The effects of variable predation risk on foraging and growth: Less risk is not necessarily better

Ecology

Volumn 92, Issue 9, 2011, Pages 1799-1806

  Trussell, Geoffrey C ^a   Matassa, Catherine M ^a   Luttbeg, Barney ^b  

^a NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Behavior; Growth; Inducible defense; Nonconsumptive effect; Predation risk; Predator; Prey; Risk allocation; Risk cues; Trade off

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE; ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION; ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE; EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS; EPISODIC EVENT; FITNESS; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; GROWTH RATE; PREDATION RISK; PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTION; RISK FACTOR; TEMPORAL VARIATION; TRADE-OFF;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BRACHYURA; ECOSYSTEM; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; MOLLUSC; PHYSIOLOGY; TIME;

ANIMALS; BRACHYURA; ECOSYSTEM; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MOLLUSCA; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 80051864169     PISSN: 00129658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/10-2222.1     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Beckerman, A. P., M. Uriarte, and O. J. Schmitz. 1997. Experimental evidence for a behavior-mediated trophic cascade in a terrestrial food chain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 94:10735-10738.
2. Bednekoff, P. A., and S. L. Lima. 2011. Risk allocation is a general phenomenon: a reply to Beauchamp and Ruxton. American Naturalist 177:147-151.
3. Brown, J. S., J. W. Laundre, and M. Gurung. 1999. The ecology of fear: optimal foraging, game theory, and trophic interactions. Journal of Mammalogy 80:385-399. (Pubitemid 129588647)
4. Burnham, K. P., and D. R. Anderson. 2002. Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach. Springer, New York, New York, USA.
5. Burrows, M. T., and R. N. Hughes. 1990. Variation in growth and consumption among individuals and populations of dogwhelks, Nucella lapillus: a link between foraging behaviour and fitness. Journal of Animal Ecology 59:723-742. (Pubitemid 20427772)
6. Clark, C. W. 1994. Antipredator behavior and the asset protection principle. Behavioral Ecology 5:159-170.
7. Creel, S., J. John Winnie, B. Maxwell, K. Hamlin, and M. Creel. 2005. Elk alter habitat selection as an antipredator response to wolves. Ecology 86:3387-3397. (Pubitemid 43086914)
8. Ferrari, M. C. O., F. Messier, and D. P. Chivers. 2008. Larval amphibians learn to match antipredator response intensity to temporal patterns of risk. Behavioral Ecology 19:980-983.
9. Ferrari, M. C. O., A. Sih, and D. P. Chivers. 2009. The paradox of risk allocation: a review and prospectus. Animal Behaviour 78:579-585.
10. Large, S. I., D. L. Smee, and G. C. Trussell. 2011. Environmental conditions influence the frequency of prey responses to predation risk. Marine Ecology Progress Series 422:41-49.
11. Laurila, A., M. Järvi-Laturi, S. Pakkasmaa, and J. Merilä . 2004. Temporal variation in predation risk: stage-dependency, graded responses and fitness costs in tadpole antipredator defenses. Oikos 107:90-99. (Pubitemid 39348260)
12. Lima, S. L. 1998a. Stress and decision-making under the risk of predation: recent developments from behavioral, reproductive, and ecological perspectives. Advances in the Study of Behavior 28:215-290. (Pubitemid 128082428)
13. Lima, S. L. 1998b. Nonlethal effects in the ecology of predator- prey interactions: what are the ecological effects of antipredator decision-making? BioScience 48:26-34.
14. Lima, S. L., and P. A. Bednekoff. 1999. Temporal variation in danger drives antipredator behavior: the predation risk allocation hypothesis. American Naturalist 153:649-659. (Pubitemid 29347842)
