Law and emotion: A proposed taxonomy of an emerging field

Law and Human Behavior

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 119-142

  Maroney, Terry A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Affect; Emotion; Juries; Law; Legal

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; DECISION THEORY; DIAGNOSTIC REASONING; EMOTION; EMOTION CENTERED APPROACH; EMOTION THEORY; EMOTIONAL PHENOMENON; LAW; LEGAL ACTOR; LEGAL DOCTRINE; PHENOMENOLOGY; TAXONOMY; THEORY OF LAW; CLASSIFICATION; HUMAN; INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION; JURISPRUDENCE; RESEARCH; SOCIOLOGY;

CLASSIFICATION; EMOTIONS; HUMANS; INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION; JURISPRUDENCE; RESEARCH; SOCIAL SCIENCES;

EID: 33747124786     PISSN: 01477307     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10979-006-9029-9     Document Type: Article

References (205)

1. Abrams, K. (2002a). The progress of passion. Michigan Law Review, 100, 1602.
2. Abrams, K. (2002b). "Fighting fire with fire": Rethinking the role of disgust in hate crimes. California Law Review, 90, 1423.
3. Abrams, K. (2005). Legal feminism and the emotions: Three moments in an evolving relation. Harvard Journal of Law & Gender, 28, 325.
4. Abwender, D. A., & Hough, K. (2001). Interactive effects of characteristics of defendant and mock juror on U.S. participants' judgment and sentencing recommendations. Journal of Social Psychology, 141, 603.
5. Adler, M. D. (2004). Fear assessment: Cost-benefit analysis and the pricing of fear and anxiety. Chicago-Kent Law Review, 79, 977.
6. Adler, R. S., Rosen, B., & Silverstein, E. M. (1998). Emotions in negotiation: How to manage fear and anger. Negotiation Journal, 14, 161-179.
7. Ammar, D., & Downey, T. (2003). Transformative criminal defense practice: Truth, love, and individual rights - The innovative approach of the Georgia Justice Project. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 31, 49.
8. Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000). United States Reports (Supreme Court), 530, 466.
9. Bandes, S. (1996). Empathy, narrative, and victim impact statements. University of Chicago Law Review, 63, 361, 365, 371, 372.
10. Bandes, S. A. (1999a). Reply to Paul Cassell: What we know about victim impact statements. Utah Law Review, 1999, 545.
11. Bandes, S. A. (Ed.). (1999b). The passions of law. New York: New York University Press.
12. Bandes, S. (2000). Repression and Denial in Lawyering (Social Science Research NetworkWorking Paper Series, 2000), at http://papers.ssrn.com/paper. taf?abstract_id=223079.
13. Bandes, S. (2001). What's love got to do with it? William and Mary Journal of Women and the Law, 8, 97, 98 & nn.3-7.
14. Bandes, S. (2003). Fear and degradation in Alabama: The emotional subtext of University of Alabama v. Garrett. University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law, 5, 520.
15. Bandes, S. (2004). Fear factor: The role of media in covering and shaping the death penalty. Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 1, 585.
16. Barton, T. D. (1999). Therapeutic jurisprudence, preventive law, and creative problem solving: An essay on harnessing emotion and human connection. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 5, 921.
17. Becker, M. (2001). The passions of batteredwomen: Cognitive links between passion, empathy, and power. William and Mary Journal of Women and the Law, 8, 1, 14-16.
18. Bibas, S., & Bierschbach, R. A. (2004). Integrating remorse and apology into criminal procedure. Yale Law Journal, 114, 85.
19. Blume, J. H. (2003). Ten years of Payne: Victim impact evidence in capital cases. Cornell Law Review, 88, 257, 281.
20. Blumenthal, J. A. (2002). Law and social science in the twenty-first century. Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal, 12, 1 (2002).
21. Blumenthal, J. A. (2004). Law and the emotions: The problems of affective forecasting. Indiana Law Journal, 80, 155, 163 & n. 40, 189.
22. Blumenthal, J. A. (2005). Does mood influence moral judgment? An empirical test with legal and policy implications. Law and Psychology Review, 29, 1.
