Benthic foraminiferal biogeography: Controls on global distribution patterns in deep-water settings

Annual Review of Marine Science

Volumn 4, Issue , 2012, Pages 237-262

  Gooday, Andrew J ^a   Jorissen, Frans J ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITÉ D'ANGERS   (France)

^c Laboratoire d'Etude des Bio Indicateurs Marins   (France)

Author keywords

abyssal; bathyal; biodiversity; cosmopolitan; endemic; protist

Indexed keywords

ABYSSAL; BATHYAL; COSMOPOLITAN; ENDEMIC; PROTIST;

BIODIVERSITY; ECOLOGY; OCEAN CURRENTS;

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION;

ABYSSAL ZONE; BATHYAL ZONE; BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA; BIOGEOGRAPHY; CONTINENTAL SLOPE; DEEP SEA; DEEP WATER FORMATION; DISPERSAL; ENDEMIC SPECIES; ENDEMISM; GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION; HETEROGENEITY; LITTORAL ENVIRONMENT; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; MORPHOLOGY; PHYLOGENY; PROPAGULE; PROTIST; SPECIES DIVERSITY; TAXONOMY;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BIODIVERSITY; DEMOGRAPHY; FORAMINIFER; PHYSIOLOGY; SEA;

ANIMALS; BIODIVERSITY; DEMOGRAPHY; FORAMINIFERA; OCEANS AND SEAS;

EID: 83655191033     PISSN: 19411405     EISSN: 19410611     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142737     Document Type: Article

References (161)

1. Adl SM, Simpson AGB, Farmer MA, Andersen RA, Anderson OR, et al. 2005. The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 52:399-451
2. Altenbach AV, Pflaumann U, Schiebel R, Thies A, Timm S, Trauth M. 1999. Scaling percentages and distributional patterns of benthic foraminifera with flux rates of organic carbon. J. Foraminifer. Res. 29:173-85
3. Alve E. 1999. Colonization of new habitats by benthic foraminifera: A review. Earth-Sci Rev. 46:167-85
4. Alve E, Goldstein ST. 2010. Dispersal, survival and delayed growth of benthic foraminiferal propagules. J. Sea Res. 63:36-51
5. Anderson JB. 1975. Ecology and distribution of foraminifera in the Weddell Sea ofAntarctica. Micropaleontology 21:69-96
6. Anderson S. 1994. Area and endemism. Q. Rev. Biol. 69:451-71
7. Avşar N. 2010. Benthic foraminiferal assemblages in the coastal environment of the northern Marmara shelf (NW Turkey). Micropaleontology 56:495-506
8. Bernhard JH, Sen Gupta BK. 1999. Foraminifera in oxygen-depleted environments. See Sen Gupta 1999, pp. 201-16
9. Bernhard JM, Sen Gupta BK, Borne PF. 1997. Benthic foraminiferal proxy to estimate dysoxic bottom-water oxygen concentrations: Santa Barbara Basin, U.S. Pacific continental margin. J. Foraminifer. Res. 27:301-10
10. Bernhard JM, Buck KR, Barry JP. 2001. Monterey Bay cold-seep biota: Assemblage, abundance and ultrastructure of living foraminifera. Deep-Sea Res. I 48:2233-49
11. Boltovskoy E. 1965. The twilight of foraminiferology. J. Paleontol. 39:383-90
12. Boltovskoy E, Wright R. 1976. Recent Foraminifera. The Hague: Junk. 515 pp.
13. Bradbury IR, Laurel B, Snelgrove PVR, Bentzen P, Campana SE. 2008. Global patterns in marine dispersal estimates: The influence of geography, taxonomic category and life history. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 275:1803-9
14. Brady HB. 1884. Report on the foraminifera dredged by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876: Report of the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger, 1873-1876. Zoology 9:1-814
15. Brandt A, Gooday AJ, Brandao SN, Brix S, Brökeland W, et al. 2007. First insights into biodiversity and biogeography of the Southern Ocean deep sea. Nature 447:307-11
16. Brunner CA, Biscaye PE. 2003. Production and resuspension of planktonic foraminifers at the shelf break of the Southern Middle Atlantic Bight. Deep-Sea Res. I 50:247-68
17. Buzas MA, Culver SJ. 1984. Species duration and evolution: Benthic foraminifera on the Atlantic continental margin of North America. Science 225:829-30
18. Buzas MA, Culver SJ. 1989. Biogeographic and evolutionary patterns of continental margin benthic Foraminifera. Paleobiology 15:11-19
19. Buzas MA, Culver SJ. 1991. Species diversity and dispersal of benthic Foraminifera. BioScience 41:483-89
20. McGann M, Sloan D. 1996. Recent introduction of the foraminifer Trochammina hadai Uchio into San Francisco Bay, California, USA. Mar. Micropaleontol. 28:1-3
21. Calvo-Marcilese L, Langer MR. 2010. Breaching biogeographic barriers: The invasion of Haynesina germanica (Foraminifera, Protista) in the Bahía Blanca estuary, Argentina. Biol. Invasions 12:3299-306
22. