메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 72, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 664-673

Immunomodulatory medicines for multiple sclerosis: Progress and prospects

Author keywords

4 1 integrin; interferon; anti inflammatory drugs; blood brain barrier; clinical trial; copaxone; disease modifying drugs; human studies; immunomodulatory medicines; neuroinflammation; neuroprotection; neuroprotective drugs; pharmacotherapy

Indexed keywords

ALEMTUZUMAB; AZATHIOPRINE; BETA INTERFERON; BETA1A INTERFERON; CLADRIBINE; DACLIZUMAB; FINGOLIMOD; FUMARIC ACID DIMETHYL ESTER; GLATIRAMER; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; INTERFERON BETA SERINE; LAQUINIMOD; LEMTRADA; MITOXANTRONE; NATALIZUMAB; PLACEBO; TERIFLUNOMIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 83655191789     PISSN: 02724391     EISSN: 10982299     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20476     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (3)

References (78)
  • 4
    • 79952248690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PSGL-1 is dispensible for the development of active experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in SJL/J mice
    • Bill R, Doring A, Deutsch U, Engelhardt B,. 2011. PSGL-1 is dispensible for the development of active experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in SJL/J mice. J Neuroimmunol 232: 207-208.
    • (2011) J Neuroimmunol , vol.232 , pp. 207-208
    • Bill, R.1    Doring, A.2    Deutsch, U.3    Engelhardt, B.4
  • 7
    • 80054722184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune mechanisms of new therapeutic strategies in MS - Teriflunomide
    • in press
    • Claussen MC, Korn T,. 2011. Immune mechanisms of new therapeutic strategies in MS-Teriflunomide. Clin Immunol, in press.
    • (2011) Clin Immunol
    • Claussen, M.C.1    Korn, T.2
  • 8
    • 44949141642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recombinant interferon beta or glatiramer acetate for delaying conversion of the first demyelinating event to multiple sclerosis
    • Clerico M, Faggiano F, Palace J, Rice G, Tintore M, Durelli L,. 2008. Recombinant interferon beta or glatiramer acetate for delaying conversion of the first demyelinating event to multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD005278.
    • (2008) Cochrane Database Syst Rev
    • Clerico, M.1    Faggiano, F.2    Palace, J.3    Rice, G.4    Tintore, M.5    Durelli, L.6
  • 11
    • 79952740129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alemtuzumab versus interferon beta-1a in early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Post-hoc and subset analyses of clinical efficacy outcomes
    • Coles AJ, Fox E, Vladic A, Gazda SK, Brinar V, Selmaj KW, Bass AD, Wynn DR, Margolin DH, Lake SL, et al. 2011. Alemtuzumab versus interferon beta-1a in early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: post-hoc and subset analyses of clinical efficacy outcomes. Lancet Neurol 10: 338-348.
    • (2011) Lancet Neurol , vol.10 , pp. 338-348
    • Coles, A.J.1    Fox, E.2    Vladic, A.3    Gazda, S.K.4    Brinar, V.5    Selmaj, K.W.6    Bass, A.D.7    Wynn, D.R.8    Margolin, D.H.9    Lake, S.L.10
  • 12
    • 45249107267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of laquinimod on MRI-monitored disease activity in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIb study
    • DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60918-6, PII S0140673608609186
    • Comi G, Pulizzi A, Rovaris M, Abramsky O, Arbizu T, Boiko A, Gold R, Havrdova E, Komoly S, Selmaj K, et al. 2008. Effect of laquinimod on MRI-monitored disease activity in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIb study. Lancet 371: 2085-2092. (Pubitemid 351842581)
    • (2008) The Lancet , vol.371 , Issue.9630 , pp. 2085-2092
    • Comi, G.1    Pulizzi, A.2    Rovaris, M.3    Abramsky, O.4    Arbizu, T.5    Boiko, A.6    Gold, R.7    Havrdova, E.8    Komoly, S.9    Selmaj, K.10    Sharrack, B.11    Filippi, M.12
  • 13
    • 54149084585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis
    • Compston A, Coles A,. 2008. Multiple sclerosis. Lancet 372: 1502-1517.
    • (2008) Lancet , vol.372 , pp. 1502-1517
    • Compston, A.1    Coles, A.2
  • 14
    • 0029934518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of cancer from azathioprine therapy in multiple sclerosis: A case-control study
    • Confavreux C, Saddier P, Grimaud J, Moreau T, Adeleine P, Aimard G,. 1996. Risk of cancer from azathioprine therapy in multiple sclerosis: a case-control study. Neurology 46: 1607-1612.
