New targeted therapies for anaplastic thyroid cancer

Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 87-93

  Antonelli, Alessandro ^a   Fallahi, Poupak ^a   Ulisse, Salvatore ^b   Ferrari, Silvia Martina ^a   Minuto, Michele ^a   Saraceno, Giovanna ^c   Santini, Francesca ^a   Mazzi, Valeria ^a   D'Armiento, Massimo ^b   Miccoli, Paolo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PISA   (Italy)

^b SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MESSINA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Anaplastic thyroid cancer; Anti angiogenetic drugs; Dedifferentiated thyroid cancer; Inhibitor of the aurora serine threonine kinases; Papillary thyroid cancer; Pioglitazone; Rosiglitazone; Tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Indexed keywords

4 [[9 CHLORO 7 (2,6 DIFLUOROPHENYL) 5H PYRIMIDO[5,4 D][2]BENZAZEPIN 2 YL]AMINO]BENZOIC ACID; 6 [4 (4 ETHYL 1 PIPERAZINYLMETHYL)PHENYL] 4 (ALPHA METHYLBENZYLAMINO) 7H PYRROLO[2,3 D]PYRIMIDINE; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; AXITINIB; BEVACIZUMAB; BLEOMYCIN; BORTEZOMIB; CARBOPLATIN; CETUXIMAB; CISPLATIN; COMBRETASTATIN A4 PHOSPHATE; DEHYDRODIDEMNIN B; DOXORUBICIN; ERLOTINIB; ETOPOSIDE; GEFITINIB; GEMCITABINE; IMATINIB; MANUMYCIN A; PACLITAXEL; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA; PIOGLITAZONE; ROSIGLITAZONE; RS 5444; SORAFENIB; TOZASERTIB; TROGLITAZONE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VANDETANIB; VATALANIB;

ANAPLASTIC THYROID CANCER; ANTIANGIOGENIC ACTIVITY; ANTIANGIOGENIC THERAPY; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; CELL INVASION; CELL PROLIFERATION; DOWN REGULATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SCREENING; DRUG TARGETING; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; THYROID CANCER;

EID: 84855281233     PISSN: 18715206     EISSN: 18755992     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/187152012798764732     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. O'Neill, J.P.; O'Neill, B.; Condron, C.; Walsh, M.; Bouchier-Hayes, D. Anaplastic (undifferentiated) thyroid cancer: improved insight and therapeutic strategy into a highly aggressive disease. J. Laryngol. Otol., 2005, 119(8), 585-591.
2. Are, C.; Shaha, A.R. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: biology, pathogenesis, prognostic factors, and treatment approaches. Ann. Surg. Oncol., 2006, 13(4), 453-464.
3. Ain, K.B. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: a therapeutic challenge. Semin. Surg. Oncol., 1999, 16(1), 64-69.
4. Neff, R.L.; Farrar, W.B.; Kloos, R.T.; Burman, K.D. Anaplastic thyroid cancer. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North. Am., 2008, 37(2), 525-538.
5. Miccoli, P.; Materazzi, G.; Antonelli, A.; Panicucci, E.; Frustaci, G.; Berti, P. New trends in the treatment of undifferentiated carcinomas of the thyroid. Langenbecks Arch. Surg., 2007, 392(4), 397-404.
6. De Crevoisier, R.; Baudin, E.; Bachelot, A.; Leboulleux, S.; Travagli, J.P.; Caillou, B.; Schlumberger, M. Combined treatment of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma with surgery, chemotherapy, and hyperfractionated accelerated external radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 2004, 60(4), 1137-1143.
7. Wartofsky, L. Highlights of the American Thyroid Association Guidelines for management of thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid carcinoma: the 2009 revision. Thyroid, 2009, 19(11), 1139-1143.
8. Grommes, C.; Landreth, G.E.; Heneka, M.T. Antineoplastic effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists. Lancet Oncol., 2004, 5(7), 419-429.
9. Antonelli, A.; Rotondi, M.; Ferrari, S.M.; Fallahi, P.; Romagnani, P.; Franceschini, S.S.; Serio, M.; Ferrannini, E. Interferon-gammainducible alpha-chemokine CXCL10 involvement in Graves' ophthalmopathy: modulation by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2006, 91(2), 614-620.
