Pervaporation Membrane Reactors

Comprehensive Membrane Science and Engineering

Volumn 3, Issue , 2010, Pages 135-163

  Van der Bruggen, B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Esterification; Hybrid processes; Integrated reactors; Membranes; Pervaporation

Indexed keywords

EID: 84855214405     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-093250-7.00051-7     Document Type: Chapter

References (179)

1. Mulder M. Basic Principles of Membrane Technology 1996, Kluwer, Dordrecht. 2nd edn.
2. Baig F.U. Pervaporation. Advanced Membrane Technology and Applications 2008, 469-488. Wiley, New York. N.N. Li, A.G. Fane, W.S. Ho, T. Matsuura (Eds.).
3. Lipnizki F., Haussmans S., Ten P.K., Field R.W., Laufenberg G. Chem. Eng. J. 1999, 73(2):113-129.
4. Dotremont C., Goethaert S., Vandecasteele C. Desalination 1993, 91:177-186.
5. Dotremont C., Vandenende S., Vandommele H., Vandecasteele C. Desalination 1994, 95:91-113.
6. Dotremont C., Brabants B., Geeroms K., Mewis J., Vandecasteele C. J. Membr. Sci. 1995, 104:109-117.
7. Srinivas B.K., Elhalwagi M.M. Comput. Chem. Eng. 1993, 17(10):957-970.
8. Athayde A.L., Baker R.W., Daniels R., Le M.H., Ly J.H. Chem. Techol. 1997, 27(1):34-39.
9. Kondo M., Sato H. Desalination 1994, 98(1-3):147-154.
10. Ji W.C., Hilaly A., Sikdar S.K., Hwang S.T. J. Membr. Sci. 1994, 97:109-125.
11. Yang D.L., Majumdar S., Kovenklioglu S., Sirkar K.K. J. Membr. Sci. 1995, 103(3):195-210.
12. Liu M.G., Dickson J.M., Cote P. J. Membr. Sci. 1996, 111(2):227-241.
13. Visvanathan C., Basu B., Mora J.C. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1994, 34(11):3956-3962.
14. Jonquières A., Clément R., Lochon P., Néel J., Dresch M., Chrétien B. J. Membr. Sci. 2002, 206(1-2):87-117.
15. Smitha B., Suhanya D., Sridhar S., Ramakrishna M. J. Membr. Sci. 2004, 241(1):1-21.
16. Van Hoof V., Van den Abeele L., Buekenhoudt A., Dotremont C., Leysen R. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2004, 37(1):33-49.
17. Taketani, Y., Minematsu, H. Dehydration of Alcohols Water Mixtures through Composite Membranes by Pervaporation. In Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society; 1984, 188, 133-INDE.
18. Reineke C.E., Jagodzinski J.A., Denslow K.R. J. Membr. Sci. 1987, 32(2-3):207-221.
19. Sander U., Soukup P. J. Membr. Sci. 1988, 36:463-475.
20. Kraetz L. Desalination 1988, 70(1-3):481-485.
21. Jin S., Mora J.C. Desalination 1991, 80(1):71-84.
22. Ohya H., Choi H.S., Hino T., et al. Makromol. Chem. Macromol. Symp. 1993, 70(1):341-349.
23. Lai J.Y., Chu Y.H., Huang S.L., Yin Y.L. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1994, 53(8):999-1009.
24. Huang R.Y.M., Feng X.S. Sep. Sci. Technol. 1993, 28(11-12):2035-2048.
25. Van Gemert R.W., Cuperus F.P. J. Membr. Sci. 1995, 105(3):287-291.
26. Feng X.S., Huang R.Y.M. J. Membr. Sci. 1996, 109(2):165-172.
27. Wang X.P., Shen Z.Q., Zhang F.Y., Zhang Y.F. J. Membr. Sci. 1996, 119(2):191-198.
28. Burshe M.C., Netke S.A., Sawant S.B., Joshi J.B., Pangarkar V.G. Sep. Sci. Technol. 1997, 32(8):1335-1349.
29. Rahal A., Mas A., Elharfi A., Dobreva-Schue R., Schue F. Eur. Polym. J. 1998, 34(1):17-22.
30. Atra R., Vatai G., Bekassy-Molnar E. Chem. Eng. Proc. 1999, 38(2):149-155.
31. Tsuyumoto M., Teramoto A., Meares P. J. Membr. Sci. 1997, 133(1):83-94.
32. Chang J.H., Yoo J.K., Ahn S.H., Lee K.H., Ko S.M. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 1998, 15(1):28-36.