    • (1996) Neurology , vol.46 , pp. 1607-1612
    • Confavreux, C.1    Saddier, P.2    Grimaud, J.3    Moreau, T.4    Adeleine, P.5    Aimard, G.6
  • 15
  • 16
    • 53049101849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconsidering clinical outcomes in multiple sclerosis: Relapses, impairment, disability and beyond
    • D'Souza M, Kappos L, Czaplinski A,. 2008. Reconsidering clinical outcomes in multiple sclerosis: relapses, impairment, disability and beyond. J Neurol Sci 274: 76-79.
    • (2008) J Neurol Sci , vol.274 , pp. 76-79
    • D'Souza, M.1    Kappos, L.2    Czaplinski, A.3
  • 17
    • 34447292152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alpha4-integrin antagonism - an effective approach for the treatment of inflammatory diseases?
    • DOI 10.1016/j.drudis.2007.05.001, PII S1359644607002176
    • Davenport RJ, Munday JR,. 2007. Alpha4-integrin antagonism-an effective approach for the treatment of inflammatory diseases? Drug Discov Today 12: 569-576. (Pubitemid 47044874)
    • (2007) Drug Discovery Today , vol.12 , Issue.13-14 , pp. 569-576
    • Davenport, R.J.1    Munday, J.R.2
  • 19
    • 53049110581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune cell entry into the central nervous system: Involvement of adhesion molecules and chemokines
    • Engelhardt B,. 2008. Immune cell entry into the central nervous system: involvement of adhesion molecules and chemokines. J Neurol Sci 274: 23-26.
    • (2008) J Neurol Sci , vol.274 , pp. 23-26
    • Engelhardt, B.1
  • 20
    • 37149030961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 4-integrins in multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1159/000109933
    • Engelhardt B, Kappos L,. 2008. Natalizumab: targeting alpha4-integrins in multiple sclerosis. Neurodegener Dis 5: 16-22. (Pubitemid 350261811)
    • (2008) Neurodegenerative Diseases , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 16-22
    • Engelhardt, B.1    Kappos, L.2
  • 21
    • 23744475685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ins and outs of T-lymphocyte trafficking to the CNS: Anatomical sites and molecular mechanisms
    • DOI 10.1016/j.it.2005.07.004, PII S1471490605001833
    • Engelhardt B, Ransohoff RM,. 2005. The ins and outs of T-lymphocyte trafficking to the CNS: anatomical sites and molecular mechanisms. Trends Immunol 26: 485-495. (Pubitemid 41139258)
    • (2005) Trends in Immunology , vol.26 , Issue.9 , pp. 485-495
    • Engelhardt, B.1    Ransohoff, R.M.2
  • 22
    • 0030726193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E- and P-selectin are not involved in the recruitment of inflammatory cells across the blood-brain barrier in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Engelhardt B, Vestweber D, Hallmann R, Schulz M,. 1997. E- and P-selectin are not involved in the recruitment of inflammatory cells across the blood-brain barrier in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Blood 90: 4459-4472. (Pubitemid 27508451)
    • (1997) Blood , vol.90 , Issue.11 , pp. 4459-4472
    • Engelhardt, B.1    Vestweber, D.2    Hallmann, R.3    Schulz, M.4
  • 23
    • 37749044831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of interferon beta products and azathioprine in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
    • Etemadifar M, Janghorbani M, Shaygannejad V,. 2007. Comparison of interferon beta products and azathioprine in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 254: 1723-1728.
    • (2007) J Neurol , vol.254 , pp. 1723-1728
    • Etemadifar, M.1    Janghorbani, M.2    Shaygannejad, V.3
  • 24
    • 77950906842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imaging biomarkers in multiple sclerosis
    • Filippi M, Agosta F,. 2010. Imaging biomarkers in multiple sclerosis. J Magn Reson Imaging 31: 770-788.
