-
1
-
-
1842434407
-
Children's rights: A framework for analysis
-
256
-
Michael S. Wald, Children's Rights: A Framework for Analysis, 12 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 255, 256 (1979
-
(1979)
U.C. Davis L. Rev.
, vol.12
, pp. 255
-
-
Wald, M.S.1
-
2
-
-
0040202832
-
-
Jeremy Waldron ed.
-
See, e.g., Jeremy Waldron, Introduction to THEORIES OF RIGHTS 1, 9 (Jeremy Waldron ed., 1984). Choice theory is sometimes referred to as the agency or will theory of rights. Many authors have discussed choice theory as applied to children.
-
(1984)
Introduction to Theories of Rights
, vol.1
, pp. 9
-
-
Waldron, J.1
-
3
-
-
84055194731
-
-
See, e.g., DAVID ARCHARD, CHILDREN: RIGHTS AND CHILDHOOD 54 (2004) [hereinafter ARCHARD, RIGHTS AND CHILDHOOD] ("If, as many will argue, children are incapable of exercising choice then, according to the will theory at least, they do not have rights.")
-
(2004)
Children: Rights and Childhood
, vol.54
-
-
Archard, D.1
-
6
-
-
37149031174
-
The rights of the minor: As person, as juvenile, as future adult
-
2
-
Tom D. Campbell, The Rights of the Minor: As Person, As Juvenile, As Future Adult, 6 INT'L J.L. & FAM. 1, 2 (1992) (discussing the implications of the will theory of rights for children)
-
(1992)
Int'l J.l. & Fam.
, vol.6
, pp. 1
-
-
Campbell, T.D.1
-
7
-
-
3843130189
-
Children's rights: A test-case for theories of right
-
Neil MacCormick, Children's Rights: A Test-Case for Theories of Right, in LEGAL RIGHT AND SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 154, 156 (1982) (noting that the will theory of rights "suggests that what is common to all types of right is that they make the choice, or the will, of the right-holder paramount in a given relationship"). Some of the major legal works on children's rights present choice theory in the process of critiquing it.
-
(1982)
Legal Right and Social Democracy
, vol.154
, pp. 156
-
-
MacCormick, N.1
-
9
-
-
0345089126
-
Children's liberation and the new egalitarianism: Some reservations about abandoning youth to their "rights"
-
610-13
-
Bruce C. Hafen, Children's Liberation and the New Egalitarianism: Some Reservations About Abandoning Youth to Their "Rights," 1976 BYU L. REV. 605, 610-13
-
(1976)
Byu L. Rev.
, pp. 605
-
-
Hafen, B.C.1
-
10
-
-
0012343273
-
Rights for the next generation: A feminist approach to children's rights
-
Martha Minow, Rights for the Next Generation: A Feminist Approach to Children's Rights, 9 HARV. WOMEN'S L.J. 1, 1-3 (1986) [hereinafter Minow, Rights for the Next Generation]
-
(1986)
Harv. Women's L.j.
, vol.9
, Issue.1
, pp. 1-3
-
-
Minow, M.1
-
11
-
-
21344455511
-
What ever happened to children's rights?
-
Martha Minow, What Ever Happened to Children's Rights?, 80 MINN. L. REV. 267, 268-78 (1995) [hereinafter Minow, What Ever Happened to Children's Rights?]
-
(1995)
Minn. L. Rev.
, vol.80
, Issue.267
, pp. 268-278
-
-
Minow, M.1
-
12
-
-
26644458465
-
Children's rights and the problem of equal respect
-
Lee E. Teitelbaum, Children's Rights and the Problem of Equal Respect, 27 HOFSTRA L. REV. 799, 801-04 (1999) [hereinafter Teitelbaum, Children's Rights]
-
(1999)
Hofstra L. Rev.
, vol.27
, Issue.799
, pp. 801-804
-
-
Teitelbaum, L.E.1
-
13
-
-
84055225823
-
Foreword: The meanings of rights of children
-
Lee E. Teitelbaum, Foreword: The Meanings of Rights of Children, 10 N.M. L. REV. 235, 242-52 (1979) [hereinafter Teitelbaum, Foreword]
-
(1979)
N.M. L. Rev.
, vol.10
, Issue.235
, pp. 242-252
-
-
Teitelbaum, L.E.1
-
14
-
-
84055225817
-
"Out of children's needs, children's rights": The child's voice in defining the family
-
Barbara Bennett Woodhouse, "Out of Children's Needs, Children's Rights": The Child's Voice in Defining the Family, 8 BYU J. PUB. L. 321, 322 (1993
-
(1993)
Byu J. Pub. L.
, vol.8
, Issue.321
, pp. 322
-
-
Woodhouse, B.B.1
-
15
-
-
84055204703
-
-
supra note 3
-
See, e.g., ARCHARD, RIGHTS AND CHILDHOOD, supra note 3, at 93 ("On the standard liberal account, children lack rational autonomy.")
-
Archard, Rights and Childhood
, pp. 93
-
-
-
16
-
-
84055225822
-
Free speech and children's interests
-
David Archard, Free Speech and Children's Interests, 79 CHI.-KENT L. REV. 83, 91-93 (2004) [hereinafter Archard, Free Speech] ("A child incapable of exercising choice is reasonably disqualified from having liberty rights.")
-
(2004)
Chi.-kent L. Rev.
, vol.79
, Issue.83
, pp. 91-93
-
-
Archard, D.1
-
17
-
-
78649756874
-
Constitutional fidelity through children's rights
-
Emily Buss, Constitutional Fidelity Through Children's Rights, 2004 SUP. CT. REV. 355, 358-59 ("The capacity whose relevance to children's exercise of rights is most commonly noted is the capacity for logical thinking.")
-
(2004)
Sup. Ct. Rev.
, vol.355
, pp. 358-359
-
-
Buss, E.1
-
18
-
-
1842537872
-
On the road to reconceiving rights for children: A postfeminist analysis of the capacity principle
-
Katherine Hunt Federle, On the Road to Reconceiving Rights for Children: A Postfeminist Analysis of the Capacity Principle, 42 DEPAUL L. REV. 983, 985 (1993) ("[W]hen discussing the concept of children's rights, the debate invariably returns to the capacity of children.")
-
(1993)
Depaul L. Rev.
, vol.42
, Issue.983
, pp. 985
-
-
Federle, K.H.1
-
19
-
-
84055225820
-
-
Minow, supra note 3
-
Minow, What Ever Happened to Children's Rights?, supra note 3, at 275 (citing In re Gault, Goss, and Tinker as the first liberationist cases)
-
What Ever Happened to Children's Rights?
, pp. 275
-
-
-
20
-
-
84919387551
-
-
Teitelbaum supra note 3
-
Teitelbaum, Children's Rights, supra note 3, at 810-12 (identifying In re Gault and Tinker as foundational cases in children's rights jurisprudence)
-
Children's Rights
, pp. 810-812
-
-
-
21
-
-
84055209040
-
-
rev. ed.
-
This theory of the close developmental connection between family caregiving and the skills of public life relates to John Rawls's argument in A Theory of Justice that early parental love is the developmental beginning for acquiring a sense of justice. See JOHN RAWLS, A THEORY OF JUSTICE 405-09 (rev. ed. 1999)
-
(1999)
A Theory of Justice
, pp. 405-409
-
-
Rawls, J.1
-
23
-
-
59149102078
-
Is the family at odds with equality? the legal implications of equality for children
-
Anne L. Alstott, Is the Family at Odds with Equality? The Legal Implications of Equality for Children, 82 S. CAL. L. REV. 1, 6-10 (2008). In addition to Alstott, other feminists have asserted the deep interconnection between the virtues of caregiving and the liberal value of autonomy.
-
(2008)
S. Cal. L. Rev.
, vol.82
, Issue.1
, pp. 6-10
-
-
Alstott, A.L.1
-
24
-
-
0002516455
-
Reconceiving autonomy: Sources, thoughts and possibilities
-
See, e.g., Jennifer Nedelsky, Reconceiving Autonomy: Sources, Thoughts and Possibilities, 1 YALE J.L. & FEMINISM 7, 12 (1989).