33. Gutch P.K., Pandey L.K., Saxena C. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2008, 110(1):203-209.
34. Ray S., Ray S.K. Chem. Eng. Proc. 2008, 47(9-10):1620-1630.
35. Chapman P., Loh X.X., Livingston A.G., Li K., Oliveira T.A.C. J. Membr. Sci. 2008, 309(1-2):102-111.
36. Zhang L., Yu P., Luo Y.B. J. Membr. Sci. 2007, 306(1-2):93-102.
37. Ahn H., Lee H., Lee S.B., Lee Y. J. Membr. Sci. 2007, 291(1-2):46-52.
38. Maeda Y., Tsuyumoto M., Karakane H., Tsugaya H. Separation of Water-Acetic Acid Mixture by Pervaporation through Aromatic Polymer Membranes. Proceedings of Fifth International Conference on Pervaporation Processes in the Chemical Industry 1991, 31-44. Bakish Material Corporation, Eaglewood, NJ. R. Bakish (Ed.).
39. Ruckenstein E., Chen H.H. J. Membr. Sci. 1992, 66(2-3):205-210.
40. Koops G.H., Nolten J.A.M., Mulder M.H.V., Smolders C.A. The Development of Thin-Film Composites and Asymmetric Integrally Skinned Membranes for the Dehydration of Acetic-Acid by Pervaporation. Proceedings of Sixth International Conference on Pervaporation Processes in the Chemical Industry 1992, 335-351. Bakish Material Corporation, Eaglewood, NJ. R. Bakish (Ed.).
41. Yoshikawa M., Shimidzu T., Maeda Y., Magara K., Tsugaya H. J. Membr. Sci. 1993, 83(1-2):157-162.
42. Sano T., Ejiri S., Hasegawa M., et al. Chem. Lett. 1995, 2:153-154.
43. Ray S.K., Sawant S.B., Joshi J.B., Pangarkar V.G. J. Membr. Sci. 1998, 138(1):1-17.
44. Kusumocahyo S.P., Sudoh M. J. Membr. Sci. 1999, 161(1-2):77-83.
45. Vane L.M., Bowen T.C., Meier R.G. J. Membr. Sci. 2007, 298(1-2):117-125.
46. Chen J.H., Liu Q.L., Zhu A.M., Zhang Q.G. J. Membr. Sci. 2008, 320(1-2):416-422.
47. Nagase T., Kiyozumi Y., Hasegawa Y., Inoue T., Ikeda T., Mizukami F. Chem. Lett. 2007, 36(5):594-595.
48. Kittur A.A., Choudhari S.K., Kariduraganavar M.Y. Compos. Interfaces 2006, 13(4-6):523-534.
49. Lipnizki F., Field R.W., Ten P.K. J. Membr. Sci. 1999, 153:183-210.
50. Lipnizki F., Field R.W. Sep. Sci. Technol. 2001, 3(15):3311-3335.
51. Stephan W., Noble R.D., Noval C.A. J. Membr. Sci. 1995, 99:259-272.
52. Kulprathipanja S. Reactive Separation Processes 2002, Taylor and Francis, New York.
53. Seader J.D., Henley E.J. Enhanced Distillation and Supercritical Extraction. Separation Process Principles 2006, 401-448. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ. 2nd edn.
