메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 92, Issue 12, 2011, Pages 2258-2266

Landscape of fear influences the relative importance of consumptive and nonconsumptive predator effects

Author keywords

Carcinus maenas; Consumptive effect; Nonconsumptive effect; Nucella lapillus; Predation risk; Semibalanus balanoides; Trait mediated indirect interaction; Trophic cascade

Indexed keywords

COMMUNITY DYNAMICS; CRAB; FOOD CHAIN; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; GASTROPOD; INTERTIDAL ENVIRONMENT; LANDSCAPE; PREDATION RISK; PREY AVAILABILITY; SNAIL; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS; SURVIVAL; TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION; TROPHIC CASCADE;

EID: 84555195607     PISSN: 00129658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/11-0424.1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (107)

References (67)
  • 1
  • 2
    • 0024921685 scopus 로고
    • Intraspecific competition and facilitation in a northern acorn barnacle population
    • Bertness, M. D. 1989. Intraspecific competition and facilitation in a northern acorn barnacle population. Ecology 70:257-268. (Pubitemid 20417265)
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , Issue.1 , pp. 257-268
    • Bertness, M.D.1
  • 3
    • 0031822979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Making mountains out of barnacles: The dynamics of acorn barnacle hummocking
    • Bertness, M. D., S. D. Gaines, and S. M. Yeh. 1998. Making mountains out of barnacles: the dynamics of acorn barnacle hummocking. Ecology 79:1382-1394. (Pubitemid 28378685)
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.79 , Issue.4 , pp. 1382-1394
    • Bertness, M.D.1    Gaines, S.D.2    Yeh, S.M.3
  • 4
    • 0037800374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do alternate stable community states exist in the Gulf of Maine rocky intertidal zone?
    • Bertness, M. D., G. C. Trussell, P. J. Ewanchuk, and B. R. Silliman. 2002. Do alternate stable community states exist in the Gulf of Maine rocky intertidal zone? Ecology 83:3434-3448. (Pubitemid 36524658)
    • (2002) Ecology , vol.83 , Issue.12 , pp. 3434-3448
    • Bertness, M.D.1    Trussell, G.C.2    Ewanchuk, P.J.3    Silliman, B.R.4
  • 5
    • 4444233818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consumer-controlled community states on Gulf of Maine rocky shores
    • Bertness, M. D., G. C. Trussell, P. J. Ewanchuk, B. R. Silliman, and C. M. Crain. 2004. Consumer-controlled community states on Gulf of Maine rocky shores. Ecology 85:1321-1331. (Pubitemid 39188087)
    • (2004) Ecology , vol.85 , Issue.5 , pp. 1321-1331
    • Bertness, M.D.1    Trussell, G.C.2    Ewanchuk, P.J.3    Silliman, B.R.4    Crain, C.M.5
  • 6
    • 0024199122 scopus 로고
    • Patch use as an indicator of habitat preference, predation risk, and competition
    • Brown, J. S. 1988. Patch use as an indicator of habitat preference, predation risk, and competition. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 22:37-47.
    • (1988) Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology , vol.22 , pp. 37-47
    • Brown, J.S.1
  • 7
    • 0001295491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vigilance, patch use and habitat selection: Foraging under predation risk
    • Brown, J. S. 1999. Vigilance, patch use and habitat selection: foraging under predation risk. Evolutionary Ecology Research 1:49-71. (Pubitemid 129558636)
    • (1999) Evolutionary Ecology Research , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 49-71
    • Brown, J.S.1
  • 8
    • 5344279171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hazardous duty pay and the foraging cost of predation
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00661.x
    • Brown, J. S., and B. P. Kotler. 2004. Hazardous duty pay and the foraging cost of predation. Ecology Letters 7:999-1014. (Pubitemid 39348413)
    • (2004) Ecology Letters , vol.7 , Issue.10 , pp. 999-1014
    • Brown, J.S.1    Kotler, B.P.2
  • 9
    • 0001698822 scopus 로고
    • Natural foraging of the dogwhelk, Nucella lapillus (Linnaeus); The weather and whether to feed
    • Burrows, M. T., and R. N. Hughes. 1989. Natural foraging of the dogwhelk, Nucella lapillus (Linnaeus); the weather and whether to feed. Journal of Molluscan Studies 55:285-295.