-
(1989)
Yale J.l. & Feminism
, vol.1
, Issue.7
, pp. 12
-
-
Nedelsky, J.1
-
25
-
-
84055194728
-
-
U.S. CENSUS BUREAU
-
See U.S. CENSUS BUREAU, INCOME, POVERTY, AND HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE IN THE UNITED STATES: 2007, 12 (2008), available at http://www.census.gov/prod/ 2008pubs/p60-235.pdf (showing eighteen percent of all persons under age eighteen living in poverty in 2007
-
Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2007
, Issue.12
, pp. 2008
-
-
-
26
-
-
0011341760
-
On liberty
-
John Gray ed., Oxford Univ. Press
-
John S. Mill's work illustrates the classic view on autonomy. See JOHN S. MILL, On Liberty, in ON LIBERTY AND OTHER ESSAYS 5, 14 (John Gray ed., Oxford Univ. Press 1991) (1859) ("The only part of the conduct of any one, for which he is amenable to society, is that which concerns others. In the part which merely concerns himself, his independence is, of right, absolute. Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign."). The literature on autonomy is vast.
-
(1991)
On Liberty and Other Essays
, vol.5
, pp. 14
-
-
Mill, J.S.1
-
27
-
-
84055209038
-
-
See, e.g., STEPHEN MACEDO, LIBERAL VIRTUES: A LIBERAL THEORY OF CITIZENSHIP, VIRTUE, AND COMMUNITY 262 (1987) (defining autonomy in terms of "the development of the capacity critically to assess and even actively shape not simply one's actions, but one's character itself")
-
(1987)
Liberal Virtues: A Liberal Theory of Citizenship, Virtue, and Community
, pp. 262
-
-
MacEdo, S.1
-
28
-
-
0003956640
-
-
JOSEPH RAZ, THE MORALITY OF FREEDOM 369 (1986) ("The ideal of personal autonomy is the vision of people controlling, to some degree, their own destiny, fashioning it through successive decisions throughout their lives.")
-
(1986)
The Morality of Freedom
, pp. 369
-
-
Raz, J.1
-
29
-
-
84937306799
-
Two senses of autonomy
-
Richard H. Fallon, Jr., Two Senses of Autonomy, 46 STAN. L. REV. 875, 877 (1994) ("To be autonomous, one must be able to form a conception of the good, deliberate rationally, and act consistently with one's goals.")
-
(1994)
Stan. L. Rev.
, vol.46
, Issue.875
, pp. 877
-
-
Fallon Jr., R.H.1
-
30
-
-
0019581960
-
Freedom and choice in constitutional law
-
John H. Garvey, Freedom and Choice in Constitutional Law, 94 HARV. L. REV. 1756, 1761 (1981) (justifying age-based restrictions on voting "[s]ince ultimately the ballot functions as a means of self-government, an activity difficult for those incapable of moral and rational choice"
-
(1981)
Harv. L. Rev. 1756
, vol.94
, pp. 1761
-
-
Garvey, J.H.1
-
31
-
-
0011533193
-
The second treatise of government
-
Peter Laslett ed.
-
JOHN LOCKE, The Second Treatise of Government, in TWO TREATISES OF GOVERNMENT 399, § 170 (Peter Laslett ed., 1960) ("Paternal or Parental Power is nothing but that, which Parents have over their Children, to govern them for the Childrens [sic] good, till they come to the use of Reason . . . ."
-
(1960)
Two Treatises of Government
, vol.399
, Issue.170
-
-
Locke, J.1
-
32
-
-
0004093355
-
-
The Court added a third factor in the particular context of the death penalty: "[T]he character of a juvenile is not as well formed as that of an adult." Roper, 543 U.S. at 570 (citing generally E. ERIKSON, IDENTITY: YOUTH AND CRISIS (1968)
-
(1968)
Identity: Youth and Crisis
-
-
Erikson, E.1
-
34
-
-
0003404271
-
-
JEFFREY BLUSTEIN, PARENTS AND CHILDREN: THE ETHICS OF THE FAMILY 131 (1982) ("[A]utonomy must be developed and fostered by particular psychological and educational circumstances from very early on in childhood.")
-
(1982)
Parents and Children: The Ethics of the Family
, pp. 131
-
-
Blustein, J.1
-
35
-
-
0343658195
-
The family and civic life
-
JEAN BETHKE ELSHTAIN, The Family and Civic Life, in POWER TRIPS AND OTHER JOURNEYS: ESSAYS IN FEMINISM AS CIVIC DISCOURSE 45, 49 (1990) ("Liberal and democratic citizenship required the creation of persons with qualities of mind and spirit necessary for civic participation. This creation of citizens was seen as neither simple nor automatic by early liberal theorists . . . ."
-
(1990)
Power Trips and Other Journeys: Essays in Feminism As Civic Discourse
, vol.45
, pp. 49
-
-
Elshtain, J.B.1
-
36
-
-
33645916111
-
Developing citizens
-
See Anne C. Dailey, Developing Citizens, 91 IOWA L. REV. 431, 440 (2006) (discussing reformers' commitment as "part of a broader progressive-era movement for democracy that rested on a belief in the importance of educating children for democratic citizenship")
-
(2006)
Iowa L. Rev.
, vol.91
, Issue.431
, pp. 440
-
-
Dailey, A.C.1
-
39
-
-
84055209037
-
-
AMY GUTMANN, DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION 50 (1987) ("Children are first educated by their parents, and so must they continue to be as long as raising children constitutes one of our most valued personal liberties.")
-
(1987)
Democratic Education
, vol.50
-
-
Gutmann, A.1
-
40
-
-
26244435836
-
The constitutional status of marriage, kinship, and sexual privacy-balancing the individual and social interests
-
Bruce C. Hafen, The Constitutional Status of Marriage, Kinship, and Sexual Privacy-Balancing the Individual and Social Interests, 81 MICH. L. REV. 463, 477 (1983) ("[T]he family in a democratic society not only provides emotional companionship, but is also a principal source of moral and civic duty."
-
(1983)
Mich. L. Rev.
, vol.81
, Issue.463
, pp. 477
-
-
Hafen, B.C.1
-
41
-
-
84914405658
-
Child, parent, state, and the due process clause: An essay on the supreme court's recent work
-
John H. Garvey, Child, Parent, State, and the Due Process Clause: An Essay on the Supreme Court's Recent Work, 51 S. CAL. L. REV. 769, 821 (1978) (noting that the family instills in children "the sense of belonging and having roots in a distinct tradition")
-
(1978)
S. Cal. L. Rev.
, vol.51
, Issue.769
, pp. 821
-
-
Garvey, J.H.1
-
43
-
-
0003913651
-
-
American ed., Univ. of Notre Dame Press
-
see ALASDAIR MACINTYRE, AFTER VIRTUE: A STUDY IN MORAL THEORY 30 (American ed., Univ. of Notre Dame Press 1981) (observing that the self is more than merely the social roles that it inherits)
-
(1981)
After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory
, pp. 30
-
-
MacIntyre, A.1
-
44
-
-
84970771869
-
The procedural republic and the unencumbered self
-
Michael J. Sandel, The Procedural Republic and the Unencumbered Self, 12 POL. THEORY 81, 86 (1984) (presenting the foundations of the unencumbered self "understood as prior to and independent of purposes and ends"), most liberal theorists would acknowledge that children acquire a first set of values from their families of origin.
-
(1984)
Pol. Theory
, vol.12
, Issue.81
, pp. 86
-
-
Sandel, M.J.1
-
45
-
-
84864860755
-
The right of privacy
-
see also Jed Rubenfeld, The Right of Privacy, 102 HARV. L. REV. 737, 785 (1989) ("The spectre of an insidious, thought-numbing standardization underlay the Barnette decision . . . .").
-
(1989)
Harv. L. Rev.
, vol.102
, Issue.737
, pp. 785
-
-
Rubenfeld, J.1
-
46
-
-
34248394373
-
Between home and school
-
Laura A. Rosenbury, Between Home and School, 155 U. PA. L. REV. 833, 839 (2007) ("[A]lthough families are major sites for socializing children, states also play a socializing role . . . ."). The state's socializing authority is not restricted to the realm of education. The first Supreme Court decision upholding state parens patriae power involved state regulation of child labor.
-
(2007)
U. Pa. L. Rev.
, vol.155
, Issue.833
, pp. 839
-
-
Rosenbury, L.A.1
-
47
-
-
84055209036
-
The prickly problems of pornography
-
quoting Willard M. Gaylin, The Prickly Problems of Pornography, 77 YALE L.J. 579, 592-93 (1968
-
(1968)
Yale L.J.