54. Terrill D.L., Sylvestre L.F., Doherty M.F. Ind. Eng. Chem. Proc. Des. Develop. 1985, 24:1062-1071.
55. Backhaus, A. A. Continuous Process for the Manufacture of Esters. US Pat. 1,400,849, 20 December 1921.
56. Leyes C., Othmer D. Trans. AIChE 1945, 41:157-196.
57. Chang Y.A., Seader J.D. Comp. Chem. Eng. 1988, 12(12):1243-1255.
58. Arpornwichanop A., Koomsup K., Assabumrungrat S. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2008, 14(6):796-803.
59. Kolah A.K., Asthana N.S., Vu D.T., Lira C.T., Miller D.J. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2008, 47(15):5313-5317.
60. Kotora M., Buchaly C., Kreis P., Gorak A., Markos J. Chem. Papers 2008, 62(1):65-69.
61. Kolah A.K., Asthana N.S., Vu D.T., Lira C.T., Miller D.J. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2008, 47(4):1017-1025.
62. Yang J.I., Choi S.H., Park J., Lee K.Y. Canad. J. Chem. Eng. 2007, 85(6):883-888.
63. Chandrakar A.K., Agarwal V.K., Chand S., Wasewar K.L. Int. J. Chem. Reaction Eng. 2007, 5:A81.
64. Agreda, V. H., Partin, L. R. Reactive Distillation Process for the Production of Methyl Acetate. US Pat. 4,435,595, 6 March 1984.
65. Agreda V.H., Partin L.R., Heise W.H. Chem. Eng. Prog. 1990, 86(2):40-46.
66. Kumar R., Mahajani S.M. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2007, 46(21):6873-6882.
67. Kolah A.K., Asthana N.S., Vu D.T., Lira C.T., Miller D.J. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2007, 46(10):3180-3187.
68. Buchaly C., Kreis P., Gorak A. Chem. Eng. Proc. 2007, 46(9):790-799.
69. Masamoto J., Matsuzaki K. J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. 1994, 27:1-5.
70. Bisowarno B.H., Tian Y.C., Tade M.O. Chem. Eng. J. 2004, 99(1):35-43.
71. Smith, L. A. Catalytic Distillation Process. US Pat. 4,307,254, 22 December 1981.
72. Smith, L. A. Catalytic Distillation Structure. US Pat. 4,443,559, 17 April 1984.
73. Smith, L. A. Method for the Preparation of Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether. US Pat. 4,978,807, 1990.
74. DeGarmo J.L., Parulekar V.N., Pinjala V. Chem. Eng. Prog. 1992, 88(3):43-50.
75. Sirkar K.K. Chem. Eng. Commun. 1997, 157:145-184.
76. Drioli E., Criscuoli A., Curcio E. Chem. Eng. Technol. 2003, 26(9):975-981.
77. Lutz S., Rao N.N., Wandrey C. Chem. Eng. Technol. 2006, 29(12):1404-1415.
78. Vane L. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 2005, 80:603-629.
79. O'Brien D.J., Roth L.H., McAloon A.J. J. Membr. Sci. 2000, 166(1):105-111.
80. Wasewar K.L., Pangarkar V.G. Chem. Biochem. Eng. Quarterly 2006, 20(2):135-145.
81. Arifeen N., Wang R., Kookos I.K., Webb C., Koutinas A.A. Biotechnol. Prog. 2007, 23(6):1394-1403.
82. Ikegami T., Kitamoto D., Negishi H., et al. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 2003, 78(9):1006-1010.
83. Ikegami T., Negishi H., Yanase H., et al. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 2007, 82(8):745-751.
84. Nakayama S., Morita T., Negishi H., Ikegami T., Sakaki K., Kitamoto D. FEMS Yeast Res. 2008, 8:706-714.
85. Huang H.J., Ramaswamy S., Tschirner U.W., Ramarao B.V. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2008, 62:1-21.
