, 45(2), 107-116.
14. Copland, M. A., & Knapp, M. S. (2006). Connecting leadership with learning: A framework for reflection, planning, and action. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
15. Cousins, J. B. (1996). Understanding organizational learning for educational leadership and school reform. In K. Leithwood, J. Chapman, P. Corson, P. Hallinger, & A. Hart (Eds.), International handbook of educational leadership and administration (pp. 589-652). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.
16. Darling-Hammond, L. (1996). What matters most: A competent teacher for every child. Phi Delta Kappan, 78(3), 193-200.
17. Edmondson, A. C. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350-383.
18. Edmondson, A. C. (2003). Speaking up in the operating room: How team leaders promote learning in interdisciplinary action teams. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1419-1452.
19. Edmondson, A. C. (2008). The competitive imperative of learning. Harvard Business Review, 86(7), 60-67.
20. Elmore, R. F. (2002). Unwarranted intrusion. Education Next, 2(1), 30-35.
21. Friendly, M. (1995). Planning a factor analytic study. Retrieved from http://www.psych.yorku.ca/lab/psy6140/fa/facplan.htm.
22. Fullan, M. (1995). The school as learning organization: Distant dreams. Theory into Practice, 34(4), 230-235.
23. Gallucci, C. (2008). Districtwide instructional reform: Using sociocultural theory to link professional learning to organizational support. American Journal of Education, 114(4), 541-581.
24. Garvin, D. A., Edmondson, A. C., & Gino, F. (2008). Is yours a learning organization? Harvard Business Review, 86(3), 109-116.
25. Giles, C., & Hargreaves, A. (2006). The sustainability of innovative schools as learning organizations and professional learning communities during standardized reform. Educational Administration Quarterly, 42(1), 124-156.
26. Goh, S., Cousins, J., & Elliott, C. (2006). Organizational learning capacity, evaluative inquiry and readiness for change in schools: Views and perceptions of educators. Journal of Educational Change, 7(4), 289-318.
27. Goh, S., & Richards, G. (1997). Benchmarking the learning capability of organizations. European Management Journal, 15(5), 575-583.
28. Hatcher, L. (1994). A step-by-step approach to using the SAS system for factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Cary, NC: SAS Institute.
29. Honig, M. I. (2004). Where's the 'up' in bottom-up reform? Educational Policy, 18(4), 527-561.
30. Honig, M. I. (2008). District central offices as learning organizations: How sociocultural and organizational learning theories elaborate district central office administrators' participation in teaching and learning improvement efforts. American Journal of Education, 114(4), 627-664.
31. Hopkins, D., Harris, A., & Jackson, D. (1997). Understanding the school's capacity for development: Growth states and strategies. School Leadership and Management, 17(3), 401-411.
32. Hord, S. (1997). Professional learning communities: Communities of continuous inquiry and improvement. Austin, TX: Southwest Educational Development Lab.
33. Hubbard, L., Mehan, H., & Stein, M. K. (2006). Reform as learning: When school reform collides with school culture and community politics. New York: Routledge.
34. Huber, G. P. (1991). Organizational learning: The contributing processes and the literatures. Organization Science, 2(1), 88-115.
35. Imants, J. (2003). Two basic mechanisms for organisational learning in schools. European Journal of Teacher Education, 26(3), 293-311.
36. Johnson, S. M. (1996). Leading change: The challenge of the new superintendency. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
37. Kline, P. (1994). An easy guide to factor analysis. New York: Routledge.
38. Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
39. Knapp, M. (2008). How can organizational and sociocultural learning theories shed light on district instructional reform? American Journal of Education, 114(4), 521-539.
40. Leithwood, K., & Aitken, R. (1995). Making schools smarter: A system for monitoring school and district progress. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
41. Leithwood, K., & Jantzi, D. (2006). Transformational school leadership for large-scale reform: Effects on students, teachers, and their classroom practices. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 17(2), 201-227.
42. Leithwood, K., Leonard, L., & Sharratt, L. (1998). Conditions fostering organizational learning in schools. Educational Administration Quarterly, 34(2), 243-276.
43. Levinthal, D. A., & March, J. G. (1993). The myopia of learning. Strategic Management Journal, 14, 95-112.
44. Levitt, B., & March, J. G. (1988). Organizational learning. Annual Review of Sociology, 14, 319-340.
45. Louis, K. S., Marks, H. M., & Kruse, S. (1996). Teachers' professional community in restructuring schools. American Educational Research Journal, 33(4), 757-798.
46. March, J. G., & Simon, H. A. (1958). Organizations. New York: Wiley.
47. Marks, H. M., & Louis, K. S. (1999). Teacher empowerment and the capacity for organizational learning. Educational Administration Quarterly, 35(5), 707-750.
48. McLaughlin, M. W., & Talbert, J. E. (2006). Building school-based teacher learning communities. New York: Teachers College Press.
49. McLaughlin, M. W., Talbert, J. E., & Bascia, N. (1990). The contexts of teaching in secondary schools: Teachers' realities. New York: Teachers College Press.
50. Moolenaar, N. M., Daly, A. J., & Sleegers, P. J. C. (2011). Ties with potential: Social network structure and innovative climate in Dutch schools. Teachers College Record, 113(9).
51. Porter, A., Polikoff, M., Goldring, E., Murphy, J., Elliott, S., & May, H. (2010). Developing a psychometrically sound assessment of school leadership: The VAL-ED as a case study. Educational Administration Quarterly, 46(2), 135-173.
52. Schechter, C. (2008). Organizational learning mechanisms: The meaning, measure, and implications for school improvement. Educational Administration Quarterly, 44(2), 155-186.
53. Senge, P. M. (1990). The fifth dimension: The art and practice of the learning organization. New York: Doubleday.
54. Silins, H. C., Mulford, W. R., & Zarins, S. (2002). Organizational learning and school change. Educational Administration Quarterly, 38(5), 613-642.
55. Stein, M., & Coburn, C. (2008). Architectures for learning: A comparative analysis of two urban school districts. American Journal of Education, 114(4), 583-626.
56. Stoll, L. (1999). Realising our potential: Understanding and developing capacity for lasting improvement. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 10(4), 503-532.
57. Stoll, L. (2009). Capacity building for school improvement or creating capacity for learning? A changing landscape. Journal of Educational Change, 10(2/3), 115-127.
58. Stoll, L., Bolam, R., McMahon, A., Wallace, M., & Thomas, S. (2006). Professional learning communities: A review of the literature. Journal of Educational Change, 7(4), 221-258.
59. van de Ven, D., & Polley, A. (1992). Learning while innovating. Organization Science, 3(1), 92-116.
60. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). In M. Cole, V. John-Steiner, S. Scribner, & E. Souberman (Eds.). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
61. Wertsch, J. V. (1996). A sociocultural approach to socially shared cognition. In L. B. Resnick, J. M. Levine, & S. D. Teasley (Eds.), Perspectives on socially shared cognition (pp. 85-100). Hyattsville, MD: American Psychological Association.