, vol.77
, Issue.579
, pp. 592-593
-
-
Gaylin, W.M.1
-
48
-
-
0042279875
-
Reconciling theory and doctrine in first amendment jurisprudence
-
See Robert Post, Reconciling Theory and Doctrine in First Amendment Jurisprudence, 88 CALIF. L. REV. 2353, 2363 (2000) (describing the truth-seeking function of the marketplace of ideas).
-
(2000)
Calif. L. Rev.
, vol.88
, Issue.2353
, pp. 2363
-
-
Post, R.1
-
49
-
-
12044259091
-
"He drew a circle that shut me out": Assimilation, indoctrination, and the paradox of a liberal education
-
Nomi Maya Stolzenberg, "He Drew a Circle that Shut Me Out": Assimilation, Indoctrination, and the Paradox of a Liberal Education, 106 HARV. L. REV. 581, 648 (1993) ("[Liberalism] assumes and values the ability of individuals to rationally, objectively, and critically determine their attachments to competing ways of life by distancing themselves from any particular worldview."
-
(1993)
Harv. L. Rev.
, vol.106
, Issue.581
, pp. 648
-
-
Stolzenberg, N.M.1
-
50
-
-
0347109629
-
School newspapers, public forum, and the first amendment
-
506 n.4
-
William G. Buss, School Newspapers, Public Forum, and the First Amendment, 74 IOWA L. REV. 505, 506 n.4 (1989)
-
(1989)
Iowa L. Rev.
, vol.74
, pp. 505
-
-
Buss, W.G.1
-
51
-
-
33749678359
-
Tailored: Good faith, civility, and student expression
-
Tinker
-
See also Mark G. Yudof, Tinker Tailored: Good Faith, Civility, and Student Expression, 69 ST. JOHN'S L. REV. 365, 366 (1995) (stating that public schools are increasingly "devoted to the socialization of the young and to the inculcation of values and skills").
-
(1995)
St. John's L. Rev.
, vol.69
, Issue.365
, pp. 366
-
-
Yudof, M.G.1
-
53
-
-
84055194723
-
-
see also WILLIAM A. GALSTON, LIBERAL PURPOSES: GOODS, VIRTUES, AND DIVERSITY IN THE LIBERAL STATE 221-24, 227 (1991) (courage, law abidingness, loyalty, independence, toleration, capacity to discern and respect the rights of others, and willingness to engage in public discourse)
-
(1991)
Liberal Purposes: Goods, Virtues, and Diversity in the Liberal State
, vol.227
, pp. 221-224
-
-
Galston, W.A.1
-
54
-
-
0001386035
-
Return of the citizen: A survey of recent work on citizenship theory
-
357-59, 366-67, 376-77
-
Will Kymlicka & Wayne Norman, Return of the Citizen: A Survey of Recent Work on Citizenship Theory, 104 ETHICS 352, 357-59, 366-67, 376-77 (1994) ("public reasonableness," "political participation," and "sense of common identity")
-
(1994)
Ethics
, vol.104
, pp. 352
-
-
Kymlicka, W.1
Norman, W.2
-
55
-
-
0003101980
-
The liberalism of fear
-
Nancy L. Rosenblum ed.
-
Judith N. Shklar, The Liberalism of Fear, in LIBERALISM AND THE MORAL LIFE 21, 33 (Nancy L. Rosenblum ed., 1989) ("habits of patience, self-restraint, respect for the claims of others, and caution")
-
(1989)
Liberalism and the Moral Life
, vol.21
, pp. 33
-
-
Shklar, J.N.1
-
56
-
-
84926271731
-
The search for constitutional limits on governmental authority to inculcate youth
-
Tyll van Geel, The Search for Constitutional Limits on Governmental Authority to Inculcate Youth, 62 TEX. L. REV. 197, 275 (1983) (dignity, respect, and autonomy
-
(1983)
Tex. L. Rev.
, vol.62
, Issue.197
, pp. 275
-
-
Van Geel, T.1
-
58
-
-
84055204698
-
The first amendment and the socialization of children: Compulsory public education and vouchers
-
Steven H. Shiffrin, The First Amendment and the Socialization of Children: Compulsory Public Education and Vouchers, 11 CORNELL J.L. & PUB. POL'Y 503, 514-22 (2002) (empathy, creativity, and imagination
-
(2002)
Cornell J.L. & Pub. Pol'y
, vol.11
, Issue.503
, pp. 514-522
-
-
Shiffrin, S.H.1
-
59
-
-
84055225813
-
Educating American youth: Lessons from children's human rights law
-
Roger J.R. Levesque, Educating American Youth: Lessons From Children's Human Rights Law, 27 J.L. & EDUC. 173, 185 (1998). These cases tend to arise in the context of sex education or family life education programs.
-
(1998)
J.L. & Educ.
, vol.27
, Issue.173
, pp. 185
-
-
Levesque, R.J.R.1
-
61
-
-
0000262224
-
The family and the market: A study of ideology and legal reform
-
Frances E. Olsen, The Family and the Market: A Study of Ideology and Legal Reform, 96 HARV. L. REV. 1497, 1504-13 (1983)
-
(1983)
Harv. L. Rev.
, vol.96
, Issue.1497
, pp. 1504-1513
-
-
Olsen, F.E.1
-
62
-
-
0011304698
-
Feminist critiques of the public/private dichotomy
-
Anne Phillips ed.
-
Carole Pateman, Feminist Critiques of the Public/Private Dichotomy, in FEMINISM AND EQUALITY 103 (Anne Phillips ed., 1987). While the prevailing choice model of children's upbringing no longer insists on a gendered split between public and private, its emphasis on the family as the place where private values are nurtured and on schools as the place where the public skills of critical thinking are taught retains elements of this gendered public-private divide.
-
(1987)
Feminism and Equality
, pp. 103
-
-
Pateman, C.1
-
64
-
-
0042544470
-
Constitutional privacy and the just family
-
Anne C. Dailey, Constitutional Privacy and the Just Family, 67 TUL. L. REV. 955 (1993
-
(1993)
Tul. L. Rev.
, vol.67
, pp. 955
-
-
Dailey, A.C.1
-
70
-
-
1842590340
-
A bill of rights for children
-
Henry H. Foster, Jr. & Doris Jonas Freed, A Bill of Rights for Children, 6 FAM. L.Q. 343, 344 (1972
-
(1972)
Fam. L.Q.
, vol.6
, Issue.343
, pp. 344
-
-
Foster Jr., H.H.1
Freed, D.J.2
-
71
-
-
84925893858
-
Developing constitutional rights of, in, and for children
-
Cf. Robert A. Burt, Developing Constitutional Rights of, in, and for Children, 39 LAW & CONTEMP. PROBS. 118, 124 (1975
-
(1975)
Law & Contemp. Probs.
, vol.39
, Issue.118
, pp. 124
-
-
Burt, R.A.1
-
75
-
-
33947301263
-
Children's choices or children's interests: Which do their rights protect?
-
supra note 3, 54-57
-
Samantha Brennan, Children's Choices or Children's Interests: Which Do Their Rights Protect?, in The MORAL AND POLITICAL STATUS OF CHILDREN, supra note 3, at 53, 54-57 (contrasting interest theory with choice theory)
-
The Moral and Political Status of Children
, pp. 53
-
-
Brennan, S.1
-
76
-
-
27244445472
-
Childhood competence and autonomy
-
Ferdinand Schoeman, Childhood Competence and Autonomy, 12 J. LEGAL STUD. 267, 268 (1983) ("[T]he protection of relationships, and not just the issue of judgmental capacity, is an important factor to take into account when considering the moral status of the child."). The welfare theory of rights has strong support among proponents of children's rights.
-
(1983)
J. Legal Stud.
, vol.12
, Issue.267
, pp. 268
-
-
Schoeman, F.1
-
77
-
-
34547930521
-
-
See, e.g., MARTIN GUGGENHEIM, WHAT'S WRONG WITH CHILDREN'S RIGHTS 252 (2005) (discussing the law's facilitation of juvenile prosecutions and commenting that "the juvenile rights advocate is well advised to try to find a different way of advancing children's interests than through the rhetoric of 'rights'")
-
(2005)
What's Wrong with Children's Rights
, pp. 252
-
-
Guggenheim, M.1
-
79
-
-
0012283551
-
Children's rights and children's lives
-
Philip Alston et al. eds.