86. Nagase Y., Takamura Y., Matsui K. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1991, 42:185-190.
87. Gonzalez-Velasco J.R., Gonzalez-Marcos J.A., Lopez-Dehesa C. Desalination 2002, 149:61-65.
88. Slater C.S., Hickey P.J., Juricic F.P. Sep. Sci. Technol. 1990, 25:1063-1077.
89. Takegami S., Yamada H., Tsujii S. J. Membr. Sci. 1992, 75:93-105.
90. Chen X., Ping Z.H., Long Y.C. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1998, 67:629-636.
91. Sano T., Yanagishita H., Kiyozumi Y., Mizukami F., Haraya K. J. Membr. Sci. 1994, 95:221-228.
92. Ikegami T., Yanagishita H., Kitamoto D., et al. Biotechnol. Technol. 1997, 11:921-924.
93. Ikegami T., Yanagishita H., Kitamoto D., et al. Biotechnol. Lett. 1999, 21:1037-1041.
94. Vankelecom I.F.J., Depre D., De Beukelaer S., Uytterhoeven J.B. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99(13):193-197.
95. Vankelecom I.F.J., De Beukelaer S., Uytterhoeven J.B. J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101:5186-5190.
96. Moermans B., De Beukelaer S., Vankelecom I.F.J., Ravishankar R., Martens J.A., Jacobs P.A. Chem. Commun. 2000, 2467-2468.
97. Qureshi N., Blaschek H.P. Food Bioprod. Process. 2000, 78(C3):139-144.
98. Qureshi N., Blaschek H.P. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2001, 27(5):287-291.
99. Schafer, T., Crespo, J. G. Extraction of Aromas from Active Fermentation Reactors by Pervaporation. In Integration of Membrane Processes into Bioconversions, Veszprem, Hungary, 22-27 August; BelafiBako, K., Gubicza, L., Mulder, M., Eds.; XVIth European Membrane Society Annual Summer School on Integration of Membrane Processes into Bioconversions; 1999.
100. Raisi A., Aroujalian A., Kaghazchi T. J. Membr. Sci. 2008, 322(2):339-348.
101. Garcia V., Diban N., Gorri D., Keiski R., Urtiaga A., Ortiz I. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 2008, 83(7):973-982.
102. Lipnizki F., Field R.W. Sep. Sci. Technol. 2001, 36(15):3311-3335.
103. Heng S., Yeung K.L., Julbe A., Ayral A., Schrotter J.C. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2008, 115(1-2):137-146.
104. Jennings, J. F., Binning, R. C. Removal of Water Generated in Organic Chemical Reactions. US Pat. 2,8556.070, 1960.
105. Fessenden R.J., Fessenden J.S. Organic Chemistry 1990, Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, CA.
106. Kita H., Sasaki S., Tanaka K., Okamoto K., Yamamoto M. Chem. Lett. 1988, 12:2025-2028.
107. David M.O., Gref R., Nguyen T.Q., Neel J. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 1991, 69(4):335-340.
108. David M.O., Gref R., Nguyen T.Q., Neel J. Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. 1991, 69:341-346.
109. Parulekar S.J. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2007, 46(25):8490-8504.
110. Benedict D.J., Parulekar S.J., Tsai S.P. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2003, 42(11):2282-2291.
111. Benedict D.J., Parulekar S.J., Tsai S.P. J. Membr. Sci. 2006, 281:435-445.
112. Datta, R., Tsai, S. Esterification of Fermentation-Derived Acids via Pervaporation. US Pat. 5723639, 16 October 1995.
113. Waldburger R.M., Widmer F. Chem. Eng. Technol. 1996, 19(2):117-126.
114. Krupiczka R., Koszorz Z. Sep. Purif. Technol. 1999, 16:55-59.
115. Tanna N.P., Mayadevi S. Int. J. Chem. Reactor Eng. 2007, 5:A5.
116. Lim S.Y., Park B., Hung F., Sahimi M., Tsotsis T.T. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2002, 57:4933-4946.
117. Zhu Y., Minet G., Tsotsis T.T. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1996, 51:4103-4113.
118. Dams A., Krug J. Pervaporation Aided Esterification - Alternatives in Plant Extension for an Existing Chemical Process. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Pervaporation Processes in the Chemical Industry 1991, 338-348. Bakish Material Corporation, Eaglewood, NJ. R. Bakish (Ed.).