    • (1989) Journal of Molluscan Studies , vol.55 , pp. 285-295
    • Burrows, M.T.1    Hughes, R.N.2
  • 10
    • 0025205447 scopus 로고
    • Variation in growth and consumption among individuals and populations of dogwhelks, Nucella lapillus: A link between foraging behaviour and fitness
    • Burrows, M. T., and R. N. Hughes. 1990. Variation in growth and consumption among individuals and populations of dogwhelks, Nucella lapillus: a link between foraging behaviour and fitness. Journal of Animal Ecology 59:723-742. (Pubitemid 20427772)
    • (1990) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.59 , Issue.2 , pp. 723-742
    • Burrows, M.T.1    Hughes, R.N.2
  • 11
    • 0026080323 scopus 로고
    • Variation in foraging behaviour among individuals and populations of dogwhelks, Nucella lapillus: Natural constraints on energy intake
    • Burrows, M. T., and R. N. Hughes. 1991. Variation in foraging behaviour among individuals and populations of dogwhelks, Nucella lapillus: natural constraints on energy intake. Journal of Animal Ecology 60:497-514.
    • (1991) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.60 , pp. 497-514
    • Burrows, M.T.1    Hughes, R.N.2
  • 12
    • 0001878515 scopus 로고
    • Effects of competition, predation by Thais lapillus, and other factors on natural populations of the barnacle Balanus balanoides
    • Connell, J. H. 1961. Effects of competition, predation by Thais lapillus, and other factors on natural populations of the barnacle Balanus balanoides. Ecological Monographs 31:61-104.
    • (1961) Ecological Monographs , vol.31 , pp. 61-104
    • Connell, J.H.1
  • 13
    • 69449086310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolf presence and increased willow consumption by Yellowstone elk: Implications for trophic cascades
    • Creel, S., and D. Christianson. 2009. Wolf presence and increased willow consumption by Yellowstone elk: implications for trophic cascades. Ecology 90:2454-2466.
    • (2009) Ecology , vol.90 , pp. 2454-2466
    • Creel, S.1    Christianson, D.2
  • 14
    • 30644460392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elk alter habitat selection as an antipredator response to wolves
    • Creel, S., J. John Winnie, B. Maxwell, K. Hamlin, and M. Creel. 2005. Elk alter habitat selection as an antipredator response to wolves. Ecology 86:3387-3397. (Pubitemid 43086914)
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , Issue.12 , pp. 3387-3397
    • Creel, S.1    Winnie Jr., J.2    Maxwell, B.3    Hamlin, K.4    Creel, M.5
  • 15
    • 0020869899 scopus 로고
    • Starfish predation and the creation of mosaic patterns in a kelp-dominated community
    • Duggins, D. O. 1983. Starfish predation and the creation of mosaic patterns in a kelp-dominated community. Ecology 64:1610-1619. (Pubitemid 15271534)
    • (1983) Ecology , vol.64 , Issue.6 , pp. 1610-1619
    • Duggins, D.O.1
  • 16
    • 0002568948 scopus 로고
    • Behavioural components of prey-selection by dogwhelks, Nucella lapillus (L.), feeding on barnacles, Semibalanus balanoides (L.), in the laboratory
    • Dunkin, S., and R. N. Hughes. 1984. Behavioural components of prey-selection by dogwhelks, Nucella lapillus (L.), feeding on barnacles, Semibalanus balanoides (L.), in the laboratory. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 79:91-103.
    • (1984) Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 91-103
    • Dunkin, S.1    Hughes, R.N.2
  • 17
    • 33845439779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking richness, community variability, and invasion resistance with patch size
    • DOI 10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2842:LRCVAI]2.0.CO;2
    • Dunstan, P. K., and C. R. Johnson. 2006. Linking richness, community variability, and invasion resistance with patch size. Ecology 87:2842-2850. (Pubitemid 44904869)
    • (2006) Ecology , vol.87 , Issue.11 , pp. 2842-2850
    • Dunstan, P.K.1    Johnson, C.R.2
  • 18
    • 0000868703 scopus 로고
    • Correlations of predatory whelks with intertidal prey at several scales of space and time
    • Fairweather, P. G. 1988a. Correlations of predatory whelks with intertidal prey at several scales of space and time. Marine Ecology Progress Series 45:237-243.