15. Lima, S. L., and L. M. Dill. 1990. Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68:619-640. (Pubitemid 20429810)
16. Luttbeg, B., L. Rowe, and M. Mangel. 2003. Prey state and experimental design affect relative size of trait- and densitymediated indirect effects. Ecology 84:1140-1150. (Pubitemid 37435386)
17. Mangel, M., and C. Clark. 1988. Dynamic modeling in behavioral ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
18. McNamara, J. M., and A. I. Houston. 1986. The common currency for behavioral decisions. American Naturalist 127:358-378.
19. McNamara, J. M., and A. I. Houston. 1987. Starvation and predation as factors limiting population size. Ecology 68:1515-1519.
20. McPeek, M. A. 2004. The growth/predation risk trade-off: so what is the mechanism? American Naturalist 163:E88-E111.
21. McPeek, M. A., M. Grace, and J. M. L. Richardson. 2001. Physiological and behavioral responses to predators shape the growth/predation risk trade-off in damselflies. Ecology 82:1535-1545. (Pubitemid 32614628)
22. Palmer, A. R. 1982. Growth in marine gastropods: a nondestructive technique for independently measuring shell and body weight. Malacologia 23:63-73.
23. Palmer, A. R. 1992. Calcification in marine mollusks: how costly is it? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 89:1379-1382.
24. Pauwels, K., R. Stoks, and L. DeMeester. 2005. Coping with predator-induced stress: interclonal differences in induction of heat-shock proteins in the water flea Daphnia magna. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 18:867-872. (Pubitemid 40968539)
25. Peacor, S. D., and E. E. Werner. 2001. The contribution of trait-mediated indirect effects to the net effects of a predator. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 98:3904-3908. (Pubitemid 32249870)
26. Peckarsky, B. L., P. A. Abrams, D. I. Bolnick, L. M. Dill, J. H. Grabowski, B. Luttbeg, J. L. Orrock, S. D. Peacor, E. L. Preisser, O. J. Schmitz, and G. C. Trussell. 2008. Revisiting the classics: considering nonconsumptive effects in textbook examples of predator-prey interactions. Ecology 89:2416-2425.
27. Preisser, E. L., D. I. Bolnick, and M. F. Bernard. 2005. Scared to death? The effects of intimidation and consumption in predator-prey interactions. Ecology 86:501-509. (Pubitemid 40356083)
28. Rovero, F., R. N. Hughes, and G. Chelazzi. 1999. Cardiac and behavioural responses of mussels to risk of predation by dogwhelks. Animal Behavior 58:707-714. (Pubitemid 29478144)
29. Schmitz, O. J., A. P. Beckerman, and K. M. O'Brien. 1997. Behaviorally-mediated trophic cascades: effects of predation risk on food web interactions. Ecology 78:1388-1399.
30. Schmitz, O. J., J. H. Grabowski, B. L. Peckarsky, E. L. Preisser, G. C. Trussell, and J. R. Vonesh. 2008. From individuals to ecosystem function: toward an integration of evolutionary and ecosystem ecology. Ecology 89:2436-2445.
31. Schmitz, O. J., V. Krivan, and O. Ovadia. 2004. Trophic cascades: the primacy of trait-mediated indirect interactions. Ecology Letters 7:153-163. (Pubitemid 38260819)
32. Sih, A. 1987. Predators and prey lifestyles: an evolutionary and ecological overview. Pages 203-224 in W. C. Kerfoot and A. Sih, editors. Predation: direct and indirect impacts on aquatic communities. University Press of New England, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.
33. Sih, A. 1992. Prey uncertainty and the balancing of antipredator and feeding needs. American Naturalist 139:1052-1069.
34. Sih, A., and T. M. McCarthy. 2002. Prey responses to pulses of risk and safety: testing the risk allocation hypothesis. Animal Behaviour 63:437-443.