-
Onora O'Neill, Children's Rights and Children's Lives, in CHILDREN, RIGHTS, AND THE LAW 24, 25 (Philip Alston et al. eds., 1992) (arguing for a focus on obligations to children rather than children's rights
-
(1992)
Children, Rights, and the Law
, vol.24
, pp. 25
-
-
O'neill, O.1
-
82
-
-
0003473443
-
-
MARTHA MINOW, MAKING ALL THE DIFFERENCE 283 (1990) (arguing for a theory of rights "reconstructed as features of important, communal relationships")
-
(1990)
Making All the Difference
, pp. 283
-
-
Minow, M.1
-
83
-
-
0040281786
-
-
5th ed.
-
See, e.g., GEOFFREY R. STONE ET AL., CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 475-80 (5th ed. 2005) (identifying Brown as a major race discrimination case).
-
(2005)
Constitutional Law
, pp. 475-480
-
-
Stone, G.R.1
-
84
-
-
0007031901
-
Children, paternalism, and education: A liberal argument
-
Amy Gutmann, Children, Paternalism, and Education: A Liberal Argument, 9 PHIL. & PUB. AFF. 338, 349 (1980) ("[A] child's right to compulsory education is a precondition to becoming a rational human being and a full citizen of a liberal democratic society.")
-
(1980)
Phil. & Pub. Aff.
, vol.9
, Issue.338
, pp. 349
-
-
Gutmann, A.1
-
85
-
-
79961050331
-
"The right to education" and compulsory schooling
-
Graham Haydon, "The Right to Education" and Compulsory Schooling, 9 EDUC. PHIL. & THEORY 1, 8 (1977) ("[T]here is a human right . . . to be an autonomous person."
-
(1977)
Educ. Phil. & Theory
, vol.9
, Issue.1
, pp. 8
-
-
Haydon, G.1
-
86
-
-
0344022584
-
Civic education and liberal legitimacy
-
Harry Brighouse, Civic Education and Liberal Legitimacy, 108 ETHICS 719, 728 (1998) ("[T]he capacities involved in critical reflection help us to live autonomously.")
-
(1998)
Ethics
, vol.108
, Issue.719
, pp. 728
-
-
Brighouse, H.1
-
87
-
-
0346546765
-
The adolescent's stake in the allocation of educational control between parent and state
-
Emily Buss, The Adolescent's Stake in the Allocation of Educational Control Between Parent and State, 67 U. CHI. L. REV. 1233, 1250 (2000) ("[Some] theorists focus more specifically on the importance of children's acquiring critical reasoning skills as a precondition for autonomy.")
-
(2000)
U. Chi. L. Rev.
, vol.67
, Issue.1233
, pp. 1250
-
-
Buss, E.1
-
88
-
-
0039761965
-
The emergence of children's rights
-
John Eekelaar, The Emergence of Children's Rights, 6 OXFORD J. LEGAL STUD. 161, 171 (1986) (describing children's right "to mature to a rationally autonomous adulthood . . . capable of deciding on [their] own system of ends as free and rational beings"
-
(1986)
Oxford J. Legal Stud.
, vol.6
, Issue.161
, pp. 171
-
-
Eekelaar, J.1
-
90
-
-
37749009569
-
A positive right to protection for children
-
Tamar Ezer, A Positive Right to Protection for Children, 7 YALE HUM. RTS. & DEV. L.J. 1, 40 (2004) ("To become full citizens, children must develop their capacity for rational choice and autonomous action.")
-
(2004)
Yale Hum. Rts. & Dev. L.J.
, vol.7
, Issue.1
, pp. 40
-
-
Ezer, T.1
-
91
-
-
0002058978
-
The child's right to an open future
-
William Aiken & Hugh LaFollette eds.
-
Joel Feinberg, The Child's Right to an Open Future, in WHOSE CHILD? CHILDREN'S RIGHTS, PARENTAL AUTHORITY, AND STATE POWER 124, 125-26 (William Aiken & Hugh LaFollette eds., 1980
-
(1980)
Whose Child? Children's Rights, Parental Authority, and State Power
, vol.124
, pp. 125-126
-
-
Feinberg, J.1
-
92
-
-
0348005109
-
Patriarchy and inequality: Towards a substantive feminism
-
see also Mary Becker, Patriarchy and Inequality: Towards a Substantive Feminism, 1999 U. CHI. LEGAL F. 21, 22 (calling liberal feminism "empty at [its] core")
-
(1999)
U. Chi. Legal F.
, vol.21
, pp. 22
-
-
Becker, M.1
-
93
-
-
84936527186
-
Dominant discourse, professional language, and legal change in child custody decisionmaking
-
Martha Fineman, Dominant Discourse, Professional Language, and Legal Change in Child Custody Decisionmaking, 101 HARV. L. REV. 727, 768 (1988) ("[M]others' desire[s] . . . are incompatible with the symbolic presentation of equality by liberal mainstream feminism.")
-
(1988)
Harv. L. Rev.
, vol.101
, Issue.727
, pp. 768
-
-
Fineman, M.1
-
94
-
-
84055194722
-
Sex segregation and the ambivalent directions of sex discrimination law
-
Kathryn L. Powers, Sex Segregation and the Ambivalent Directions of Sex Discrimination Law, 1979 WIS. L. REV. 55, 56 (rejecting an "individualistic perspective" of law that "focuses narrowly on equality of formal legal rights and opportunities" and promoting instead a "participatory perspective" that endorses "the equal participation of women and men in all social activities"
-
(1979)
Wis. L. Rev.
, Issue.55
, pp. 56
-
-
Powers, K.L.1
-
95
-
-
0024145728
-
Re-expressing parenthood
-
Katharine T. Bartlett, Re-Expressing Parenthood, 98 YALE L.J. 293, 304-05 (1988) (arguing in favor of a process of "community norm-building about what it means to be a parent" in the place of the "focus on the rights of individuals")
-
(1988)
Yale L.J.
, vol.98
, Issue.293
, pp. 304-305
-
-
Bartlett, K.T.1
-
96
-
-
77954719177
-
Joint custody, feminism and the dependency dilemma
-
Katharine T. Bartlett & Carol B. Stack, Joint Custody, Feminism and the Dependency Dilemma, 2 BERKELEY WOMEN'S L.J. 9, 34 (1986) (advocating for a society that promotes the "moral imperative of nurturing responsibility for children, not a set of 'rights' that can be earned (or declined)")
-
(1986)
Berkeley Women's L.J.
, vol.2
, Issue.9
, pp. 34
-
-
Bartlett, K.T.1
Stack, C.B.2
-
97
-
-
70249119792
-
The vulnerable subject: Anchoring equality in the human condition
-
Martha Albertson Fineman, The Vulnerable Subject: Anchoring Equality in the Human Condition, 20 YALE J.L. & FEMINISM 1, 19 (2008) (contending that a proper treatment of the problem of caretaking will require "[r]eplacing the [idea of the] liberal subject with [the idea of the] vulnerable subject"
-
(2008)
Yale J.l. & Feminism
, vol.20
, Issue.1
, pp. 19
-
-
Fineman, M.A.1
-
98
-
-
84900080087
-
Re-imagining justice
-
See Robin West, Re-Imagining Justice, 14 YALE J.L. & FEMINISM 333, 343 (2002) ("We need rights that protect our ability . . . to care for the young, and bring them to responsible maturity. . . . We need those rights to valorize and honor this fundamental aspect of our being.")
-
(2002)
Yale J.l. & Feminism
, vol.14
, Issue.333
, pp. 343
-
-
West, R.1
-
100
-
-
3042600444
-
What does a fair society owe children-and their parents?
-
Anne L. Alstott, What Does a Fair Society Owe Children-and Their Parents?, 72 FORDHAM L. REV. 1941, 1977-78 (2004) ("Every child deserves the parental care she needs to develop her autonomy and take her place in adult life, but every parent deserves the chance to provide that care while leading a life of her own."
-
(2004)
Fordham L. Rev.
, vol.72
, Issue.1941
, pp. 1977-1978
-
-
Alstott, A.L.1
-
101
-
-
0003491486
-
-
The field of cognitive psychology reflects a view of the human mind as operating according to structure, rules, and plans, much like the software of a computer processing system. See HOWARD SHEVRIN ET AL., CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS PROCESSES: PSYCHODYNAMIC, COGNITIVE, AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL CONVERGENCES 51 (1996). Cognitive research studies how the mind processes information in order to understand "the kinds of information we have in our memories, and the processes involved in acquiring, retaining and using that information."
