Beyond hardcore gambling: Understanding why mainland chinese visit casinos in macau

Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research

Volumn 36, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 32-51

  Wong, IpKin Anthony ^a   Rosenbaum, Mark S ^b  

^a INSTITUTE FOR TOURISM STUDIES   (Macao)

^b NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

casinos; Chinese; gambling; Macau; travel motivation

Indexed keywords

EID: 84855170485     PISSN: 10963480     EISSN: 15577554     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1096348010380600     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Las Vegas: Mega-city of the Mojave.Incentive. 1994;:3-26.
2. Golf, spas, and shopping.Corporate Meetings & Incentives. 2008;:46-52.
3. Baloglu S.,Uysal M.Market segments of push and pull motivations: A canonical correlation approach.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 1996;8 (3): 32-38.
4. Baron B. M.,Kenny D. A.The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1986;51:1173-1182.
5. Bieger T.,Laesser C.Market segmentation by motivation: The case of Switzerland.Journal of Travel Research. 2002;41:68-76.
6. Bitner M. J.Servicescapes: The impact of physical surroundings on customers and employees.Journal of Marketing. 1992;56:57-71.
7. Chu K. U.S. casinos' bet on Macau pays off.USA Today. 2010;:.
8. Churchill G. A.A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs.Journal of Marketing Research. 1979;16:64-73.
9. Cotte J.Chances, trances, and lots of slots: Gambling motives and consumption experiences.Journal of Leisure Research. 1997;29 (4): 380-406.
10. Crompton J. L.Motivations of pleasure vacation.Annals of Tourism Research. 1979;6:408-424.
11. DeVellis R. F.Scale development: Theory and applications. 2003). Scale development: Theory and applications (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2003:.
12. Fong K.-C. D.,Ozorio B.Gambling participation and prevalence etimates of pathological gambling in a far-east gambling city: Macao.UNLV Gaming Research & Review Journal. 2005;9 (2): 15-28.
13. Fowler G. A.Casino brings Vegas to Macau.Wall Street Journal-Eastern Edition. 2007;250 (50): D9.
14. Fraley C.,Raftery A. E.How many clusters? Which clustering method? Answers via model-based cluster analysis. Computer Journal. 1998;4:578-588.
15. Gadiesh O.,Leung P.,Vestring T.The battle for China's good-enough market.Harvard Business Review. 2007;85 (9): 80-89.
16. Goeldner C. R.,Ritchie B. J. R.Tourism: Principles, practices, philosophies. 2003). Tourism: Principles, practices, philosophies (9th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2003:.
17. Gu Z.,Gao J. Z.Financial competitiveness of Macau in comparison with other gaming destinations.UNLV Gaming Research & Review Journal. 2006;10 (2): 1-12.
18. Hair J. F.,Black W. C.,Babin B. J.,Anderson R. E.,Tatham R. L.Multivariate Data Analysis. 2006). Multivariate Data Analysis (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson; 2006:.
19. He L.Emergence of the Chinese middle class and its implications.Asian Affairs: An American Review. 2006;33 (2): 67-83.
20. Hobson J. S. P.Macau: Gambling on its future?.Tourism Management. 1995;16:237-246.
21. Hsu C. H. C.Casino industry in Asia Pacific: Development, operation & impact. New York, NY: Routledge; 2006:.
22. Huang S.,Hsu C. H. C.Effects of travel motivation, past experience, perceived constraint, and attitude on revisit intention.Journal of Travel Research. 2009;48:29-44.
23. Iso-Aloha S. E.Toward a social psychological theory of tourism motivation: A rejoinder.Annals of Tourism Research. 1982;9:256-261.
24. Johnson L.,Mayer K. J.,Champaner E.Casino atmospherics from a customer's perspective: A re-examination.UNLV Gaming Research & Review Journal. 2004;8 (2): 1-10.
25. Kau A. K.,Lim P. S.Clustering of Chinese tourists to Singapore: An analysis of their motivations, values and satisfaction.International Journal of Tourism Research. 2005;7:231-248.
26. Kim S. S.,Guo Y.,Agrusa J.Preference and positioning analyses of overseas destinations by mainland Chinese outbound pleasure tourists.Journal of Travel Research. 2005;44:212-220.
27. Lai D. W. L.Gambling and the older Chinese in Canada.Journal of Gambling Studies. 2006;22:121-141.
28. Lam C.,Vong T.-N.Macao: The gambling paradise-Profiling the roles and motives of customers.Journal of China Tourism Research. 2009;5:388-400.
29. Lam T.,Hsu C. H. C.Theory of planned behavior: Potential travelers from China.Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research. 2004;28:463-482.
30. Lee C.-K.,Lee Y.-K.,Bernhard B. J.,Yoon Y.-S.Segmenting casino gamblers by motivation: A cluster analysis of Korean gamblers.Tourism Management. 2006;27:856-866.
31. Leiper N.Tourism and gambling.GeoJournal. 1989;19:269-275.