119. Brüschke H.E.A., Ellinghorst G., Schneider W.H. Optimization of a Coupled Reaction - Pervaporation Process. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Pervaporation Processes in the Chemical Industry 1995, 310-320. Bakish Material Corporation, Eaglewood, NJ. R. Bakish (Ed.).
120. Shah T.N., Ritchie S.M.C. Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 2005, 296:12-20.
121. Bernal M.P., Coronas J., Menendez M., Santamaria J. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2002, 57:1557-1562.
122. Coronas J., Santamaria J. Sep. Purif. Methods 1999, 28(2):127-177.
123. Gao Z., Yue Y., Li W. Zeolites 1996, 16(1):70-74.
124. Tanaka K., Yoshikawa R., Ying C., Kita H., Okamoto K. Catal. Today 2001, 67(1-3):121-125.
125. Tuan V.A., Falconer J.L., Noble R.D. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1999, 38:3635-3645.
126. de la Iglesia O., Irusta S., Mallada R., Menendez M., Coronas J., Santamaria J. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2006, 93:318-324.
127. de la Iglesia O., Mallada R., Menendez M., Coronas J. Chem. Eng. J. 2007, 131:35-39.
128. Figueiredo K.C.D., Salim V.M.M., Borges C.P. Catal. Today 2008, 133-135:809-814.
129. Park B.G., Tsotsis T.T. Chem. Eng. Proc. 2004, 43:1171-1180.
130. Fayyaz B., Harale A., Park B.G., Liu P.K.T., Sahimi M., Tsotsis T.T. Ind. Ng. Chem. Res. 2005, 44(25):9398-9408.
131. Domingues L., Recasens F., Larrayoz M.A. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1999, 54:1461-1465.
132. Rönnback R., Salmi T., Vuori A., et al. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1997, 52(19):3369-3381.
133. Assabumrungrat S., Phongpatthanapanich J., Praserthdam P., Tagawa T., Goto S. Chem. Eng. J. 2003, 95:57-65.
134. Bitterlich S., Meissner H., Hefner W. Enhancement of the Conversion of Esterification Reactions by Non-Porous Membranes. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Pervaporation Processes in the Chemical Industry 1991, 273-281. Bakish Material Corporation, Englewood, NJ. R. Bakish (Ed.).
135. Wasewar K.L., Patidar S., Agarwal V.K. Int. J. Chem. Reactor Eng. 2008, 6:A93.
136. Li X., Wang L. J. Membr. Sci. 2001, 186:19-24.
137. Peters T.A., Fontalvo J., Vorstman M.A.G., Keurentjes J.T.F. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 2004, 82(A2):220-228.
138. Zhu Y., Chen H. J. Membr. Sci. 1998, 138:123-134.
139. Liu Q., Zhang Z., Chen H. J. Membr. Sci. 2001, 182:173-181.
140. Lee C. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1975, 19(1):83-95.
141. Liu Q.L., Chen H.L. J. Membr. Sci. 2002, 196:171-178.
142. Zhou H., Li Y., Zhu G., Liu J., Lin L., Yang W. Chin. J. Catal. 2008, 29(7):592-594.
143. Castanheiro J.E., Ramos A.M., Fonseca I.M., Vital J. Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 2006, 311:17-23.
144. Okamoto K., Yamamoto M., Otoshi Y., et al. J. Cem. Eng. Jpn. 1993, 26(5):475-481.
145. Keurentjes J.T.F., Janssen G.H.R., Gorissen J.J. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1994, 49(24):4681-4689.
146. Holtmann T., Gorak A. Chem. Ing. Technol. 2000, 72(8):867-871.
147. Wasewar K.L. Int. J. Chem. Reactor Eng. 2007, 5:A6.
148. Nijhuis H.H., Kemperman A., Derksen J.T.P., Cuperus F.P. Pervaporation Controlled Biocatalytic Reactions. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Pervaporation Processes in the Chemical Industry 1992, 368-379. Bakish Material Corporation, Englewood, NJ. R. Bakish (Ed.).