-
(1996)
Conscious and Unconscious Processes: Psychodynamic, Cognitive, and Neurophysiological Convergences
, pp. 51
-
-
Shevrin, H.1
-
103
-
-
77950108672
-
Imagination and choice
-
See Anne C. Dailey, Imagination and Choice, 35 LAW & SOC. INQUIRY 175, 175-80 (2010
-
(2010)
Law & Soc. Inquiry
, vol.35
, Issue.175
, pp. 175-180
-
-
Dailey, A.C.1
-
104
-
-
0348246071
-
A behavioral approach to law and economics
-
See Christine Jolls et al., A Behavioral Approach to Law and Economics, 50 STAN. L. REV. 1471, 1476-79 (1998
-
(1998)
Stan. L. Rev.
, vol.50
, Issue.1471
, pp. 1476-1479
-
-
Jolls, C.1
-
106
-
-
0005872107
-
Juveniles transferred to criminal court: Legal reform proposals based on social science research
-
Richard E. Redding, Juveniles Transferred to Criminal Court: Legal Reform Proposals Based on Social Science Research, 1997 UTAH L. REV. 709, 723-33.
-
(1997)
Utah L. Rev.
, vol.709
, pp. 723-733
-
-
Redding, R.E.1
-
107
-
-
37849189662
-
Taking behavioralism seriously: Some evidence of market manipulation
-
See, e.g., Jon D. Hanson & Douglas A. Kysar, Taking Behavioralism Seriously: Some Evidence of Market Manipulation, 112 HARV. L. REV. 1420, 1425 (1999)
-
(1999)
Harv. L. Rev.
, vol.112
, Issue.1420
, pp. 1425
-
-
Hanson, J.D.1
Kysar, D.A.2
-
108
-
-
84055204711
-
The content of our categories: A cognitive bias approach to discrimination and equal employment opportunity
-
Linda Hamilton Krieger, The Content of Our Categories: A Cognitive Bias Approach to Discrimination and Equal Employment Opportunity, 47 STAN. L. REV. 1161, 1165-66 (1995)
-
(1995)
Stan. L. Rev.
, vol.47
, Issue.1161
, pp. 1165-1166
-
-
Krieger, L.H.1
-
109
-
-
0346353768
-
Organized illusions: A behavioral theory of why corporations mislead stock market investors (and cause other social harms)
-
Donald C. Langevoort, Organized Illusions: A Behavioral Theory of Why Corporations Mislead Stock Market Investors (and Cause Other Social Harms), 146 U. PA. L. REV. 101, 171-72 (1997). For similar discussions in the popular press about individual decisionmaking
-
(1997)
U. Pa. L. Rev.
, vol.146
, Issue.101
, pp. 171-172
-
-
Langevoort, D.C.1
-
112
-
-
85051828789
-
Predictions and nudges: What behavioral economics has to offer the humanities, and vice-versa
-
see generally Anne C. Dailey & Peter Siegelman, Predictions and Nudges: What Behavioral Economics Has to Offer the Humanities, and Vice-Versa, 21 YALE J.L. & HUMAN. 341 (2009) (book review
-
(2009)
Yale J.L. & Human.
, vol.21
, pp. 341
-
-
Dailey, A.C.1
Siegelman, P.2
-
114
-
-
85044896833
-
Civil liberties in wartime
-
Geoffrey R. Stone, Civil Liberties in Wartime, 28 J. SUPREME CT. HIST. 215, 228 (2003
-
(2003)
J. Supreme Ct. Hist.
, vol.28
, Issue.215
, pp. 228
-
-
Stone, G.R.1
-
115
-
-
0039779125
-
-
For a collection of essays addressing the topic of emotions in law, see generally THE PASSIONS OF LAW (Susan Bandes ed., 1999)
-
(1999)
The Passions of Law
-
-
Bandes, S.1
-
116
-
-
33747124786
-
Law and emotion: A proposed taxonomy of an emerging field
-
and Terry A. Maroney, Law and Emotion: A Proposed Taxonomy of an Emerging Field, 30 LAW & HUM. BEHAV. 119 (2006
-
(2006)
Law & Hum. Behav.
, vol.30
, pp. 119
-
-
Maroney, T.A.1
-
118
-
-
0142018496
-
The role of affect in decision making
-
Richard J. Davidson et al. eds.
-
George Loewenstein & Jennifer S. Lerner, The Role of Affect in Decision Making, in HANDBOOK OF AFFECTIVE SCIENCES 619, 619-20 (Richard J. Davidson et al. eds., 2003)
-
(2003)
Handbook of Affective Sciences
, vol.619
, pp. 619-620
-
-
Loewenstein, G.1
Lerner, J.S.2
-
119
-
-
33747453582
-
Emotion in the language of judging
-
Martha C. Nussbaum, Emotion in the Language of Judging, 70 ST. JOHN'S L. REV. 23, 25 (1996
-
(1996)
St. John's L. Rev.
, vol.70
, Issue.23
, pp. 25
-
-
Nussbaum, M.C.1
-
121
-
-
33846047074
-
Portrait of the angry decision maker: How appraisal tendencies shape anger's influence on cognition
-
Jennifer S. Lerner & Larissa Z. Tiedens, Portrait of the Angry Decision Maker: How Appraisal Tendencies Shape Anger's Influence on Cognition, 19 J. BEHAV. DECISION MAKING 115, 132 (2006
-
(2006)
J. Behav. Decision Making
, vol.19
, Issue.115
, pp. 132
-
-
Lerner, J.S.1
Tiedens, L.Z.2
-
122
-
-
0004235298
-
-
AM. PSYCHIATRIC ASS'N, 4th ed.
-
Impairment in emotional interrelatedness is one of the criterion for diagnosis along the autism spectrum. AM. PSYCHIATRIC ASS'N, DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS 75 (4th ed. 2000
-
(2000)
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
, pp. 75
-
-
-
124
-
-
0033440780
-
Liberalism, pluralism, and political education: Paradox or paradigm?
-
Meira Levinson, Liberalism, Pluralism, and Political Education: Paradox or Paradigm?, 25 OXFORD REV. EDUC. 39, 50 (1999) (defining autonomy "as the capacity self-critically to evaluate one's values and ends with the possibility of revising and then realising them")
-
(1999)
Oxford Rev. Educ.
, vol.25
, Issue.39
, pp. 50
-
-
Levinson, M.1
-
125
-
-
0039918827
-
Foreword: Traces of self-government
-
Frank L. Michelman, Foreword: Traces of Self-Government, 100 HARV. L. REV. 4, 25-27 (1986) (describing the Kantian concept of freedom as involving both will and self-knowledge
-
(1986)
Harv. L. Rev.
, vol.100
, Issue.4
, pp. 25-27
-
-
Michelman, F.L.1
-
128
-
-
0343351082
-
Interpreting rights: An essay for robert cover
-
see also Martha Minow, Interpreting Rights: An Essay for Robert Cover, 96 YALE L.J. 1860, 1883 (1987) ("Recent theories of human development emphasize how aspects of the self develop from experiences with others, notably the mothers, such that 'the core of the self, or self-feeling is also constructed relationally.'"
-
(1987)
Yale L.J.
, vol.96
, Issue.1860
, pp. 1883
-
-
Minow, M.1
-
129
-
-
0011571328
-
Toward a relational individualism: The mediation of self through psychoanalysis
-
Thomas Heller et al. eds.
-
quoting Nancy Julia Chodorow, Toward a Relational Individualism: The Mediation of Self Through Psychoanalysis, in RECONSTRUCTING INDIVIDUALISM: AUTONOMY, INDIVIDUALITY, AND THE SELF IN WESTERN THOUGHT 197, 201 (Thomas Heller et al. eds., 1986
-
(1986)
Reconstructing Individualism: Autonomy, Individuality, and the Self in Western Thought
, vol.197
, pp. 201
-
-
Chodorow, N.J.1
-
130
-
-
0003571917
-
-
For decades, family law theorists have written about the importance of the early caregiving relationship to children's psychological well-being. Goldstein, Freud, and Solnit were the first and most influential family law scholars to write about the child's basic need for attachment. See JOSEPH GOLDSTEIN, ANNA FREUD & ALBERT SOLNIT, BEYOND THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILD 7 (1973)
-
(1973)
Beyond the Best Interests of the Child
, pp. 7
-
-
Goldstein, J.1
Freud, A.2
Solnit, A.3
-
134
-
-
33646566848
-
A constitutional right to preschool?
-
James E. Ryan, A Constitutional Right to Preschool?, 94 CALIF. L. REV. 49, 64-65 (2006) (showing that brain research shows significant cognitive development between infancy and three years of age
-
(2006)
Calif. L. Rev.