    • (1988) Marine Ecology Progress Series , vol.45 , pp. 237-243
    • Fairweather, P.G.1
  • 19
    • 0003070620 scopus 로고
    • Movements of intertidal whelks (Morula marginalba and Thais orbita) in relation to availability of prey and shelter
    • Fairweather, P. G. 1988b. Movements of intertidal whelks (Morula marginalba and Thais orbita) in relation to availability of prey and shelter. Marine Biology 100:63-68.
    • (1988) Marine Biology , vol.100 , pp. 63-68
    • Fairweather, P.G.1
  • 20
    • 0024225560 scopus 로고
    • Predation can increase variability in the abundance of prey on seashores
    • Fairweather, P. G. 1988c. Predation can increase variability in the abundance of prey on seashores. Oikos 53:87-92.
    • (1988) Oikos , vol.53 , pp. 87-92
    • Fairweather, P.G.1
  • 21
    • 0024189186 scopus 로고
    • Predation creates haloes of bare space among prey on rocky seashores in New South Wales
    • Fairweather, P. G. 1988d. Predation creates haloes of bare space among prey on rocky seashores in New South Wales. Australian Journal of Ecology 13:401-409. (Pubitemid 19324667)
    • (1988) Australian Journal of Ecology , vol.13 , Issue.4 , pp. 401-409
    • Fairweather, P.G.1
  • 22
    • 0025601192 scopus 로고
    • Is predation capable of interacting with other community processes on rocky reefs?
    • Fairweather, P. G. 1990. Is predation capable of interacting with other community processes on rocky reefs? Australian Journal of Ecology 15:453-464.
    • (1990) Australian Journal of Ecology , vol.15 , pp. 453-464
    • Fairweather, P.G.1
  • 23
    • 0001212008 scopus 로고
    • The adaptive significance of aggregation behaviour in the dogwhelk Nucella lapillus (L.)
    • Feare, C. J. 1971. The adaptive significance of aggregation behaviour in the dogwhelk Nucella lapillus (L.). Oecologia 7:117-126.
    • (1971) Oecologia , vol.7 , pp. 117-126
    • Feare, C.J.1
  • 24
    • 18444369359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolves influence elk movements: Behavior shapes a trophic cascade in Yellowstone National Park
    • Fortin, D., H. L. Beyer, M. S. Boyce, D. W. Smith, T. Duchesne, and J. S. Mao. 2005. Wolves influence elk movements: behavior shapes a trophic cascade in Yellowstone National Park. Ecology 86:1320-1330. (Pubitemid 40641206)
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , Issue.5 , pp. 1320-1330
    • Fortin, D.1    Beyer, H.L.2    Boyce, M.S.3    Smith, D.W.4    Duchesne, T.5    Mao, J.S.6
  • 25
    • 55049139359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for top predator control of a grazing ecosystem
    • Frank, D. A. 2008. Evidence for top predator control of a grazing ecosystem. Oikos 117:1718-1724.
    • (2008) Oikos , vol.117 , pp. 1718-1724
    • Frank, D.A.1
  • 26
  • 27
    • 0035869633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of herbivorous snails and macroalgal canopy on recruitment and early survivorship of the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides (L.)
    • DOI 10.1016/S0022-0981(00)00337-3, PII S0022098100003373
    • Hancock, K. M., and P. S. Petraitis. 2001. Effects of herbivorous snails and macroalgal canopy on recruitment and early survivorship of the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides (L.). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 257:205-218. (Pubitemid 32220666)
    • (2001) Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , vol.257 , Issue.2 , pp. 205-218
    • Hancock, K.M.1    Petraitis, P.S.2
  • 28
    • 0002580203 scopus 로고
    • Predatory behaviour of the intertidal snail, Nucella lapillus, and its effect on community structure
    • H. Kawanabe, J. E. Cohen, and K. Iwasaki, editors. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK
    • Hughes, R. N., and M. T. Burrows. 1993. Predatory behaviour of the intertidal snail, Nucella lapillus, and its effect on community structure. Pages 63-83 in H. Kawanabe, J. E. Cohen, and K. Iwasaki, editors. Mutualism and community organisation: behavioral, theoretical and food-web approaches. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
    • (1993) Mutualism and Community Organisation: Behavioral, Theoretical and Food-web Approaches , pp. 63-83
    • Hughes, R.N.1    Burrows, M.T.2
  • 30
    • 0002047976 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the foraging behaviour of dogwhelks, Nucella lapillus (L.), feeding on barnacles or mussels on the shore
    • Hughes, R., and D. Drewett. 1985. A comparison of the foraging behaviour of dogwhelks, Nucella lapillus (L.), feeding on barnacles or mussels on the shore. Journal of Molluscan Studies 51:73-77.