32. Loroz P. S.Golden-age gambling: Psychological benefits and self-concept dynamics in aging consumers' consumption experiences.Psychology & Marketing. 2004;21:323-349.
33. Luxury Travel. (2008, August1). A taste of China. Retrieved from LexisNexis.
34. Macau Statistics and Census Service. (2009). 2008 Annual Tourism Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.dsec.gov.mo.
35. Mansfeld Y.From motivation to actual travel.Annals of Tourism Research. 1992;19:399-419.
36. McCartney G.The CAT (Casino Tourism) and the MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conventions, Exhibitions): Key development considerations for the convention and exhibition industry in Macao.Journal of Convention & Event Tourism. 2008;9:293-308.
37. Ozorio B.,Fong D. K.-C.Chinese casino gambling behaviors: Risk taking in casinos vs. investments.UNLV Gaming Research & Review Journal. 2004;8 (2): 27-38.
38. Papineau E.Pathological gambling in Montreal's Chinese community: An anthropological perspective.Journal of Gambling Studies. 2005;21:157-178.
39. Park M.,Yang X.,Lee B.,Jang H.-C.,Stokowski P. A.Segmenting casino gamblers by involvement profiles: a Colorado example.Tourism Management. 2002;23:55-65.
40. Pearce P. L.,Lee U.-I.Developing the travel career approach to tourist motivation.Journal of Travel Research. 2005;43:226-237.
41. Platz L.,Millar M.Gambling in the context of other recreation activity: A quantitative comparison of casual and pathological student gamblers.Journal of Leisure Research. 2001;33 (4): 383-395.
42. Rittichainuwat B. N.,Hailin Q.,Mongkhonvanit C.Understanding the motivation of travelers on repeat visits to Thailand.Journal of Vacation Marketing. 2008;14:5-21.
43. Rittichainuwat B. N.,Qu H.,Leong J. K.The collective impacts of a bundle of travel determinants on repeat visitation.Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research. 2003;27:217-236.
44. Rosenbaum M. S.Exploring the social supportive role of third places in consumers' lives.Journal of Service Research. 2006;9:59-72.
45. Rosenbaum M. S.Exploring commercial friendships from employees' perspectives.Journal of Services Marketing. 2009a;23:57-67.
46. Rosenbaum M. S.Restorative servicescapes: restoring directed attention in third places.Journal of Service Management. 2009b;20:173-191.
47. Rosenbaum M. S.,Ward J.,Walker B. A.,Ostrom A. L.A cup of coffee with a dash of love: An investigation of commercial social support and third-place attachment.Journal of Service Research. 2007;10:43-59.
48. Ross E. L. D.,Iso-Ahola S. E.Sightseeing tourists' motivation and satisfaction.Annals of Tourism Research. 1991;18:226-237.
49. Rothrock V.Luxury brands lured by Macau's casinos.WWD: Women's Wear Daily. 2007;193 (38): 4.
50. Salomon A.Family fun in the desert: Las Vegas repositions itself.Advertising Age. 1998;69 (34): 34.
51. Schofield P.,Thompson K.Visitor motivation, satisfaction and behavioural intention: The 2005 Naadam Festival, Ulaanbaatar.International Journal of Tourism Research. 2007;9:329-344.
52. Song H.,Witt S. F.Forecasting international tourist flows to Macau.Tourism Management. 2006;27:214-224.
53. SPSS. (2001). The SPSS TwoStep Cluster Component. Retrieved from http://www.spss.ch/upload/1122644952_The%20SPSS%20TwoStep%20Cluster%20Component.pdf.
54. Thompson B.Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2004:.
55. Travel Trade Gazette UK Ireland. (2010, January8). Asia: Macau-Intro the melting pot. Retrieved from LexisNexis.
56. Unger J.China's conservative middle class.Far Eastern Economic Review. 2006;169 (3): 27-31.
57. Vong C. K. F.Gambling attitudes and gambling behavior of residents of macao: The Monte Carlo of the Orient.Journal of Travel Research. 2004;42:271-278.
58. Vong C. K. F.Changes in residents' gambling attitudes and perceived impacts at the fifth anniversary of Macao's gaming deregulation.Journal of Travel Research. 2009;47:388-397.
59. Wakefield K. L.The importance of servicescapes in leisure service settings.Journal of Services Marketing. 1994;8 (3): 66-76.
60. Walsh G.,Beatty S. E.Customer-based corporate reputation of a service firm: Scale development and validation.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. 2007;35:127-143.
61. Yeskel D.The best in town, from cheap meals to shopping deals.Travel Weekly. 2006;65 (15): 42.
62. Zeng Z.,Forrest D.High rollers from Mainland China: A profile based on 99 cases.UNLV Gaming Research & Review Journal. 2009;13 (1): 29-43.
63. Zhang H. Q.,Heung V. C. S.The emergence of the Mainland Chinese outbound travel market and its implications for tourism marketing.Journal of Vacation Marketing. 2001;8:7-12.
64. Zhang H. Q.,Lam T.An analysis of Mainland Chinese visitors' motivations to visit Hong Kong.Tourism Management. 1999;20:587-594.