, vol.94
, Issue.49
, pp. 64-65
-
-
Ryan, J.E.1
-
135
-
-
0034230771
-
The relation of child care to cognitive and language development
-
Nat'l Inst. of Child Health Human Dev. Early Child Care Research Network
-
Nat'l Inst. of Child Health Human Dev. Early Child Care Research Network, The Relation of Child Care to Cognitive and Language Development, 71 CHILD DEV. 960, 961 (2000) [hereinafter NICHD]
-
(2000)
Child Dev.
, vol.71
, Issue.960
, pp. 961
-
-
-
136
-
-
63249112050
-
Attachment, trauma and psychoanalysis: Where psychoanalysis meets neuroscience
-
Elliot J. Jurist et al. eds.
-
see also Peter Fonagy & Mary Target, Attachment, Trauma and Psychoanalysis: Where Psychoanalysis Meets Neuroscience, in MIND TO MIND: INFANT RESEARCH, NEUROSCIENCE, AND PSYCHOANALYSIS 15, 23-25 (Elliot J. Jurist et al. eds., 2008) (describing the "evolution of the social brain")
-
(2008)
Mind to Mind: Infant Research, Neuroscience, and Psychoanalysis
, vol.15
, pp. 23-25
-
-
Fonagy, P.1
Target, M.2
-
137
-
-
0032937814
-
Biology and the future of psychoanalysis: A new intellectual framework for psychiatry revisited
-
Eric R. Kandel, Biology and the Future of Psychoanalysis: A New Intellectual Framework for Psychiatry Revisited, 156 AM. J. PSYCHIATRY 505, 512-13 (1999
-
(1999)
Am. J. Psychiatry
, vol.156
, Issue.505
, pp. 512-513
-
-
Kandel, E.R.1
-
138
-
-
37048999441
-
-
IZA Discussion Paper, Paper, No. 2190
-
Eric I. Knudsen et al., Economic, Neurobiological and Behavioral Perspectives on Building America's Future Workforce 8-9 (IZA Discussion Paper, Paper No. 2190, 2006), available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=919962.
-
(2006)
Economic, Neurobiological and Behavioral Perspectives on Building America's Future Workforce
, pp. 8-9
-
-
Knudsen, E.I.1
-
140
-
-
0023202788
-
Internalization, separation-individuation, and the nature of therapeutic action
-
Sidney J. Blatt & Rebecca Smith Behrends, Internalization, Separation-Individuation, and the Nature of Therapeutic Action, 68 INT'L J. PSYCHOANALYSIS 279, 283-84 (1987)
-
(1987)
Int'l J. Psychoanalysis
, vol.68
, Issue.279
, pp. 283-284
-
-
Blatt, S.J.1
Behrends, R.S.2
-
141
-
-
0027034238
-
The development of a capacity for imagination in early childhood
-
Linda C. Mayes & Donald J. Cohen, The Development of a Capacity for Imagination in Early Childhood, 47 PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDY OF THE CHILD 23, 29 (1992
-
(1992)
Psychoanalytic Study of the Child
, vol.47
, Issue.23
, pp. 29
-
-
Mayes, L.C.1
Cohen, D.J.2
-
147
-
-
0002759797
-
Guiding principles for a theory of early intervention: A developmental-psychoanalytic perspective
-
Jack P. Shonkoff & Samuel J. Meisels eds., 2d ed.
-
See Robert N. Emde & Joann Robinson, Guiding Principles for a Theory of Early Intervention: A Developmental-Psychoanalytic Perspective, in HANDBOOK OF EARLY CHILDHOOD INTERVENTION 160, 174-75 (Jack P. Shonkoff & Samuel J. Meisels eds., 2d ed. 2000
-
(2000)
Handbook of Early Childhood Intervention
, vol.160
, pp. 174-175
-
-
Emde, R.N.1
Robinson, J.2
-
149
-
-
0003477137
-
-
See generally MARGARET S. MAHLER ET AL., THE PSYCHOLOGICAL BIRTH OF THE HUMAN INFANT (1975) (describing how a responsive relationship with adult caregivers is necessary to normal separation and individuation)
-
(1975)
The Psychological Birth of the Human Infant
-
-
Mahler, M.S.1
-
151
-
-
0000575944
-
Benefit-cost analysis of the perry preschool program and its policy implications
-
W. Steven Barnett, Benefit-Cost Analysis of the Perry Preschool Program and Its Policy Implications, 7 EDUC. EVALUATION & POL'Y ANALYSIS 333, 336 (1985)
-
(1985)
Educ. Evaluation & Pol'y Analysis
, vol.7
, Issue.333
, pp. 336
-
-
Barnett, W.S.1
-
152
-
-
84965489223
-
A follow-up evaluation of the houston parent child development center: School performance
-
Dale L. Johnson & Todd Walker, A Follow-Up Evaluation of the Houston Parent Child Development Center: School Performance, 15 J. EARLY INTERVENTION 226, 226-27 (1991)
-
(1991)
J. Early Intervention
, vol.15
, Issue.226
, pp. 226-227
-
-
Johnson, D.L.1
Walker, T.2
-
153
-
-
0025412461
-
The impact of economic hardship on black families and children: Psychological distress, parenting, and socioemotional development
-
passim
-
Vonnie McLoyd, The Impact of Economic Hardship on Black Families and Children: Psychological Distress, Parenting, and Socioemotional Development, 61 CHILD DEV. 311 passim (1990)
-
(1990)
Child Dev.
, vol.61
, pp. 311
-
-
McLoyd, V.1
-
155
-
-
27144547544
-
Updating the economic impacts of the high/scope perry preschool program
-
Milagros Nores et al., Updating the Economic Impacts of the High/Scope Perry Preschool Program, 27 EDUC. EVALUATION & POL'Y ANALYSIS 245, 247-52 (2005)
-
(2005)
Educ. Evaluation & Pol'y Analysis
, vol.27
, Issue.245
, pp. 247-252
-
-
Nores, M.1
-
156
-
-
0022048628
-
Effects of family support intervention: A ten-year follow-up
-
Victoria Seitz et al., Effects of Family Support Intervention: A Ten-Year Follow-Up, 56 CHILD DEV. 376, 387 (1985
-
(1985)
Child Dev.
, vol.56
, Issue.376
, pp. 387
-
-
Seitz, V.1
-
157
-
-
0016494755
-
State intervention on behalf of "neglected" children: A search for realistic standards
-
citing Michael Wald, State Intervention on Behalf of " Neglected" Children: A Search for Realistic Standards, 27 STAN. L. REV. 985, 993 (1975). The dissent in Santosky downplayed the potentially harmful effects of removal, but did focus on the child's independent interest in "[a] stable, loving home life," specifically identifying the child's future interest in adult citizenship: "Few could doubt that the most valuable resource of a selfgoverning society is its population of children who will one day become adults and themselves assume the responsibility of self-governance . . . ."
-
(1975)
Stan. L. Rev.
, vol.27
, Issue.985
, pp. 993
-
-
Wald, M.1
-
158
-
-
84055225804
-
Mothers without borders: Undocumented immigrant mothers facing deportation and the best interests of their U.S. citizen children
-
See generally Satya Grace Kaskade, Mothers Without Borders: Undocumented Immigrant Mothers Facing Deportation and the Best Interests of Their U.S. Citizen Children, 15 WM. & MARY J. WOMEN & L. 447 (2009) (detailing the high burden mothers facing deportation must meet when pleading the best interests of their children).
-
(2009)
Wm. & Mary J. Women & L.
, vol.15
, pp. 447
-
-
Kaskade, S.G.1
-
159
-
-
62549094019
-
Rethinking constitutional welfare rights
-
Goodwin Liu, Rethinking Constitutional Welfare Rights, 61 STAN. L. REV. 203, 204 (2008
-
(2008)
Stan. L. Rev.
, vol.61
, Issue.203
, pp. 204
-
-
Liu, G.1
-
160
-
-
0035629436
-
Rights, capabilities, and the good society
-
Robin West, Rights, Capabilities, and the Good Society, 69 FORDHAM L. REV. 1901, 1907 (2001). Frank Michelman wrote the seminal work on the rights of poor citizens to basic necessities.
-
(2001)
Fordham L. Rev.
, vol.69
, Issue.1901
, pp. 1907
-
-
West, R.1
-
161
-
-
0006500960
-
Foreword: On protecting the poor through the fourteenth amendment
-
Frank I. Michelman, Foreword: On Protecting the Poor Through the Fourteenth Amendment, 83 HARV. L. REV. 7 (1969). William Forbath also describes a "social citizenship tradition" in American law that he argues supports affirmative constitutional welfare rights.