23. Bodenhausen, G. V., et al. (2000). Sadness and susceptibility to judgmental bias: The case of anchoring. Psychological Science, 11, 320.
24. Booth v. Maryland (1987). United States Reports (Supreme Court), 482, 496.
25. Bornstein, B. H., & Nemeth, R. J. (1998). Jurors' perception of violence: A framework for inquiry. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 4, 77.
26. Bornstein, B. H., Rung, L. M., & Miller, M. K. (2002). The effects of defendant remorse on mock juror decisions in a malpractice case. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 20, 393.
27. Brennan, W. J., Jr., (1988). Reason, passion, and "The Progress of Law." Cardozo Law Review, 10, 3, 9, 11.
28. Chambers, Jr., H. L. (2004). Fear, irrationality, and risk perception. Missouri Law Review, 69, 1047, 1050-1051.
29. Cloud III, A. M. (1990). Introduction: Compassion in judging. Arizona State Law Journal, 22, 13.
30. Cunningham, M. D., & Vigen, M. P. (2002). Death row inmate characteristics, adjustment, and confinement: A critical review of the literature. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 20, 191.
31. D'Arms, J. (2000). Empathy and evaluative inquiry. Chicago-Kent Law Review, 74, 1467, 1479.
32. Dabbs, M. O. (1992). Jury traumatization in high profile criminal trials: A case for crisis debriefing? Law & Psychology Review, 16, 201, 205.
33. Dailey, A. C. (2000). The hidden economy of the unconscious. Chicago-Kent Law Review, 74, 1599.
34. Dalgleish, T., & Power, M. J. (Eds.). (1999). Handbook of cognition and emotion. New York: JohnWiley & Sons.
35. Daly, J. P. (1991). The effects of anger on negotiations over mergers and acquisitions. Negotiation Journal, 7, 31.
36. Damasio, A. (2003). Looking for Spinoza: Joy, sorrow and the feeling brain. New York: Harcourt.
37. Damasio, A. R. (1994). Descartes' error: Emotion, reason, and the human brain. New York: Harper Perennial.
38. Damasio, A. (1999). The feeling of what happens: Body and emotion in the making of consciousness. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Company.
39. Davidson, R. J., Scherer, K. R., & Goldsmith, H. H. (Eds.). (2003). Handbook of affective sciences. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
40. Davis, P. C. (1989). Law as microaggression. Yale Law Journal, 98, 1559.
41. Deffenbacher, K. A., Bornstein, B. H., Penrod, S. D., & McGorty, E. K. (2004). A meta-analytic review of the effects of high stress on eyewitness memory. Law and Human Behavior, 28, 687.
42. DeShaney v. Winnebago Soc. Svcs. Dep't (1989). United States Reports (Supreme Court), 489, 189, 213.
43. Douglas, K. S., Lyon, D. R., & Ogloff, J. R. (1997). The impact of graphic photographic evidence on mock jurors' decisions in a murder trial: Probative or prejudicial? Law and Human Behavior, 21, 485.
44. Dressler, J. (1982). Rethinking heat of passion: A defense in search of a rationale. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 73, 421.
45. Dressler, J. (1990). Hating criminals: How can something that feels so good be wrong? Michigan Law Review, 88, 1448.
46. Edwards, K., & Bryan, T. S. (1997). Judgmental biases produced by instructions to disregard: The (paradoxical) case of emotional information. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 849.
47. Eisenberg, T., Garvey, S. P., & Wells, M. T. (1998). But was he sorry? The role of remorse in capital sentencing. Cornell Law Review, 83, 1599.
48. Ekman, P., & Davidson, R. J. (Eds.). (1994). The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 49-96, 184, 199). New York: Oxford University Press.
49. Emens, E. F. (2006). The sympathetic discriminator: Mental illness, hedonic costs, and the ADA. Georgetown Law Journal, 94, 399.