10. Ohta, K.; Endo, T.; Haraguchi, K.; Hershman, J.M.; Onaya, T. Ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma inhibit growth and induce apoptosis of human papillary thyroid carcinoma cells. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2001, 86(5), 2170-2177.
11. Klopper, J.P.; Hays, W.R.; Sharma, V.; Baumbusch, M.A.; Hershman, J.M.; Haugen, B.R. Retinoid X receptor-gamma and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma expression predicts thyroid carcinoma cell response to retinoid and thiazolidinedione treatment. Mol. Cancer Ther., 2004, 3(8), 1011-1020.
12. Philips, J.C.; Petite, C.; Willi, J.P.; Buchegger, F.; Meier, C.A. Effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist, rosiglitazone, on dedifferentiated thyroid cancers. Nucl. Med. Commun., 2004, 25(12), 1183-1186.
13. Park, J.W.; Zarnegar, R.; Kanauchi, H.; Wong, M.G.; Hyun, W.C.; Ginzinger, D.G.; Lobo, M.; Cotter, P.; Duh, Q.Y.; Clark, O.H. Troglitazone, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist, induces antiproliferation and redifferentiation in human thyroid cancer cell lines. Thyroid, 2005, 15(3), 222-231.
14. Fröhlich, E.; Machicao, F.; Wahl, R. Action of thiazolidinediones on differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis of normal and transformed thyrocytes in culture. Endocr. Relat. Cancer., 2005, 12(2), 291-303.
15. Hayashi, N.; Nakamori, S.; Hiraoka, N.; Tsujie, M.; Xundi, X.; Takano, T.; Amino, N.; Sakon, M.; Monden, M. Antitumor effects of peroxisome proliferator activate receptor gamma ligands on anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Int. J. Oncol., 2004, 24(1), 89-95.
16. Chung, S.H.; Onoda, N.; Ishikawa, T.; Ogisawa, K.; Takenaka, C.; Yano, Y.; Hato, F.; Hirakawa, K. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activation induces cell cycle arrest via the p53- independent pathway in human anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. Jpn. J. Cancer Res., 2002, 93(12), 1358-1365.
17. Aiello, A.; Pandini, G.; Frasca, F.; Conte, E.; Murabito, A.; Sacco, A.; Genua, M.; Vigneri, R.; Belfiore, A. Peroxisomal proliferatoractivated receptor-gamma agonists induce partial reversion of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. Endocrinology., 2006, 147(9):4463-4475.
18. Marlow, L.A.; Reynolds, L.A.; Cleland, A.S.; Cooper, S.J.; Gumz, M.L.; Kurakata, S.; Fujiwara, K.; Zhang, Y.; Sebo, T.; Grant, C.; McIver, B.; Wadsworth, J.T.; Radisky, D.C.; Smallridge, R.C.; Copland, J.A. Reactivation of suppressed RhoB is a critical step for the inhibition of anaplastic thyroid cancer growth. Cancer. Res., 2009, 69(4), 1536-1544.
19. Antonelli, A.; Ferrari, S.M.; Fallahi, P.; Berti, P.; Materazzi, G.; Minuto, M.; Giannini, R.; Marchetti, I.; Barani, L.; Basolo, F.; Ferrannini, E.; Miccoli, P. Thiazolidinediones and antiblastics in primary human anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf)., 2009, 70(6), 946-953.
20. Antonelli, A.; Fallahi P.; Ferrari, S.M.; Carpi, A.; Berti, P.; Materazzi, G.; Minuto, M.; Guastalli, M.; Miccoli, P. Dedifferentiated thyroid cancer: a therapeutic challenge. Biomed. Pharmacother., 2008, 62(8), 559-563.
21. Antonelli, A.; Ferrari, S.M.; Fallahi, P.; Berti, P.; Materazzi, G.; Marchetti, I.; Ugolini, C.; Basolo, F.; Miccoli, P.; Ferrannini, E. Evaluation of the sensitivity to chemotherapeutics or thiazolidinediones of primary anaplastic thyroid cancer cells obtained by fineneedle aspiration. Eur. J. Endocrinol., 2008, 159(3), 283-291.
22. Antonelli, A.; Ferrari, S.M.; Fallahi, P.; Berti, P.; Materazzi, G.; Barani, L.; Marchetti, I.; Ferrannini, E.; Miccoli, P. Primary cell cultures from anaplastic thyroid cancer obtained by fine-needle aspiration used for chemosensitivity tests. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf)., 2008, 69(1), 148-152.