-
(1969)
Harv. L. Rev.
, vol.83
, Issue.7
-
-
Michelman, F.I.1
-
162
-
-
0035610064
-
Constitutional welfare rights: A history, critique and reconstruction
-
William E. Forbath, Constitutional Welfare Rights: A History, Critique and Reconstruction, 69 FORDHAM L. REV. 1821, 1827-28 (2001
-
(2001)
Fordham L. Rev.
, vol.69
, Issue.1821
, pp. 1827-1828
-
-
Forbath, W.E.1
-
163
-
-
0347766615
-
The impossibility of finding welfare rights in the constitution
-
But see Robert H. Bork, The Impossibility of Finding Welfare Rights in the Constitution, 1979 WASH. U. L.Q. 695, 695-96
-
(1979)
Wash. U. L.Q.
, vol.695
, pp. 695-696
-
-
Bork, R.H.1
-
164
-
-
0346562312
-
The constitution goes to Harvard
-
Henry Paul Monaghan, The Constitution Goes to Harvard, 13 HARV. C.R.-C.L. L. REV. 117, 118 (1978). In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Supreme Court appeared to be moving in the direction of recognizing affirmative rights to certain basic welfare goods.
-
(1978)
Harv. C.r.-c.l. L. Rev.
, vol.13
, Issue.117
, pp. 118
-
-
Monaghan, H.P.1
-
165
-
-
79959971145
-
-
Univ. of Chi. Public Law, Working Paper No. 36
-
See Cass R. Sunstein, Why Does the American Constitution Lack Social and Economic Guarantees? (Univ. of Chi., Public Law Working Paper No. 36, 2003), available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=375622. At that time, the Court used language suggesting that there was a fundamental right to "the very means to subsist - food, shelter, and other necessities of life."
-
(2003)
Why Does the American Constitution Lack Social and Economic Guarantees?
-
-
Sunstein, C.R.1
-
166
-
-
35349009619
-
Education, equality, and national citizenship
-
See Goodwin Liu, Education, Equality, and National Citizenship, 116 YALE L.J. 330, 337 (2006) ("Neither the text nor the history of the Constitution forecloses a reading of its broad guarantees to encompass positive rights, and the experiences of other nations suggest that the existence of such rights is compatible with constitutionalism.")
-
(2006)
Yale L.J.
, vol.116
, Issue.330
, pp. 337
-
-
Liu, G.1
-
167
-
-
84928450600
-
Positive and negative constitutional rights
-
citing David P. Currie, Positive and Negative Constitutional Rights, 53 U. CHI. L. REV. 864, 886 (1986)
-
(1986)
U. Chi. L. Rev.
, vol.53
, Issue.864
, pp. 886
-
-
Currie, D.P.1
-
168
-
-
68049099456
-
Lochner's legacy
-
Cass R. Sunstein, Lochner's Legacy, 87 COLUM. L. REV. 873, 889 (1987
-
(1987)
Colum. L. Rev.
, vol.87
, Issue.873
, pp. 889
-
-
Sunstein, C.R.1
-
169
-
-
0000832192
-
The negative constitution: A critique
-
Many commentators have criticized the Court's affirmative rights holding in DeShaney. See, e.g., Susan Bandes, The Negative Constitution: A Critique, 88 MICH. L. REV. 2271, 2278-97 (1990
-
(1990)
Mich. L. Rev.
, vol.88
, Issue.2271
, pp. 2278-2297
-
-
Bandes, S.1
-
170
-
-
84055194717
-
Legal problems peculiar to children's courts
-
Curtis C. Shears, Legal Problems Peculiar to Children's Courts, 48 A.B.A. J. 719, 720 (1962) (quoted in In re Gault, 387 U.S. at 17 n.21)
-
(1962)
A.B.A. J.
, vol.48
, Issue.719
, pp. 720
-
-
Shears, C.C.1
-
172
-
-
78449304581
-
-
NAT'L CTR. FOR CHILDREN IN POVERTY
-
See VANESSA R. WIGHT ET AL., NAT'L CTR. FOR CHILDREN IN POVERTY, WHO ARE AMERICA'S POOR CHILDREN? 3 (2010), available at http://www.nccp.org/ publications/pdf/text-912.pdf. Forty-six percent of children under age three live in low-income families
-
(2010)
Who Are America's Poor Children?
, vol.3
-
-
Wight, V.R.1
-
173
-
-
84055194715
-
-
NAT'L CTR. FOR CHILDREN IN POVERTY
-
MICHELLE CHAU ET AL., NAT'L CTR. FOR CHILDREN IN POVERTY, BASIC FACTS ABOUT LOW-INCOME CHILDREN, 2009: CHILDREN UNDER AGE 3, at 1 (2010), available at http://www.nccp.org/publications/pdf/text-971.pdf, and twenty-four percent of children under age six live below the poverty line
-
(2010)
Basic Facts about Low-income Children, 2009: Children under Age
, vol.3
, pp. 1
-
-
Chau, M.1
-
174
-
-
84055194715
-
-
NAT'L CTR. FOR CHILDREN IN POVERTY
-
MICHELLE CHAU ET AL., NAT'L CTR. FOR CHILDREN IN POVERTY, BASIC FACTS ABOUT LOW-INCOME CHILDREN, 2009: CHILDREN UNDER AGE 6, at 1 (2010), available at http://www.nccp.org/publications/pdf/text-972.pdf. Even after controlling for other variables such as family structure, parental welfare, parental schooling, parental work, and neighborhood poverty, children raised in long-term poverty experienced higher rates of poverty as adults than did nonpoor children.
-
(2010)
Basic Facts about Low-income Children, 2009: Children under Age
, vol.6
, pp. 1
-
-
Chau, M.1
-
175
-
-
0031403378
-
The dynamics of childhood poverty
-
51 tbl.2
-
See Mary E. Corcoran & Ajay Chaudry, The Dynamics of Childhood Poverty, 7 FUTURE CHILD., no. 2, 1997 at 40, 51 tbl.2.
-
(1997)
Future Child.
, vol.7
, Issue.2
, pp. 40
-
-
Corcoran, M.E.1
Chaudry, A.2
-
176
-
-
85106359076
-
Toward an understanding of the effects of poverty upon children
-
Hiram E. Fitzgerald et al. eds.
-
See Jeanne Brooks-Gunn et al., Toward an Understanding of the Effects of Poverty upon Children, in CHILDREN OF POVERTY 3, 17-20 (Hiram E. Fitzgerald et al. eds., 1995)
-
(1995)
Children of Poverty
, vol.3
, pp. 17-20
-
-
Brooks-Gunn, J.1
-
177
-
-
0002851586
-
Models of development and developmental risk
-
Charles H. Zeenah, Jr. ed.
-
Arnold J. Sameroff, Models of Development and Developmental Risk, in HANDBOOK OF INFANT MENTAL HEALTH 3, 9 (Charles H. Zeenah, Jr. ed., 1993
-
(1993)
Handbook of Infant Mental Health
, vol.3
, pp. 9
-
-
Sameroff, A.J.1
-
178
-
-
85004775315
-
Psychosocial adjustment among children experiencing persistent and intermittent family economic hardship
-
See Kerry E. Bolger et al., Psychosocial Adjustment Among Children Experiencing Persistent and Intermittent Family Economic Hardship, 66 CHILD DEV. 1107, 1108 (1995
-
(1995)
Child Dev.
, vol.66
, Issue.1107
, pp. 1108
-
-
Bolger, K.E.1
-
179
-
-
85106352308
-
Poverty parenting and policy: Meeting the support needs of poor parents
-
supra note 303
-
See Vonnie McLoyd, Poverty, Parenting, and Policy: Meeting the Support Needs of Poor Parents, in CHILDREN OF POVERTY, supra note 303, at 269, 273
-
Children of Poverty
, vol.273
, pp. 269
-
-
McLoyd, V.1
-
180
-
-
0031988890
-
Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development
-
Vonnie C. McLoyd, Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Child Development, 53 AM. PSYCHOL. 185, 196 (1998)
-
(1998)
Am. Psychol.
, vol.53
, Issue.185
, pp. 196
-
-
McLoyd, V.C.1
-
181
-
-
0000617704
-
The strain of living poor: Parenting, social support, and child mental health
-
Aletha C. Huston ed.