149. Kwon S.J., Song K.M., Hong W.H., Rhee J.S. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1995, 46(4):393-395.
150. Ni X., Xu Z., Shi Y., Hu Y. Water Treat. 1995, 10:115-120.
151. Nemec D., Van Gemert R. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2005, 44(25):9718-9726.
152. Ozdemir S.S., Buonomenna M.G., Drioli E. Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 2006, 307:167-183.
153. Tahkt Ravanchi M., Kaghazzchi T., Kargari A. Desalination 2009, 235:199-244.
154. Caro J., Noack M., Kolsch P. Adsorpt. - J. Int. Adsorpt. Soc. 2005, 11(3-4):215-227.
155. Liu Q.L., Li Q.B. J. Membr. Sci. 2002, 202:89-95.
156. Liu Q.L., Jia P.S., Chen H.F. J. Membr. Sci. 1999, 159(1-2):233-241.
157. Assabumrungrat S., Kiatkittipong W., Praserthdam P., Goto S. Catal. Today 2003, 79-80:249-257.
158. Yang B.L., Goto S. Sep. Sci. Technol. 1997, 32(5):971-981.
159. Yin X.D., Yang B.L., Goto S. Int. J. Chem. Kinetics 1995, 27(11):1065-1074.
160. Quitain A., Itoh H., Goto S. J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. 1999, 32(3):280-287.
161. Quitain A., Itoh H., Goto S. J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. 1999, 32(4):539-543.
162. Matouq M., Tagawa T., Goto S. J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. 1994, 27:302-306.
163. Heroin C., Spiske L., Hefner W. Dehydration in the Synthesis of Dimethylurea by Pervaporation. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Pervaporation Processes in the Chemical Industry 1991, 349-361. Bakish Material Corporation, Englewood, NJ. R. Bakish (Ed.).
164. Staudt-Bickel C., Lichtenthaler R.N. J. Membr. Sci. 1996, 111:135-141.
165. Staudt-Bickel, C., Lichtenthaler, R. N. Integration of Pervaporation for the Removal of Water in the Production Process of Methylisobutylketone (MIBK). In Proceedings of the International Congress on Membranes and Membrane Processes (ICOM), Yokohama, Japan, 18-23 August 1996; pp 394-395.
166. Wöllner, J., Engelhardt, F. Process for the Single Stage Manufacture of Methyl Isobutyl Ketone. US Pat. 3,405,178, October 1968.
167. Silva V.M.T.M., Rodrigues A.E. AIChE J. 2005, 51(10):2752-2768.
168. Bramwiche, P. L., Mudgan, M., Stanley, H. M. Manufacture of Diethyl Acetal. US Pat. 2,519,540, 1950.
169. Petersen, M. L. Process for the Production of Liquid Acetals. US Pat. 4,024,159, 1977.
170. Qi Z., Sundmacher K. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2004, 34:201-211.
171. Yeung K.L., Zhang X., Ngar Lau W., Martin-Aranda R. Catal. Today 2005, 110:26-37.
172. Jensen K.F. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2001, 56(2):293-303.
173. Leung A.Y.L., Yeung K.L. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2004, 59(22-23):4809-4817.
174. Lai S.M., Martin-Aranda R., Yeung K.L. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2:218-219.
175. Salomon M.A., Coronas J., Menéndez M., Santamaria J. Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 2003, 200(1-2):201-210.
176. Maloncy M.L., Maschmeyer Th., Jansen J.C. Chem. Eng. J. 2005, 106:187-195.
177. Heijnen J.H.M., de Bruijn V.G., van den Broeke L.J.P., Keurentjes J.T.F. Chem. Eng. Proc. 2003, 42(3):223-230.
178. Tijsen C.J., Voncken R.M., Beenackers A.A.C.M. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2001, 5:411-418.
179. Jafar J.J., Budd P.M. Sep. Sci. Technol. 1997, 28:305-311.