23. Wiseman, S.M.; Masoudi, H.; Niblock, P.; Turbin, D.; Rajput, A.; Hay, J.; Bugis, S.; Filipenko, D.; Huntsman, D.; Gilks, B. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: expression profile of targets for therapy offers new insights for disease treatment. Ann. Surg. Oncol., 2007, 14(2), 719-729.
24. Ulisse, S.; Delcros, J.G.; Baldini, E.; Toller, M.; Curcio, F.; Giacomelli, L.; Prigent, C.; Ambesi-Impiombato, F.S.; D'Armiento, M.; Arlot-Bonnemains, Y. Expression of Aurora kinases in human thyroid carcinoma cell lines and tissues. Int. J. Cancer., 2006, 119(2), 275-282.
25. Ulisse, S.; Baldini, E.; Toller, M.; Delcros, J.G.; Guého, A.; Curcio, F.; De Antoni, E.; Giacomelli, L.; Ambesi-Impiombato, F.S.; Bocchini, S.; D'Armiento, M.; Arlot-Bonnemains, Y. Transforming acidic coiled-coil 3 and Aurora-A interact in human thyrocytes and their expression is deregulated in thyroid cancer tissues. Endocr. Relat. Cancer., 2007, 14(3), 827-837.
26. Sorrentino, R.; Libertini, S.; Pallante, P.L.; Troncone, G.; Palombini, L.; Bavetsias, V.; Spalletti-Cernia, D.; Laccetti, P.; Linardopoulos, S.; Chieffi, P.; Fusco, A.; Portella, G. Aurora B overexpression associates with the thyroid carcinoma undifferentiated phenotype and is required for thyroid carcinoma cell proliferation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2005, 90(2), 928-935.
27. Wunderlich, A.; Fischer, M.; Schlobhauer, T.; Ramaswamy, A.; Greene, B.H.; Brendel, C.; Doll, D.; Bartsch, D.; Hoffmann, S. Evaluation of Aurora kinase inhibition as a new therapeutic strategy in anaplastic and poorly differentiated follicular thyroid cancer. Cancer Sci., 2011, 102(4):762-768.
28. Arlot-Bonnemains, Y.; Baldini, E.; Martin, B.; Delcros, J.G.; Toller, M.; Curcio, F.; Ambesi-Impiombato, F.S.; D'Armiento, M.; Ulisse, S. Effects of the Aurora kinase inhibitor VX-680 on anaplastic thyroid cancer-derived cell lines. Endocr. Relat. Cancer., 2008, 15(2), 559-568.
29. Podtcheko, A.; Ohtsuru, A.; Tsuda, S.; Namba, H.; Saenko, V.; Nakashima, M.; Mitsutake, N.; Kanda, S.; Kurebayashi, J.; Yamashita, S. The selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor, STI571, inhibits growth of anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2003, 88(4), 1889-1896.
30. Dziba, J.M.; Ain, K.B. Imatinib mesylate (gleevec; STI571) monotherapy is ineffective in suppressing human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell growth in vitro. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2004, 89(5), 2127-2135.
31. Ha, H.T.; Lee, J.S.; Urba, S; Koenig, R.J.; Sisson, J.; Giordano, T.; Worden, F.P. Phase II trial evaluating imatinib (I) in patients (pts) with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC). J. Clin. Oncol., 2009, 27 suppl 15: A6057.
32. Nagaiah, G.; Fu, P.; Wasman, J.K.; Cooney, M.M.; Mooney, C.; Afshin, D.; Lavertu, P.; Bokar, J.; Savvides, P.; Remick, S.C. Phase II trial of sorafenib (bay 43-9006) in patients with advanced anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid (ATC). J. Clin. Oncol., 2009, 27 suppl 15: A6058.
33. Dziba, J.M.; Marcinek, R.; Venkataraman, G.; Robinson, J.A.; Ain, K.B. Combretastatin A4 phosphate has primary antineoplastic activity against human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell lines and xenograft tumors. Thyroid, 2002, 12(12), 1063-1070.
34. Straight, A.M.; Oakley, K.; Moores, R.; Bauer, A.J.; Patel, A.; Tuttle, R.M.; Jimeno, J.; Francis, G.L. Aplidin reduces growth of anaplastic thyroid cancer xenografts and the expression of several angiogenic genes. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 2006, 57(1):7-14.