    • (1985) Journal of Molluscan Studies , vol.51 , pp. 73-77
    • Hughes, R.1    Drewett, D.2
  • 31
    • 0032585592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond the predation halo: Small scale gradients in barnacle populations affected by the relative refuge value of crevices
    • DOI 10.1016/S0022-0981(98)00055-0, PII S0022098198000550
    • Johnson, M. P., R. N. Hughes, M. T. Burrows, and S. J. Hawkins. 1998. Beyond the predation halo: small scale gradients in barnacle populations affected by the relative refuge value of crevices. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 231:163-170. (Pubitemid 29028996)
    • (1998) Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , vol.231 , Issue.2 , pp. 163-170
    • Johnson, M.P.1    Hughes, R.N.2    Burrows, M.T.3    Hawkins, S.J.4
  • 32
    • 79955783083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of species interaction strength in space, time and with developmental stage
    • [doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.2246]
    • Kordas, R. L., and S. Dudgeon. 2010. Dynamics of species interaction strength in space, time and with developmental stage. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. [doi: 10.1098/rspb. 2010.2246]
    • (2010) Proceedings of the Royal Society B
    • Kordas, R.L.1    Dudgeon, S.2
  • 33
    • 0034752346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolves, elk, and bison: Reestablishing the "landscape of fear" in Yellowstone National Park, USA
    • Laundré, J. W., L. Hernández, and K. B. Altendorf. 2001. Wolves, elk, and bison: reestablishing the "landscape of fear" in Yellowstone National Park, USA. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79:1401-1409.
    • (2001) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.79 , pp. 1401-1409
    • Laundré, J.W.1    Hernández, L.2    Altendorf, K.B.3
  • 34
    • 0025252617 scopus 로고
    • Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: A review and prospectus
    • Lima, S. L., and L. M. Dill. 1990. Behavioural decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68:619-640. (Pubitemid 20429810)
    • (1990) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.68 , Issue.4 , pp. 619-640
    • Lima, S.L.1    Dill, L.M.2
  • 35
    • 0020923607 scopus 로고
    • Littorina and Fucus: effects of herbivores, substratum heterogeneity, and plant escapes during succession
    • Lubchenco, J. 1983. Littorina and Fucus: effects of herbivores, substratum heterogeneity, and plant escapes during succession. Ecology 64:1116-1123. (Pubitemid 15270261)
    • (1983) Ecology , vol.64 , Issue.5 , pp. 1116-1123
    • Lubchenco, J.1
  • 36
    • 0001934331 scopus 로고
    • Community development and persistence in a low rocky intertidal zone
    • Lubchenco, J., and B. A. Menge. 1978. Community development and persistence in a low rocky intertidal zone. Ecological Monographs 48:67-94.
    • (1978) Ecological Monographs , vol.48 , pp. 67-94
    • Lubchenco, J.1    Menge, B.A.2
  • 37
    • 0001608229 scopus 로고
    • On optimal use of a patchy environment
    • MacArthur, R. H., and E. R. Pianka. 1966. On optimal use of a patchy environment. American Naturalist 100:603.
    • (1966) American Naturalist , vol.100 , pp. 603
    • MacArthur, R.H.1    Pianka, E.R.2
  • 38
    • 0000995615 scopus 로고
    • Organization of the New England rocky intertidal community: Role of predation, competition, and environmental heterogeneity
    • Menge, B. A. 1976. Organization of the New England rocky intertidal community: role of predation, competition, and environmental heterogeneity. Ecological Monographs 46:355-393.
    • (1976) Ecological Monographs , vol.46 , pp. 355-393
    • Menge, B.A.1
  • 39
    • 0003350642 scopus 로고
    • Predation intensity in a rocky intertidal community. Effect of an algal canopy, wave action and desiccation on predator feeding rates
    • Menge, B. A. 1978a. Predation intensity in a rocky intertidal community. Effect of an algal canopy, wave action and desiccation on predator feeding rates. Oecologia 34:17-35.