    • (2010) J Magn Reson Imaging , vol.31 , pp. 770-788
    • Filippi, M.1    Agosta, F.2
  • 25
    • 39749200152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 MRI lesions: A 20-year follow-up of patients with relapse onset of multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1093/brain/awm329
    • Fisniku LK, Brex PA, Altmann DR, Miszkiel KA, Benton CE, Lanyon R, Thompson AJ, Miller DH,. 2008. Disability and T2 MRI lesions: a 20-year follow-up of patients with relapse onset of multiple sclerosis. Brain 131: 808-817. (Pubitemid 351294716)
    • (2008) Brain , vol.131 , Issue.3 , pp. 808-817
    • Fisniku, L.K.1    Brex, P.A.2    Altmann, D.R.3    Miszkiel, K.A.4    Benton, C.E.5    Lanyon, R.6    Thompson, A.J.7    Miller, D.H.8
  • 27
    • 33644872974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis: Advances in understanding, diagnosing, and treating the underlying disease
    • Fox RJ, Bethoux F, Goldman MD, Cohen JA,. 2006. Multiple sclerosis: advances in understanding, diagnosing, and treating the underlying disease. Cleve Clin J Med 73: 91-102.
    • (2006) Cleve Clin J Med , vol.73 , pp. 91-102
    • Fox, R.J.1    Bethoux, F.2    Goldman, M.D.3    Cohen, J.A.4
  • 28
    • 33644607018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis-the plaque and its pathogenesis
    • Frohman EM, Racke MK, Raine CS,. 2006. Multiple sclerosis-the plaque and its pathogenesis. N Engl J Med 354: 942-955.
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.354 , pp. 942-955
    • Frohman, E.M.1    Racke, M.K.2    Raine, C.S.3
  • 30
    • 84855566011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and natalizumab
    • Hellwig K, Gold R,. 2011. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and natalizumab. J Neurol.
    • (2011) J Neurol
    • Hellwig, K.1    Gold, R.2
  • 31
    • 85056037680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disease modifying agents for multiple sclerosis
    • Hilas O, Patel PN, Lam S,. 2010. Disease modifying agents for multiple sclerosis. Open Neurol J 4: 15-24.
    • (2010) Open Neurol J , vol.4 , pp. 15-24
    • Hilas, O.1    Patel, P.N.2    Lam, S.3
  • 34
    • 79958007082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent insights into the mechanism of action of glatiramer acetate
    • Kala M, Miravalle A, Vollmer T,. 2011. Recent insights into the mechanism of action of glatiramer acetate. J Neuroimmunol 235: 9-17.
    • (2011) J Neuroimmunol , vol.235 , pp. 9-17
    • Kala, M.1    Miravalle, A.2    Vollmer, T.3
  • 37
    • 0037100456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 4 integrin to recruit leukocytes to the central nervous system in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Kerfoot SM, Kubes P,. 2002. Overlapping roles of P-selectin and alpha 4 integrin to recruit leukocytes to the central nervous system in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 169: 1000-1006. (Pubitemid 34753459)
    • (2002) Journal of Immunology , vol.169 , Issue.2 , pp. 1000-1006
    • Kerfoot, S.M.1    Kubes, P.2
  • 38
    • 33646468932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reevaluation of P-selectin and alpha 4 integrin as targets for the treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Kerfoot SM, Norman MU, Lapointe BM, Bonder CS, Zbytnuik L, Kubes P,. 2006. Reevaluation of P-selectin and alpha 4 integrin as targets for the treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 176: 6225-6234.
    • (2006) J Immunol , vol.176 , pp. 6225-6234
    • Kerfoot, S.M.1    Norman, M.U.2    Lapointe, B.M.3    Bonder, C.S.4    Zbytnuik, L.5    Kubes, P.6
  • 39
    • 77950610036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The changing demographic pattern of multiple sclerosis epidemiology
    • Koch-Henriksen N, Sorensen PS,. 2010. The changing demographic pattern of multiple sclerosis epidemiology. Lancet Neurol 9: 520-532.
    • (2010) Lancet Neurol , vol.9 , pp. 520-532
    • Koch-Henriksen, N.1    Sorensen, P.S.2
  • 41
    • 0021035886 scopus 로고
    • Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: An expanded disability status scale (EDSS)
    • Kurtzke JF,. 1983. Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology 33: 1444-1452. (Pubitemid 14237132)
    • (1983) Neurology , vol.33 , Issue.11 , pp. 1444-1452
    • Kurtzke, J.F.1
  • 46
    • 0029913882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: Results of an international survey. National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis
    • Lublin FD, Reingold SC,. 1996. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: results of an international survey. National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurology 46: 907-911.