35. Schoenberger, J.; Grimm, D.; Kossmehl, P.; Infanger, M.; Kurth, E.; Eilles, C. Effects of PTK787/ZK222584, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on the growth of a poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma: an animal study. Endocrinology, 2004, 145(3), 1031-1038.
36. Bauer, A.J.; Terrell, R.; Doniparthi, N.K.; Patel, A.; Tuttle, R.M.; Saji, M.; Ringel, M.D.; Francis, G.L. Vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody inhibits growth of anaplastic thyroid cancer xenografts in nude mice. Thyroid, 2002, 12(11), 953-961.
37. Prichard, C.N.; Kim, S.; Yazici, Y.D.; Doan, D.D.; Jasser, S.A.; Mandal, M.; Myers, J.N. Concurrent cetuximab and bevacizumab therapy in a murine orthotopic model of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Laryngoscope, 2007, 117(4), 674-679.
38. Gomez-Rivera, F.; Santillan-Gomez, A.A.; Younes, M.N.; Kim, S.; Fooshee, D.; Zhao, M.; Jasser, S.A.; Myers, J.N. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor, AZD2171, inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling and growth of anaplastic thyroid cancer in an orthotopic nude mouse model. Clin. Cancer Res., 2007, 13(15 Pt 1), 4519-4527.
39. Tozer, G.M.; Kanthou, C.; Parkins, C.S.; Hill, S.A. The biology of the combretastatins as tumour vascular targeting agents. Int. J. Exp. Pathol., 2002, 83(1), 21-38.
40. Dziba, J.M.; Marcinek, R.; Venkataraman, G.; Robinson, J.A.; Ain, K.B. Combretastatin A4 phosphate has primary antineoplastic activity against human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell lines and xenograft tumors. Thyroid, 2002, 12(12), 1063-1070.
41. Dowlati, A.; Robertson, K.; Cooney, M.; Petros, W.P.; Stratford, M.; Jesberger, J.; Rafie, N.; Overmoyer, B.; Makkar, V.; Stambler, B.; Taylor, A.; Waas, J.; Lewin, J.S.; McCrae, K.R.; Remick, S.C. A phase I pharmacokinetic and translational study of the novel vascular targeting agent combretastatin a-4 phosphate on a singledose intravenous schedule in patients with advanced cancer. Cancer Res., 2002, 62(12), 3408-3416.
42. Cooney, M.M.; Savvides, P.; Agarwala, S.; Wang, D.; Flick, S.; Bergant, S.; Bhakta, S.; Lavertu, P.; Ortiz, J.; Remick, S. Phase II study of combretastatin A4 phosphate (CA4P) in patients with advanced anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC). J. Clin. Oncol., 2006, 24, 18S, A5580.
43. Yeung, S.C.; She, M.; Yang, H.; Pan, J.; Sun, L.; Chaplin, D. Combination chemotherapy including combretastatin A4 phosphate and paclitaxel is effective against anaplastic thyroid cancer in a nude mouse xenograft model. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2007, 92(8), 2902-2909.
44. Mooney, C.J.; Nagaiah, G.; Fu, P.; Wasman, J.K.; Cooney, M.M.; Savvides, P.S.; Bokar, J.A.; Dowlati, A.; Wang, D.; Agarwala, S.S.; Flick, S.M.; Hartman, P.H.; Ortiz, J.D.; Lavertu, P.N.; Remick, S.C. A phase II trial of fosbretabulin in advanced anaplastic thyroid carcinoma and correlation of baseline serum-soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 with outcome. Thyroid, 2009, 19(3), 233-240.
45. Mancuso, M.R.; Davis, R.; Norberg, S.M.; O'Brien, S.; Sennino, B.; Nakahara, T.; Yao, V.J.; Inai, T.; Brooks, P.; Freimark, B.; Shalinsky, D.R.; Hu-Lowe, D.D.; McDonald, D.M. Rapid vascular regrowth in tumors after reversal of VEGF inhibition. J. Clin. Invest., 2006, 116(10), 2610-2621.
46. Kamba, T.; Tam, B.Y.; Hashizume, H.; Haskell, A.; Sennino, B.; Mancuso, M.R.; Norberg, S.M.; O'Brien, S.M.; Davis, R.B.; Gowen, L.C.; Anderson, K.D.; Thurston, G.; Joho, S.; Springer, M.L.; Kuo, C.J.; McDonald, D.M. VEGF-dependent plasticity of fenestrated capillaries in the normal adult microvasculature. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2006, 290(2), H560-H576.