35. Sih, A., R. Ziemba, and K. C. Harding. 2000. New insights on how temporal variation in predation risk shapes prey behavior. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15:3-4. (Pubitemid 30129279)
36. Slos, S., and R. Stoks. 2008. Predation risk induces stress proteins and reduces antioxidant defense. Functional Ecology 22:637-642. (Pubitemid 351989298)
37. Smee, D. L., M. Ferner, and M. Weissburg. 2008. Alteration of sensory abilities regulates the spatial scale of nonlethal predator effects. Oecologia 156:399-409.
38. Smee, D. L., and M. Weissburg. 2006. Clamming up: environmental forces diminish the perceptive ability of bivalve prey. Ecology 87:1587-1598. (Pubitemid 44066108)
39. Steiner, U. K. 2007. Linking antipredator behaviour, ingestion, gut evacuation and costs of predator-induced responses in tadpoles. Animal Behaviour 74:1473-1479. (Pubitemid 350046472)
40. Stief, P., and F. Hölker. 2006. Trait-mediated indirect effects of predatory fish on microbial mineralization in aquatic sediments. Ecology 87:3152-3159. (Pubitemid 44969265)
41. Stoks, R., M. De Block, and M. A. McPeek. 2005a. Alternative growth and energy storage responses to mortality threats in damselflies. Ecology Letters 8:1307-1316. (Pubitemid 41752288)
42. Stoks, R., M. De Block, and M. A. McPeek. 2006. Physiological costs of compensatory growth in a damselfly. Ecology 87:1566-1574. (Pubitemid 44066106)
43. Stoks, R., M. De Block, F. Van De Meutter, and F. Johansson. 2005b. Predation cost of rapid growth: behavioural coupling and physiological decoupling. Journal of Animal Ecology 74:708-715. (Pubitemid 41576939)
44. Trussell, G. C., P. J. Ewanchuk, and M. D. Bertness. 2002. Field evidence of trait-mediated indirect interactions in a rocky intertidal food web. Ecology Letters 5:241-245. (Pubitemid 34235144)
45. Trussell, G. C., P. J. Ewanchuk, and M. D. Bertness. 2003. Trait-mediated indirect effects in rocky intertidal food chains: predator risk cues alter prey feeding rates. Ecology 84:629-640. (Pubitemid 36893051)
46. Trussell, G. C., P. J. Ewanchuk, M. D. Bertness, and B. R. Silliman. 2004. Trophic cascades in rocky shore tidepools: distinguishing lethal and nonlethal effects. Oecologia 139:427-432. (Pubitemid 39246712)
47. Trussell, G. C., P. J. Ewanchuk, and C. M. Matassa. 2006a. Habitat effects on the relative importance of trait- and density-mediated indirect interactions. Ecology Letters 9:1245-1252. (Pubitemid 44571666)
48. Trussell, G. C., P. J. Ewanchuk, and C. M. Matassa. 2006b. The fear of being eaten reduces energy transfer in a simple food chain. Ecology 87:2979-2984. (Pubitemid 44969247)
49. Trussell, G. C., P. J. Ewanchuk, and C. M. Matassa. 2008. Resource identity modifies the influence of predation risk on ecosystem function. Ecology 89:2798-2807.
50. Turner, A. M., and G. G. Mittlebach. 1990. Predation avoidance and community structure: interactions among piscivores, planktivores, and plankton. Ecology 71:2241-2254.
51. Turner, A. M., and S. L. Montgomery. 2003. Spatial and temporal scales of predator avoidance: experiments with fish and snails. Ecology 84:616-622. (Pubitemid 36893049)
52. Van Buskirk, J., C. Mü ller, A. Portmann, and M. Surbeck. 2002. A test of the risk allocation hypothesis: tadpole responses to change in predation risk. Behavioral Ecology 13:526-530. (Pubitemid 34793680)
53. Werner, E. E., and B. R. Anholt. 1993. Ecological consequences of the trade-off between growth and mortality rates mediated by foraging activity. American Naturalist 142:242-272. (Pubitemid 24408296)
54. Werner, E. E., and S. D. Peacor. 2003. A review of traitmediated indirect interactions in ecological communities. Ecology 84:1083-1100. (Pubitemid 37435382)
55. Wojdak, J. M., and D. C. Trexler. 2010. The influence of temporally variable predation risk on indirect interactions in an aquatic food chain. Ecological Research 25:327-335.