    • (1996) Neurology , vol.46 , pp. 907-911
    • Lublin, F.D.1    Reingold, S.C.2
  • 49
    • 34548633861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary-progressive multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70243-0, PII S1474442207702430
    • Miller DH, Leary SM,. 2007. Primary-progressive multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 6: 903-912. (Pubitemid 47405002)
    • (2007) Lancet Neurology , vol.6 , Issue.10 , pp. 903-912
    • Miller, D.H.1    Leary, S.M.2
  • 50
    • 33645799680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A phase II study of the safety and efficacy of teriflunomide in multiple sclerosis with relapses
    • DOI 10.1212/01.wnl.0000203121.04509.31, PII 0000611420060328000022
    • O'Connor PW, Li D, Freedman MS, Bar-Or A, Rice GP, Confavreux C, Paty DW, Stewart JA, Scheyer R,. 2006. A Phase II study of the safety and efficacy of teriflunomide in multiple sclerosis with relapses. Neurology 66: 894-900. (Pubitemid 43739766)
    • (2006) Neurology , vol.66 , Issue.6 , pp. 894-900
    • O'Connor, P.W.1    Li, D.2    Freedman, M.S.3    Bar-Or, A.4    Rice, G.P.A.5    Confavreux, C.6    Paty, D.W.7    Stewart, J.A.8    Scheyer, R.9
  • 51
    • 23044481655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PSGL-1 is not required for development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • DOI 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.06.001, PII S0165572805002158
    • Osmers I, Bullard DC, Barnum SR,. 2005. PSGL-1 is not required for development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 166: 193-196. (Pubitemid 41074669)
    • (2005) Journal of Neuroimmunology , vol.166 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 193-196
    • Osmers, I.1    Bullard, D.C.2    Barnum, S.R.3
  • 53
    • 67649363909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacotherapy for multiple sclerosis: Progress and prospects
    • Palmer AM,. 2009. Pharmacotherapy for multiple sclerosis: progress and prospects. Curr Opin Invest Drugs 10: 407-417.
    • (2009) Curr Opin Invest Drugs , vol.10 , pp. 407-417
    • Palmer, A.M.1
  • 54
    • 70449718818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of the blood-CNS barrier in CNS disorders and their treatment
    • Palmer AM,. 2010a. The role of the blood-CNS barrier in CNS disorders and their treatment. Neurobiol Dis 37: 3-12.
    • (2010) Neurobiol Dis , vol.37 , pp. 3-12
    • Palmer, A.M.1
  • 55
    • 78650365286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teriflunomide, an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase for the potential oral treatment of multiple sclerosis
    • Palmer AM,. 2010b. Teriflunomide, an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase for the potential oral treatment of multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Invest Drugs 11: 1313-1323.
    • (2010) Curr Opin Invest Drugs , vol.11 , pp. 1313-1323
    • Palmer, A.M.1
  • 56
    • 79959190762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of the blood brain barrier in neurodegenerative disorders and their treatment
    • Palmer AM,. 2011. The role of the blood brain barrier in neurodegenerative disorders and their treatment. J Alzheimers Dis 24: 643-656.
    • (2011) J Alzheimers Dis , vol.24 , pp. 643-656
    • Palmer, A.M.1
  • 57
    • 64549158395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinically isolated syndrome and multiple sclerosis: Rethinking the arsenal
    • Pandey K, Lublin FD,. 2009. Clinically isolated syndrome and multiple sclerosis: rethinking the arsenal. Curr Treat Options Neurol 11: 193-202.
    • (2009) Curr Treat Options Neurol , vol.11 , pp. 193-202
    • Pandey, K.1    Lublin, F.D.2
  • 58
    • 79955833670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sustained improvement in Expanded Disability Status Scale as a new efficacy measure of neurological change in multiple sclerosis: Treatment effects with natalizumab in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • Phillips JT, Giovannoni G, Lublin FD, O'Connor PW, Polman CH, Willoughby E, Aschenbach W, Pace A, Hyde R, Munschauer FE,. 2011. Sustained improvement in Expanded Disability Status Scale as a new efficacy measure of neurological change in multiple sclerosis: treatment effects with natalizumab in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 17: 970-979.
    • (2011) Mult Scler , vol.17 , pp. 970-979
    • Phillips, J.T.1    Giovannoni, G.2    Lublin, F.D.3    O'Connor, P.W.4    Polman, C.H.5    Willoughby, E.6    Aschenbach, W.7    Pace, A.8    Hyde, R.9    Munschauer, F.E.10
  • 59
    • 67349282356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deep gray matter T2 hypointensity correlates with disability in a murine model of MS
    • Pirko I, Johnson AJ, Lohrey AK, Chen Y, Ying J,. 2009. Deep gray matter T2 hypointensity correlates with disability in a murine model of MS. J Neurol Sci 282: 34-38.