47. Baffert, F.; Le, T.; Sennino, B.; Thurston, G.; Kuo, C.J.; Hu-Lowe, D.; McDonald, D.M. Cellular changes in normal blood capillaries undergoing regression after inhibition of VEGF signaling. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2006, 290(2), H547-H559.
48. Cohen, E.E.; Rosen, L.S; Vokes, E.E.; Kies, M.S.; Forastiere, A.A.; Worden, F.P.; Kane, M.A.; Sherman, E.; Kim, S.; Bycott, P.; Tortorici, M.; Shalinsky, D.R.; Liau, K.F.; Cohen, R.B. Axitinib is an active treatment for all histologic subtypes of advanced thyroid cancer: results from a phase II study. J. Clin. Oncol., 2008, 26(29), 4708-4713.
49. Baselga, J.; Arteaga, C.L. Critical update and emerging trends in epidermal growth factor receptor targeting in cancer. J. Clin. Oncol., 2005, 23(11), 2445-2459.
50. Bergström, J.D.; Westermark, B.; Heldin, N.E. Epidermal growth factor receptor signaling activates met in human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells. Exp. Cell. Res., 2000, 259(1), 293-299.
51. Kim, S.; Prichard C.N.; Younes, M.N.; Yazici, Y.D.; Jasser, S.A.; Bekele, B.N.; Myers, J.N. Cetuximab and irinotecan interact synergistically to inhibit the growth of orthotopic anaplastic thyroid carcinoma xenografts in nude mice. Clin. Cancer Res., 2006, 12(2), 600-607.
52. Schiff, B.A.; McMurphy, A.B.; Jasser, S.A.; Younes, M.N.; Doan, D.; Yigitbasi, O.G.; Kim, S.; Zhou, G.; Mandal, M.; Bekele, B.N.; Holsinger, F.C.; Sherman, S.I.; Yeung, S.C.; El-Naggar, A.K.; Myers, J.N. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in anaplastic thyroid cancer, and the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib inhibits the growth of anaplastic thyroid cancer. Clin. Cancer Res., 2004, 10(24), 8594-8602.
53. Nobuhara, Y.; Onoda, N.; Yamashita, Y.; Yamasaki, M.; Ogisawa, K.; Takashima, T.; Ishikawa, T.; Hirakawa, K. Efficacy of epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted molecular therapy in anaplastic thyroid cancer cell lines. J. Cancer., 2005 92(6), 1110-1116.
54. Aghajanian, C.; Dizon, D.S.; Sabbatini, P.; Raizer, J.J.; Dupont, J.; Spriggs, D.R. Phase I trial of bortezomib and carboplatin in recurrent ovarian or primary peritoneal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol., 2005, 23(25), 5943-5949.
55. Papandreou, C.N.; Daliani, D.D.; Nix, D.; Yang, H.; Madden, T.; Wang, X.; Pien, C.S.; Millikan, R.E.; Tu, S.M.; Pagliaro, L.; Kim, J.; Adams, J.; Elliott, P.; Esseltine, D.; Petrusich, A.; Dieringer, P.; Perez, C.; Logothetis, C.J. Phase I trial of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in patients with advanced solid tumors with observations in androgen-independent prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol., 2004, 22(11), 2108-2121.
56. Pacifico, F.; Mauro, C.; Barone, C.; Crescenzi, E.; Mellone, S.; Monaco, M.; Chiappetta, G.; Terrazzano, G.; Liguoro, D.; Vito, P.; Consiglio, E.; Formisano, S.; Leonardi, A. Oncogenic and antiapoptotic activity of NF-kappa B in human thyroid carcinomas. J. Biol. Chem., 2004, 279(52), 54610-54619.
57. Mitsiades, C.S.; McMillin, D.; Kotoula, V.; Poulaki, V.; McMullan, C.; Negri, J.; Fanourakis, G.; Tseleni-Balafouta, S.; Ain, K.B.; Mitsiades, N. Antitumor effects of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in medullary and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells in vitro. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2006, 91(10), 4013-4021.