50. Farnsworth, W. (2002). The economics of enmity. University of Chicago Law Review, 69, 211.
51. Feigenson, N. (2000). Legal blame: How jurors think and talk about accidents (pp. 69-86). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
52. Feigenson, N. R. (1997). Sympathy and legal judgment: A psychological analysis. Tennessee Law Review, 65, 1, 15, 16, 68, 69.
53. Feigenson, N. R. (2001a). "Another thing needful": Exploring emotions in law. Constitutional Commentary, 18, 445, 447.
54. Feigenson, N. R. (2003). Emotions, risk perceptions and blaming in 9/11 cases. Brooklyn Law Review, 68, 959, 962-978.
55. Feigenson, N., et al. (2001). The role of emotions in comparative negligence judgments. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31, 576.
56. Feldman, H. L. (2000a). Foreword: Law, psychology, and the emotions. Chicago-Kent Law Review, 74, 1423, 1424.
57. Feldman, H. L. (2000b). Prudence, benevolence, and negligence: Virtue ethics and tort law. Chicago-Kent Law Review, 74, 1431.
58. Feldmann, T. B., & Bell, R. A. (1991). Crisis debriefing of a jury after a murder trial. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 42, 79.
59. Finkel, N. J. (1996). Culpability and commonsense justice: Lessons learned betwixt murder and madness. Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy, 10, 11, 54-56.
60. Fishfader, V. L., Howells, G. N., Katz, R. C., & Teresi, P. S. (1996). Evidential and extralegal factors in juror decisions: Presentation mode, retention, and level of emotionality. Law and Human Behavior, 20, 565.
61. Fisk, C. L. (2001). Humiliation at work. William and Mary Journal of Women and the Law, 8, 73.
62. Fletcher, L. E., & Weinstein, H. M. (2002). When students lose perspective: Clinical supervision and the management of empathy. Clinical Law Review, 9, 135.
63. Frank, J. (1930). Law and the modern mind (p. 143). New York: Peter Smith Pub Inc.
64. Frank, J. (1931a). Are judges human? Part one: The effect on legal thinking of the assumption that judges behave like human beings. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 80, 17.
65. Frank, J. (1931b). Are judges human? Part two: As through a class darkly. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 80, 233.
66. Friend, R. M., & Vinson, M. (1974). Leaning over backwards: Jurors' responses to defendants' attractiveness. Journal of Communication, 24, 124.
67. Garvey, S. P. (2000). The emotional economy of capital sentencing. New York University Law Review, 75, 26, 27, 31.
68. Garvey, S. P. (2003). The moral emotions of the criminal law. Quinnipiac Law Review, 22, 145.
69. Goldstein, J., Freud, A., & Solnit, A. J. (1973). Beyond the best interests of the child. Northampton, MA: Free Press.
70. Goldstein, J., Freud, A., & Solnit, A. J. (1979). Before the best interests of the child. Northampton, MA: Free Press.
71. Greenberg, M. S., & Beach, S. R. (2004). Property crime victims' decision to notify the police: Social, cognitive, and affective determinants. Law and Human Behavior, 28, 177.
72. Guthrie, C. (1999). Better settle than sorry: The regret aversion theory of litigation behavior. University of Illinois Law Review, 1999, 43.
73. Guthrie, C. (2004). Risk realization, emotion, and policy making. Missouri Law Review, 69, 1039.
74. Haas, M. (1988). Women in a male-dominated career: Stress and coping. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Emory University.
75. Haidt, J. (2003). Elevation and the positive psychology of morality. In C.L.M. Keyes & J. Haidt (Eds.), Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well lived. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
76. Harré, R. (Ed.) (1986). An outline of the social constructionist viewpoint. In The Social Construction of Emotions, 2, 2. Oxford: Blackwell.
77. Henderson, L. (1988). The dialogue of heart and head. Cardozo Law Review, 10, 123.
78. Henderson, L. N. (1987). Legality and empathy. Michigan Law Review, 85, 1574, 1579, 1580, 1582-1584.
79. Huang, P. H. (2000). Reasons within passions: Emotions and intentions in property rights bargaining. Oregon Law Review, 79, 435, 438-440 & nn. 22-24, 29.