    • (2009) J Neurol Sci , vol.282 , pp. 34-38
    • Pirko, I.1    Johnson, A.J.2    Lohrey, A.K.3    Chen, Y.4    Ying, J.5
  • 60
    • 78649921481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferon-beta-1b: A review of its use in multiple sclerosis
    • Plosker GL,. 2011. Interferon-beta-1b: a review of its use in multiple sclerosis. CNS Drugs 25: 67-88.
    • (2011) CNS Drugs , vol.25 , pp. 67-88
    • Plosker, G.L.1
  • 64
    • 32044463386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining the response to interferon- in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients
    • DOI 10.1002/ana.20740
    • Rio J, Nos C, Tintore M, Tellez N, Galan I, Pelayo R, Comabella M, Montalban X,. 2006. Defining the response to interferon-beta in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Ann Neurol 59: 344-352. (Pubitemid 43202488)
    • (2006) Annals of Neurology , vol.59 , Issue.2 , pp. 344-352
    • Rio, J.1    Nos, C.2    Tintore, M.3    Tellez, N.4    Galan, I.5    Pelayo, R.6    Comabella, M.7    Montalban, X.8
  • 66
    • 0028870425 scopus 로고
    • Cross-linking of the CAMPATH-1 antigen (CD52) triggers activation of normal human T lymphocytes
    • Rowan WC, Hale G, Tite JP, Brett SJ,. 1995. Cross-linking of the CAMPATH-1 antigen (CD52) triggers activation of normal human T lymphocytes. Int Immunol 7: 69-77.
    • (1995) Int Immunol , vol.7 , pp. 69-77
    • Rowan, W.C.1    Hale, G.2    Tite, J.P.3    Brett, S.J.4
  • 67
    • 79955675946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beta-interferon for multiple sclerosis
    • Rudick RA, Goelz SE,. 2011. Beta-interferon for multiple sclerosis. Exp Cell Res 317: 1301-1311.
    • (2011) Exp Cell Res , vol.317 , pp. 1301-1311
    • Rudick, R.A.1    Goelz, S.E.2
  • 68
    • 34447529095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glatiramer acetate: Mechanisms of action in multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1016/j.autrev.2007.02.003, PII S1568997207000419
    • Schrempf W, Ziemssen T,. 2007. Glatiramer acetate: mechanisms of action in multiple sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev 6: 469-475. (Pubitemid 47069973)
    • (2007) Autoimmunity Reviews , vol.6 , Issue.7 , pp. 469-475
    • Schrempf, W.1    Ziemssen, T.2
  • 72
    • 33748750415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selectins and glycosyltransferases in leukocyte rolling in vivo
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05437.x
    • Sperandio M,. 2006. Selectins and glycosyltransferases in leukocyte rolling in vivo. FEBS J 273: 4377-4389. (Pubitemid 44401589)
    • (2006) FEBS Journal , vol.273 , Issue.19 , pp. 4377-4389
    • Sperandio, M.1
  • 73
    • 59149103648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transient widespread blood-brain barrier alterations after cerebral photothrombosis as revealed by gadofluorine M-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging
    • Stoll G, Kleinschnitz C, Meuth SG, Braeuninger S, Ip CW, Wessig C, Nolte I, Bendszus M,. 2009. Transient widespread blood-brain barrier alterations after cerebral photothrombosis as revealed by gadofluorine M-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 29: 331-341.
    • (2009) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.29 , pp. 331-341
    • Stoll, G.1    Kleinschnitz, C.2    Meuth, S.G.3    Braeuninger, S.4    Ip, C.W.5    Wessig, C.6    Nolte, I.7    Bendszus, M.8
  • 74
    • 66549110162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Greater loss of axons in primary progressive multiple sclerosis plaques compared to secondary progressive disease
    • Tallantyre EC, Bo L, Al-Rawashdeh O, Owens T, Polman CH, Lowe J, Evangelou N,. 2009. Greater loss of axons in primary progressive multiple sclerosis plaques compared to secondary progressive disease. Brain 132: 1190-1199.
    • (2009) Brain , vol.132 , pp. 1190-1199
    • Tallantyre, E.C.1    Bo, L.2    Al-Rawashdeh, O.3    Owens, T.4    Polman, C.H.5    Lowe, J.6    Evangelou, N.7
  • 75
    • 79955805683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis: The evolving diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis
    • Trojano M,. 2011. Multiple sclerosis: the evolving diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 7: 251-252.
    • (2011) Nat Rev Neurol , vol.7 , pp. 251-252
    • Trojano, M.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.