    • (1978) Oecologia , vol.34 , pp. 17-35
    • Menge, B.A.1
  • 40
    • 4243201050 scopus 로고
    • Predation intensity in a rocky intertidal community. Relation between predator foraging activity and environmental harshness
    • Menge, B. A. 1978b. Predation intensity in a rocky intertidal community. Relation between predator foraging activity and environmental harshness. Oecologia 34:1-16.
    • (1978) Oecologia , vol.34 , pp. 1-16
    • Menge, B.A.1
  • 41
    • 0028976893 scopus 로고
    • Indirect effects in marine rocky intertidal interaction webs: Patterns and importance
    • Menge, B. A. 1995. Indirect effects in marine rocky intertidal interaction webs: patterns and importance. Ecological Monographs 65:21-74.
    • (1995) Ecological Monographs , vol.65 , pp. 21-74
    • Menge, B.A.1
  • 42
    • 0025635427 scopus 로고
    • Barnacle walls as mediators of intertidal mussel recruitment: Effects of patch size on the utilization of space
    • Navarrete, S. A., and J. C. Castilla. 1990. Barnacle walls as mediators of intertidal mussel recruitment: effects of patch size on the utilization of space. Marine Ecology Progress Series 68:113-119.
    • (1990) Marine Ecology Progress Series , vol.68 , pp. 113-119
    • Navarrete, S.A.1    Castilla, J.C.2
  • 43
    • 33947213328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On quantitative measures of indirect interactions
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01019.x
    • Okuyama, T., and B. M. Bolker. 2007. On quantitative measures of indirect interactions. Ecology Letters 10:264-271. (Pubitemid 46426873)
    • (2007) Ecology Letters , vol.10 , Issue.4 , pp. 264-271
    • Okuyama, T.1    Bolker, B.M.2
  • 44
    • 0000149002 scopus 로고
    • Food webs: Linkage, interaction strength and community infrastructure
    • Paine, R. T. 1980. Food webs: linkage, interaction strength and community infrastructure. Journal of Animal Ecology 49:667-685.
    • (1980) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.49 , pp. 667-685
    • Paine, R.T.1
  • 45
    • 0001020974 scopus 로고
    • Effect of crab effluent and scent of damaged conspecifics on feeding, growth, and shell morphology of the Atlantic dogwhelk Nucella lapillus (L.)
    • Palmer, A. R. 1990. Effect of crab effluent and scent of damaged conspecifics on feeding, growth, and shell morphology of the Atlantic dogwhelk Nucella lapillus (L.). Hydrobiologia 193:155-182.
    • (1990) Hydrobiologia , vol.193 , pp. 155-182
    • Palmer, A.R.1
  • 46
    • 0030613882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trait-mediated indirect interactions in a simple aquatic food web
    • Peacor, S. D., and E. E. Werner. 1997. Trait-mediated indirect interactions in a simple aquatic food web. Ecology 78:1146-1156.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 1146-1156
    • Peacor, S.D.1    Werner, E.E.2
  • 48
    • 7544227161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How dependent are species-pair interaction strengths on other species in the food web?
    • Peacor, S. D., and E. E. Werner. 2004. How dependent are species-pair interaction strengths on other species in the food web? Ecology 85:2754-2763. (Pubitemid 39448250)
    • (2004) Ecology , vol.85 , Issue.10 , pp. 2754-2763
    • Peacor, S.D.1    Werner, E.E.2
  • 49
    • 0242572081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survivorship of juvenile barnacles and mussels: Spatial dependence and the origin of alternative communities
    • DOI 10.1016/S0022-0981(03)00219-3
    • Petraitis, P. S., E. C. Rhile, and S. Dudgeon. 2003. Survivorship of juvenile barnacles and mussels: spatial dependence and the origin of alternative communities. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 293:217-236. (Pubitemid 37399903)
    • (2003) Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , vol.293 , Issue.2 , pp. 217-236
    • Petraitis, P.S.1    Rhile, E.C.2    Dudgeon, S.3
  • 50
    • 84863304598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R: A language and environment for statistical computing
    • R Development Core Team, Vienna, Austria
    • R Development Core Team. 2010. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. hhttp://www.R-project.org/i
    • (2010) R Foundation for Statistical Computing
  • 51
    • 0034503294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Processes structuring communities: Evidence for trait-mediated indirect effects through induced polymorphisms
    • Raimondi, P. T., S. E. Forde, L. F. Delph, and C. M. Lively. 2000. Processes structuring communities: evidence for traitmediated indirect effects through induced polymorphisms. Oikos 91:353-361. (Pubitemid 32122530)
    • (2000) Oikos , vol.91 , Issue.2 , pp. 353-361
    • Raimondi, P.T.1    Forde, S.E.2    Delph, L.F.3    Lively, C.M.4
  • 52
    • 4043155503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolves and the ecology of fear: Can predation risk structure ecosystems?