80. Huang, P. H. (2002). International environmental law and emotional rational choice. Journal of Legal Studies, 31, S237.
81. Huang, P. H. (2003). Trust, guilt, and securities regulation. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 151, 1059, 1075-1089.
82. Huang, P. H. (2004). Lawsuit abandonment options in possibly frivolous litigation games. Review of Litigation, 23, 47, 75-78.
83. Huang, P. H., & Wu, H.-M. (1992). Emotional responses in litigation. International Review of Law and Economics, 12, 31.
84. Hudson, D. L., Jr. (2002). Fear of violence in our schools: Is "undifferentiated fear" in the age of Columbine leading to a suppression of student speech? Washburn Law Journal, 42, 79.
85. Jacobs, J. B., & Potter, K. (1998). Hate crimes: Criminal law & identity politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
86. Jenness, V., & Broad, K. (1997). Hate crimes: New social movements and the politics of violence. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
87. Jones, O. D. (1999). Law, emotions, and behavioral biology. Jurimetrics Journal, 39, 283, 289.
88. Juergens, A. (2005). Practicing what we teach: The importance of emotion and community connection in law work and law teaching. Clinical Law Review, 11, 413.
89. Kahan, D. M. (1998). The anatomy of disgust in criminal law. Michigan Law Review, 96, 1621, 1634.
90. Kahan, D. M., & Nussbaum, M. C. (1996). Two conceptions of emotion in criminal law. Columbia Law Review, 96, 269.
91. Karstedt, S. (2002). Emotions and criminal justice. Theoretical Criminology, 6, 299.
92. Kaufman, B. E. (1999). Emotional arousal as a source of bounded rationality. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 38, 135, 139.
93. Kaufmann, G., Drevland, G. C. B., Wessel, E., Overskeid, G., & Magnussen, S. (2003). The importance of being earnest: Displayed emotions and witness credibility. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 17, 21.
94. Keltner, D., & Haidt, J. (2003). Approaching awe, a moral, spiritual, and aesthetic emotion. Cognition & Emotion, 17, 297.
95. Lane, R. D., Nadel, L. (Eds.). (2000). Cognitive neuroscience of emotion. New York: Oxford University Press.
96. Laster, K., & O'Malley, P. (1996). Sensitive new-age laws: The reassertion of emotionality in law. International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 24, 21, 23-24.
97. Lazarus, R. S. (1984). On the primacy of cognition. American Psychologist, 39, 124.
98. Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
99. LeDoux, J. (1996). The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. New York: Simon & Schuster.
100. Lerner, J. S., et al. (1998). Sober second thought: The effects of accountability, anger, and authoritarianism on attributions of responsibility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 563.
101. Li, S., & Roloff, M. E. (2004, June 15). Strategic Negative Emotion in Negotiation. IACM 17th Annual Conference Paper, Pittsburgh, PA (extended abstract at http://ssrn.com/abstract=609283).
102. Lieberman, J. D. (2002). Head over the heart or heart over the head? Cognitive experiential selftheory and extralegal heuristics in juror decision making. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32, 2526.
103. Little, L. E. (2001). Negotiating the tangle of law and emotion. Cornell Law Review, 86, 974.
104. Little, L. E. (2002). Adjudication and emotion. Florida Coastal Law Journal, 3, 205.
105. Lofton v. Secretary of Dept. of Children and Family Svcs., 358 F.3d 804, 812-15 & n.9 (11th Cir. 2004).
106. Maguigan, H. (1991). Battered women and self-defense: Myths and misconceptions in current reform efforts. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 140, 379.
107. Markel, D. (2004). Against mercy. Minnesota Law Review, 88, 1421.
108. Maroney, T. A. (1998). The struggle against hate crime: Movement at a crossroads. New York University Law Review, 73, 564.
109. Massaro, T. (1997). The meanings of shame: Implications for legal reform. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 3, 645.
110. Massaro, T. M. (1991). Shame, culture, and American criminal law. Michigan Law Review, 89, 1880.
111. Mazzella, R., & Feingold, A. (1994). The effects of physical attractiveness, race, socioeconomic status, and gender of defendants and victims on judgments of mock jurors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 1315.