58. Conticello, C.; Adamo, L.; Giuffrida, R.; Vicari, L.; Zeuner, A.; Eramo, A.; Anastasi, G.; Memeo, L.; Giuffrida, D.; Iannolo, G.; Gulisano, M.; De Maria, R. Proteasome inhibitors synergiz with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-induced ligand to induce anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell death. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2007, 92(5), 1938-1942.
59. Broxterman, H.J.; Georgopapadakou, N.H. Anticancer therapeutics: Addictive targets, multi-targeted drugs, new drug combinations. Drug Resist. Updat., 2005, 8(4), 183-197.
60. Kim, S.; Schiff, B.A.; Yigitbasi, O.G.; Doan, D.; Jasser, S.A.; Bekele, B.N.; Mandal, M.; Myers, J.N. Targeted molecular therapy of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma with AEE788. Mol. Cancer Ther., 2005, 4(4), 632-640.
61. Kurebayashi, J.; Okubo, S.; Yamamoto, Y.; Ikeda, M.; Tanaka, K.; Otsuki, T.; Sonoo, H. Additive antitumor effects of gefitinib and imatinib on anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 2006, 58(4), 460-470.
62. Gule, M.K.; Chen, Y.; Sano, D.; Frederick, M.J.; Zhou, G.; Zhao, M.; Milas, Z.L.; Galer, C.E.; Henderson, Y.C.; Jasser, S.A.; Schwartz, D.L.; Bankson, J.A.; Myers, J.N.; Lai, S.Y. Targeted therapy of VEGFR2 and EGFR significantly inhibits growth of anaplastic thyroid cancer in an orthotopic murine model. Clin. Cancer Res., 2011, 17(8), 2281-2291.
63. Jin, N.; Jiang, T.; Rosen, D.M.; Nelkin, B.D.; Ball, D.W. Dual inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin in differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancer. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2009, 94(10), 4107-4112.
64. Grau, R.; Iñiguez, M.A.; Fresno, M. Inhibition of activator protein 1 activation, vascular endothelial growth factor, and cyclooxygenase-2 expression by 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 in colon carcinoma cells: evidence for a redox-sensitive peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma-independent mechanism. Cancer Res., 2004, 64(15), 5162-5171.
65. Girnun, G.D.; Chen, L.; Silvaggi, J.; Drapkin, R.; Chirieac, L.R.; Padera, R.F.; Upadhyay, R.; Vafai, S.B.; Weissleder, R.; Mahmood, U.; Naseri, E.; Buckley, S.; Li, D.; Force, J.; McNamara, K.; Demetri, G.; Spiegelman, B.M.; Wong, K.K. Regression of drugresistant lung cancer by the combination of rosiglitazone and carboplatin. Clin. Cancer. Res., 2008, 14(20), 6478-6486.
66. Blumenthal, R.D.; Goldenberg, D.M. Methods and goals for the use of in vitro and in vivo chemosensitivity testing. Mol. Biotechnol., 2007, 35(2), 185-197.
67. Schroyens, W.; Tueni, E.; Dodion, P.; Bodecker, R.; Stoessel, F.; Klastersky, J. Validation of clinical predictive value of in vitro colorimetric chemosensitivity assay in head and neck cancer. Eur. J. Cancer., 1990, 26(7), 834-838.
68. Antonelli, A.; Ferri, C.; Ferrari, S.M.; Sebastiani, M.; Colaci, M.; Ruffilli, I.; Fallahi, P. New targeted molecular therapies for dedifferentiated thyroid cancer. J. Oncol., 2010, 2010, 921682.
69. Antonelli, A.; Ferrari, S.M.; Fallahi, P.; Minuto, M.; Corrado, A.; Bruno, R.; Miccoli, P. Medullary Thyroid Cancer: New Targeted Molecular Therapies. Recent Patents on Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Drug Discovery, 2010, 4(1), 10-14(15).
70. Antonelli, A.; Bocci, G.; La Motta, C.; Ferrari, S.M.; Fallahi, P.; Fioravanti, A.; Sartini, S.; Minuto, M.; Piaggi, S.; Corti, A.; Alì, G.; Berti, P.; Fontanini, G.; Danesi, R.; Da Settimo, F.; Miccoli, P. Novel pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives as tyrosine kinase inhibitors with antitumoral activity in vitro and in vivo in papillary dedifferentiated thyroid cancer. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011, 96(2), E288-296.