-
Vonnie C. McLoyd & Leon Wilson, The Strain of Living Poor: Parenting, Social Support, and Child Mental Health, in CHILDREN IN POVERTY 105, 108 (Aletha C. Huston ed., 1991
-
(1991)
Children in Poverty
, vol.105
, pp. 108
-
-
McLoyd, V.C.1
Wilson, L.2
-
182
-
-
34447648340
-
Long-term effects of early childhood programs on cognitive and school outcomes
-
43-44
-
See, e.g., W. Steven Barnett, Long-Term Effects of Early Childhood Programs on Cognitive and School Outcomes, 5 FUTURE CHILD, no. 3, 1995 at 25, 43-44
-
(1995)
Future Child
, vol.5
, Issue.3
, pp. 25
-
-
Barnett, W.S.1
-
183
-
-
0015189347
-
Longitudinal development of very young children in a comprehensive day care program: The first two years
-
Halbert B. Robinson & Nancy M. Robinson, Longitudinal Development of Very Young Children in a Comprehensive Day Care Program: The First Two Years, 42 CHILD DEV. 1673, 1681-82 (1971). In this regard: Research . . . strongly suggests that good day care can promote children's cognitive and social development. Children in better day-care centers score higher on standardized language and intelligence tests. They demonstrate more task orientation; a higher level of play with objects, adults, and peers; more sociability and consideration; more compliance and self-regulation; higher communicativeness and reciprocity with their mothers; and a more positive attitude toward adults.
-
(1971)
Child Dev.
, vol.42
, Issue.1673
, pp. 1681-1682
-
-
Robinson, H.B.1
Robinson, N.M.2
-
184
-
-
84928505095
-
Making difficult choices easier: A review of research on day care and children's development
-
Donna King & Carol E. MacKinnon, Making Difficult Choices Easier: A Review of Research on Day Care and Children's Development, 37 FAM. REL. 392, 394 (1988) (citations omitted
-
(1988)
Fam. Rel.
, vol.37
, Issue.392
, pp. 394
-
-
King, D.1
MacKinnon, C.E.2
-
185
-
-
0004148717
-
-
INST. FOR RESEARCH ON POVERTY, passim
-
DEBORAH LOWE VANDELL & BARBARA WOLFE, INST. FOR RESEARCH ON POVERTY, CHILD CARE QUALITY passim (2000), available at http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/ ccquality00/ccqual.htm.
-
(2000)
Child Care Quality
-
-
Vandell, D.L.1
Wolfe, B.2
-
186
-
-
0000700557
-
A longitudinal study of children with day-care experiences of varying quality
-
Deborah Lowe Vandell, A Longitudinal Study of Children with Day-Care Experiences of Varying Quality, 59 CHILD DEV. 1286, 1290-92 (1988
-
(1988)
Child Dev.
, vol.59
, Issue.1286
, pp. 1290-1292
-
-
Vandell, D.L.1
-
188
-
-
0030639644
-
Effects of day care on the development of cognitive abilities in 8-year-olds: A longitudinal study
-
Anders G. Broberg et al., Effects of Day Care on the Development of Cognitive Abilities in 8-Year-Olds: A Longitudinal Study, 33 DEV. PSYCHOL. 62, 67 (1997) (better standardized achievement test scores)
-
(1997)
Dev. Psychol.
, vol.33
, Issue.62
, pp. 67
-
-
Broberg, A.G.1
-
189
-
-
84055204691
-
Child-care effects seen into 3rd grade
-
May 4
-
Linda Jacobson, Child-Care Effects Seen into 3rd Grade, EDUC. WK., May 4, 2005, at 9 (same)
-
(2005)
Educ. Wk.
, pp. 9
-
-
Jacobson, L.1
-
190
-
-
0024712221
-
Effects of public day-care: A longitudinal study
-
Bengt-Erik Andersson, Effects of Public Day-Care: A Longitudinal Study, 60 CHILD DEV. 857, 864 (1989). Like day care, early childhood educational programs also show significant benefits for children. In the short term, quality preschool programs boost children's IQ, though these effects tend to fade while children are still in elementary school.
-
(1989)
Child Dev.
, vol.60
, Issue.857
, pp. 864
-
-
Andersson, B.-E.1
-
191
-
-
77951789802
-
-
NAT'L INST. FOR EARLY EDUC. RESEARCH
-
see also CYNTHIA LAMY ET AL., NAT'L INST. FOR EARLY EDUC. RESEARCH, THE EFFECTS OF NEW JERSEY'S ABBOTT PRESCHOOL PROGRAM ON YOUNG CHILDREN'S SCHOOL READINESS 3 (2005), available at http://nieer.org/resources/research/multistate/ nj.pdf. However, these programs also lead to longer-lasting and sizeable gains in achievement scores, especially in reading
-
(2005)
The Effects of New Jersey's Abbott Preschool Program on Young Children's School Readiness
, pp. 3
-
-
Lamy, C.1
-
192
-
-
0043245865
-
The effect of early childhood intervention and subsequent special education services: Findings from the chicago child-parent centers
-
see Liza M. Conyers et al., The Effect of Early Childhood Intervention and Subsequent Special Education Services: Findings from the Chicago Child-Parent Centers, 25 EDUC. EVALUATION & POL'Y ANALYSIS 75, 77 (2003). Studies based on students' self-reported data at the age of fifteen have found that former participants of quality early education programs place a higher value on schooling than do their nonprogram counterparts.
-
(2003)
Educ. Evaluation & Pol'y Analysis
, vol.25
, Issue.75
, pp. 77
-
-
Conyers, L.M.1
-
193
-
-
0031801674
-
The health and welfare effects of day-care: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials
-
B. Zoritch et al., The Health and Welfare Effects of Day-Care: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials, 47 SOC. SCI. MED. 317, 322 (1998
-
(1998)
Soc. Sci. Med.
, vol.47
, Issue.317
, pp. 322
-
-
Zoritch, B.1
-
195
-
-
0002145072
-
Strategies for altering the outcomes of poor children and their families
-
P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale & Jeanne Brooks-Gunn eds.
-
See Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, Strategies for Altering the Outcomes of Poor Children and Their Families, in ESCAPE FROM POVERTY 87, 96 (P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale & Jeanne Brooks-Gunn eds., 1995)
-
(1995)
Escape from Poverty
, vol.87
, pp. 96
-
-
Brooks-Gunn, J.1
-
196
-
-
0031396619
-
Programs that mitigate the effects of poverty on children
-
91 tbl.1
-
Barbara L. Devaney et al., Programs That Mitigate the Effects of Poverty on Children, 7 FUTURE CHILD., no. 2, 1997 at 88, 91 tbl.1
-
(1997)
Future Child.
, vol.7
, Issue.2
, pp. 88
-
-
Devaney, B.L.1
-
197
-
-
0001980470
-
Antecedents consequences and possible solutions for poverty among children
-
supra note 303
-
Aletha C. Huston, Antecedents, Consequences, and Possible Solutions for Poverty Among Children, in CHILDREN IN POVERTY, supra note 303, at 282, 312
-
Children in Poverty
, vol.312
, pp. 282
-
-
Huston, A.C.1
-
198
-
-
0032734807
-
Prenatal and infancy home visitation by nurses: Recent findings
-
61-62
-
David L. Olds et al., Prenatal and Infancy Home Visitation by Nurses: Recent Findings, 9 FUTURE CHILD., no. 1, 1999 at 44, 61-62.
-
(1999)
Future Child.
, vol.9
, Issue.1
, pp. 44
-
-
Olds, D.L.1
-
200
-
-
84055225798
-
-
WOMEN'S & CHILDREN'S HEALTH POLICY CTR., last visited Apr. 28, 2011
-
Compilation of Selected Federal Programs for Children and Families, WOMEN'S & CHILDREN'S HEALTH POLICY CTR., http://www.jhsph.edu/wchpc/ resources/federal-MCH.html (last visited Apr. 28, 2011
-
Compilation of Selected Federal Programs for Children and Families
-
-
-
201
-
-
70449939314
-
Unenumerated duties
-
Robin West, Unenumerated Duties, 9 U. PA. J. CONST. L. 221, 228-29 (2006). Robin West argues that Congress and not the courts has the moral responsibility to further social welfare ends, although-contrary to the argument here-she rejects judicial enforcement of these legislative duties.
-
(2006)
U. Pa. J. Const. L.
, vol.9
, Issue.221
, pp. 228-229
-
-
West, R.1
|