112. Miller, W. I. (1993). Humiliation: And other essays on honor, social discomfort, and violence. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
113. Miller, W. I. (1997). The anatomy of disgust. Cambridge, Massachussetts: Harvard University Press.
114. Moran, R. F. (2001a). Interracial intimacy: The regulation of race and romance. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
115. Moran, R. F. (2001b). Law and emotion, love and hate. Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues, 11, 747, 749-750.
116. Moran, R. F. (2002). Fear unbound: A reply to professor Sunstein. Washburn Law Journal, 42, 1.
117. Moran, R. F. (2004). Fear: A story in three parts. Missouri Law Review, 69, 1013, 1021.
118. Morse, S. J. (2004a) New neuroscience, old problems. In B. Garland (Ed.): Neuroscience and the law: Brain, mind, and the scales of justice (pp. 157-198, 186). New York, Dana Press.
119. Morse, S. J. (2004b). Book Review (The passions of law). Ethics, 114, 601-604.
120. Mullany, N. J., & Handford, P. R. (1993). Tort liability for psychiatric damage: The law of "nervous shock." Australia: The Law Book Company.
121. Murphy, J. G. (1999). Shame creeps through guilt and feels like retribution. Law and Philosophy, 18, 327.
122. Murphy, J. G., & Hampton, J. (1988). Forgiveness and Mercy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
123. Myers, B., et al. (2002). Victim impact testimony and juror judgments: The effects of harm information and witness demeanor. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32, 2393.
124. Nemeth, R. J. (2002). The impact of gruesome evidence on mock juror decision making: The role of evidence characteristics and emotional response. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College.
125. Nourse, V. (1997). Passion's progress: Modern law reform and the provocation defense. Yale Law Journal, 106, 1331-1335.
126. Nussbaum, M. C. (1990). Love's knowledge: Essays on philosophy and literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
127. Nussbaum, M. C. (1993). Equity and mercy. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 22, 83.
128. Nussbaum, M. C. (1996). Emotion in the language of judging. St. John's Law Review, 70, 23.
129. Nussbaum, M. C. (2001). Upheavals of thought: The intelligence of emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
130. Nussbaum, M. C. (2004). Hiding from humanity: Disgust, shame, and the law. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
131. Ogletree, C. J. (1993). Beyond justifications: Seeking motivations to sustain public defenders. Harvard Law Review, 106, 1239.
132. Ogloff, J. R. P. (Ed.). (2002). Taking psychology and law into the twenty-first century (Vol. 14). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
133. Oliver, E., & Griffitt, W. (1976). Emotional arousal and "objective" judgment. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 8, 399.
134. Orenstein, A. (1997). "My God!" A feminist critique of the excited utterance exception to the hearsay rule. California Law Review, 85, 159, 165-182.
135. Ortony, A., Clore, G. L., & Collins, A. (1988). The cognitive structure of emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
136. Partlett, D. F. (1997). Tort liability and the american way: Reflections on liability for emotional distress. American Journal of Comparative Law, 45, 171, 173, 177.
137. Payne v. Tennessee (1991). United States Reports (Supreme Court), 501, 808.
138. Petersen, H. (Ed.). (1998). Love and law in Europe. Aldershot, UK; Brookfield, VT: Ashgate Publishing Company.
139. Pildes, R. H. (1992). Conceptions of value in legal thought. Michigan Law Review, 90, 1520, 1524.
140. Pillsbury, S. H. (1989). Emotional justice: Moralizing the passions of criminal punishment. Cornell Law Review, 74, 655.
141. Pillsbury, S. H. (2002). A problem in emotive due process: California's three strikes law. Buffalo Criminal Law Review, 6, 483, 485.
142. Plutchik, R. (1980). Emotion: A psychoevolutionary synthesis. New York: Harper & Row.
143. Plutchik, R., & Kellerman, H. (Eds.). (1980). Emotion: Theory, research, and experience: Vol. 1. Theories of emotion. New York: Academic.