    • Ripple, W. J., and R. L. Beschta. 2004. Wolves and the ecology of fear: can predation risk structure ecosystems? BioScience 54:755-766. (Pubitemid 39073974)
    • (2004) BioScience , vol.54 , Issue.8 , pp. 755-766
    • Ripple, W.J.1    Beschta, R.L.2
  • 53
    • 54549098199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From individuals to ecosystem function: Toward an integration of evolutionary and ecosystem ecology
    • Schmitz, O. J., J. H. Grabowski, B. L. Peckarsky, E. L. Preisser, G. C. Trussell, and J. R. Vonesh. 2008. From individuals to ecosystem function: toward an integration of evolutionary and ecosystem ecology. Ecology 89:2436-2445.
    • (2008) Ecology , vol.89 , pp. 2436-2445
    • Schmitz, O.J.1    Grabowski, J.H.2    Peckarsky, B.L.3    Preisser, E.L.4    Trussell, G.C.5    Vonesh, J.R.6
  • 54
    • 1342333392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic cascades: The primacy of trait-mediated indirect interactions
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2003.00560.x
    • Schmitz, O. J., V. Krivan, and O. Ovadia. 2004. Trophic cascades: the primacy of trait-mediated indirect interactions. Ecology Letters 7:153-163. (Pubitemid 38260819)
    • (2004) Ecology Letters , vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp. 153-163
    • Schmitz, O.J.1    Krivan, V.2    Ovadia, O.3
  • 55
    • 0019156284 scopus 로고
    • Optimal behavior: Can foragers balance two conflicting demands?
    • Sih, A. 1980. Optimal behavior: can foragers balance two conflicting demands? Science 210:1041.
    • (1980) Science , vol.210 , pp. 1041
    • Sih, A.1
  • 56
    • 0021551062 scopus 로고
    • Intertidal mosaics: Patch size, propagule availability, and spatially variable patterns of succession
    • Sousa, W. P. 1984. Intertidal mosaics: patch size, propagule availability, and spatially variable patterns of succession. Ecology 65:1918-1935. (Pubitemid 16276345)
    • (1984) Ecology , vol.65 , Issue.6 , pp. 1918-1935
    • Sousa, W.P.1
  • 57
    • 0036128307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Field evidence of trait-mediated indirect interactions in a rocky intertidal food web
    • DOI 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00304.x
    • Trussell, G. C., P. J. Ewanchuk, and M. D. Bertness. 2002. Field evidence of trait-mediated indirect interactions in a rocky intertidal food web. Ecology Letters 5:241-245. (Pubitemid 34235144)
    • (2002) Ecology Letters , vol.5 , Issue.2 , pp. 241-245
    • Trussell, G.C.1    Ewanchuk, P.J.2    Bertness, M.D.3
  • 58
    • 4544314004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic cascades in rocky shore tide pools: Distinguishing lethal and nonlethal effects
    • DOI 10.1007/s00442-004-1512-8
    • Trussell, G. C., P. J. Ewanchuk, M. D. Bertness, and B. R. Silliman. 2004. Trophic cascades in rocky shore tide pools: distinguishing lethal and nonlethal effects. Oecologia 139:427-432. (Pubitemid 39246712)
    • (2004) Oecologia , vol.139 , Issue.3 , pp. 427-432
    • Trussell, G.C.1    Ewanchuk, P.J.2    Bertness, M.D.3    Silliman, B.R.4
  • 59
    • 33750030707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat effects on the relative importance of trait- and density-mediated indirect interactions
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00981.x
    • Trussell, G. C., P. J. Ewanchuk, and C. M. Matassa. 2006. Habitat effects on the relative importance of trait- and density-mediated indirect interactions. Ecology Letters 9:1245-1252. (Pubitemid 44571666)
    • (2006) Ecology Letters , vol.9 , Issue.11 , pp. 1245-1252
    • Trussell, G.C.1    Ewanchuk, P.J.2    Matassa, C.M.3
  • 60
    • 58149331835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resource identity modifies the influence of predation risk on ecosystem function
    • Trussell, G. C., P. J. Ewanchuk, and C. M. Matassa. 2008. Resource identity modifies the influence of predation risk on ecosystem function. Ecology 89:2798-2807.