144. Polletta, F. (2001). The laws of passion. Law & Society Review, 35, 467, 469.
145. Poser, S., Bornstein, B. H., & McGorty, E. K. (2003). Measuring damages for lost enjoyment of life: The view from the bench and the jury box. Law and Human Behavior, 27, 53.
146. Posner, E. A. (2001). Law and the emotions. The Georgetown Law Journal, 89, 1977.
147. Posner, E. A. (2002). Fear and the regulatory model of counterterrorism. Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, 25, 681.
148. Pratt, J. (2000). Emotive and ostentatious punishment: Its decline and resurgence in modern society. Punishment and Society, 2, 417.
149. R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul (1992). United States Reports (Supreme Court), 505, 377.
150. Rapaport, E. (2000). Retribution and redemption in the operation of executive clemency. Chicago-Kent Law Review, 74, 1501.
151. Ray, L. K. (2002). Judicial personality: Rhetoric and emotion in Supreme Court opinions. Washington and Lee Law Review, 59, 193.
152. Resnik, J. (1990). Feminism in the language of judging. Arizona State Law Journal, 22, 31.
153. Roberts, J. W. (2003). Between the heat of passion and cold blood: Battered women's syndrome as an excuse for self-defense in non-confrontational homicides. Law and Psychology Review, 27, 135.
154. Rosen, J. (1994). Sentimental journey: The emotional jurisprudence of Harry Blackmun (criticism of retiring Supreme Court justice). The New Republic, May 2, 1994.
155. Rumsey, M. G. (1976). Effects of defendant background and remorse on sentencing judgments. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 6, 64.
156. Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1161.
157. Salekin, R. T., Ogloff, J. R. P., McFarland, C., & Rogers, R. (1995). Influencing Jurors' perceptions of guilt: Expression of emotionality during testimony. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 13, 293.
158. Sanger, C. (2001). The role and reality of emotions in law. William and Mary Journal of Women and the Law, 8, 107.
159. Scheff, T. J. (1998). Community conferences: Shame and anger in therapeutic jurisprudence. Revista Juridica de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, 67, 97.
160. Scherer, K. R. & Ekman, P. (Eds.). (1984). Approaches to emotion. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
161. Semmler, C., & Brewer, N. (2002). Effects of mood and emotion on juror processing and judgments. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 20, 423.
162. Siemsen, C. M. (2000). Ideological resolutions of emotional trials: The moral work of women defenders. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Santa Cruz.
163. Sigall, H., & Ostrove, N. (1975). Beautiful but dangerous: Effects of offender attractiveness and nature of the crime on juridic judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 410.
164. Silver, M. A. (1999a). Emotional intelligence and legal education. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 5, 1173.
165. Silver, M. A. (1999b). Love, hate, and other emotional interference in the lawyer/client relationship. Clinical Law Review, 6, 259.
166. Silver, M. A., Portnoy, S., & Peters, J. K. (2004). Stress, burnout, vicarious trauma, and other emotional realities in the lawyer/client relationship: A panel discussion. Touro Law Review, 19, 847.
167. Slovic, P. (2000). The perception of risk. London: Earthscan Publications.
168. Slovic, P. (2004). What's fear got to do with it? It's affect we need to worry about. Missouri Law Review, 69, 971.
169. Smith v. Organization of Foster Families for Equality and Reform (1977). United States Reports (Supreme Court), 431, 782, 832, 836 & n. 40, 844-846 & n. 52.
170. Smith, A. (2004). Too much heart and not enough heat: The short life and fractured ego of the empathic, heroic public defender. UC Davis Law Review, 37, 1203.
171. Smykla, J. O. (1987). The human impact of capital punishment: Interviews with families of persons on death row. Journal of Criminal Justice, 15, 331.
172. South Carolina v. Gathers (1989). United States Reports (Supreme Court), 490, 805.
173. Spackman, M. P., Belcher, J. C., Calapp, J. W., & Taylor, A. (2002). An analysis of the effects of subjective and objective instruction forms on mock-juries' murder/manslaughter distinctions. Law and Human Behavior, 26, 605, 607, 615-618.
174. Spackman, M. P., Belcher, J. C., & Hansen, A. (2002). Effects of perceived emotional intensity on mock jurors' murder/manslaughter distinctions. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 7, 87.
175. Special Issue (2002). The new culpability: Motive, character, and emotion in criminal law. Buffalo Criminal Law Review, 6, 1.
176. Stewart II, J. E. (1980). Defendant's attractiveness as a factor in the outcome of criminal trials: An observational study. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 10, 348.
177. Strang, H., & Sherman, L. W. (2003). Repairing the harm: Victims and restorative justice. Utah Law Review, 2003, 15, 17-23
178. Sullaway, M. (2004). Psychological perspectives on hate crime laws. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 10, 250.
179. Sunstein, C. R. (2002a). Probability neglect: Emotions, worst cases, and law. Yale Law Journal, 112, 61, 62.
180. Sunstein, C. R. (2002b). The laws of fear. Harvard Law Review, 115, 1119.
181. Sunstein, C. R. (2005). The laws of fear: Beyond the precautionary principle. New York: Cambridge University Press.
182. Sunstein, C. R. (Ed.). (2000). Behavioral law & economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
183. Suozzo, Jr., J. M. (2000). Power, gender, and emotion: Influences that impact the experience of domestic violence victims in divorce mediation. Unpublished Psy.D. Clinical Dissertation, California School of Professional Psychology.
184. Symposium (2000a). Law, psychology, and the emotions. Chicago-Kent Law Review, 74, 1423.
185. Symposium (2000b). The role of forgiveness in the law. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 27, 1351.
186. Symposium (2001). The passions of law, by Susan A. Bandes. William and Mary Journal of Women and the Law, 8, 1.
187. Symposium (2002). Fear and the law. Washburn Law Journal, 42, 1.
188. Symposium (2003). Responsibility and blame: Psychological and legal perspectives. Brooklyn Law Review, 68, 925.
189. Symposium (2004a). Current issues in law and the emotions: Jury decision-making and beyond. American Psychology-Law Society/Division 41 of the American Psychological Association 2004 Annual Conference, March 5, 2004.
190. Symposium (2004b). Interdisciplinary perspectives on fear and risk perception in times of democratic crisis. Missouri Law Review, 69, 897.
191. Symposium (2004c). Law and the brain. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences, 359, 1659.
192. Taslitz, A. E. (2000). Race and two concepts of the emotions in date rape. Wisconsin Women's Law Journal, 15, 3.
193. Taslitz, A. E. (2002). The Fourth Amendment in the twenty-first century: Technology, privacy, and human emotions. Law and Contemporary Problems, 65, 125.
194. Thompson, L., Valley, K., & Kramer, R. (1995). The bittersweet feeling of success: An examination of social perception in negotiation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31, 467.
195. van Goozen, S. H. M., Van de Poll, N. E., & Sergeant, J. A. (Eds.). (1994). Emotions: Essays on emotion theory. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
196. Virginia v. Black (2003). United States Reports (Supreme Court), 538, 343.
197. Volpp, L. (2002). Lawyering at the margins: On reason and emotion. American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law, 11, 129.
198. Ward, C. V. (1994). A kinder, gentler liberalism? Visions of empathy in feminist and communitarian literature. University Chicago Law Review, 61, 929.
199. Welch, D. D. (1997). Ruling with the heart: Emotion-based public policy. Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal, 6, 55.
200. Whalen, D. H., & Blanchard, F. A. (1982) Effects of photographic evidence on mock juror judgment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 12, 30.
201. Wisconsin v. Mitchell (1993). United States Reports (Supreme Court), 508, 476, 488.
202. Woodward, K. (2002). Calculating compassion. Indiana Law Review, 77, 223, 225.
203. Wright, R. G. (2003). An emotion-based approach to freedom of speech. Loyola University Chicago Law Journal, 34, 429.
204. Zajonc, R. B. (1984). On the primacy of affect. American Psychologist, 39, 117.
205. Zipursky, B. (1990). DeShaney and the jurisprudence of compassion. New York University Law Review, 65, 1101.