    • (2008) Ecology , vol.89 , pp. 2798-2807
    • Trussell, G.C.1    Ewanchuk, P.J.2    Matassa, C.M.3
  • 61
    • 80051864169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of variable predation risk on foraging and growth: Less risk is not necessarily better
    • Trussell, G. C., C. M. Matassa, and B. Luttbeg. 2011. The effects of variable predation risk on foraging and growth: less risk is not necessarily better. Ecology 92:1799-1806.
    • (2011) Ecology , vol.92 , pp. 1799-1806
    • Trussell, G.C.1    Matassa, C.M.2    Luttbeg, B.3
  • 62
    • 0025640696 scopus 로고
    • Predator avoidance and community structure: Interactions among piscivores, planktivores, and plankton
    • Turner, A., and G. Mittelbach. 1990. Predator avoidance and community structure: interactions among piscivores, planktivores, and plankton. Ecology 71:2241-2254.
    • (1990) Ecology , vol.71 , pp. 2241-2254
    • Turner, A.1    Mittelbach, G.2
  • 63
    • 0028166001 scopus 로고
    • Foraging strategies of dogwhelks, Nucella lapillus (L.): Interacting effects of age, diet and chemical cues to the threat of predation
    • Vadas, R., M. Burrows, and R. Hughes. 1994. Foraging strategies of dogwhelks, Nucella lapillus (L.): interacting effects of age, diet and chemical cues to the threat of predation. Oecologia 100:439-450.
    • (1994) Oecologia , vol.100 , pp. 439-450
    • Vadas, R.1    Burrows, M.2    Hughes, R.3
  • 64
    • 63849140083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral adjustments of African herbivores to predation risk by lions: Spatiotemporal variations influence habitat use
    • Valeix, M., A. Loveridge, S. Chamaille-Jammes, Z. Davidson, F. Murindagomo, H. Fritz, and D. MacDonald. 2009. Behavioral adjustments of African herbivores to predation risk by lions: spatiotemporal variations influence habitat use. Ecology 90:23-30.
    • (2009) Ecology , vol.90 , pp. 23-30
    • Valeix, M.1    Loveridge, A.2    Chamaille-Jammes, S.3    Davidson, Z.4    Murindagomo, F.5    Fritz, H.6    MacDonald, D.7
  • 65
    • 55249123431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mapping the landscape of fear of the cape ground squirrel (Xerus inauris)
    • Van der Merwe, M., and J. S. Brown. 2008. Mapping the landscape of fear of the cape ground squirrel (Xerus inauris). Journal of Mammalogy 89:1162-1169.
    • (2008) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.89 , pp. 1162-1169
    • Van Der Merwe, M.1    Brown, J.S.2
  • 66
    • 0020870136 scopus 로고
    • An experimental test of the effects of predation risk on habitat use in fish
    • Werner, E. E., J. F. Gilliam, D. J. Hall, and G. G. Mittelbach. 1983. An experimental test of the effects of predation risk on habitat use in fish. Ecology 64:1540-1548. (Pubitemid 15271760)
    • (1983) Ecology , vol.64 , Issue.6 , pp. 1540-1548
    • Werner, E.E.1    Gilliam, J.F.2    Hall, D.J.3    Mittelbach, G.G.4
  • 67
    • 0038699846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of trait-mediated indirect interactions in ecological communities
    • Werner, E. E., and S. D. Peacor. 2003. A review of traitmediated indirect interactions in ecological communities. Ecology 84:1083-1100. (Pubitemid 37435382)
    • (2003) Ecology , vol.84 , Issue.5 , pp. 1083-1100
    • Werner, E.E.1    Peacor, S.D.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.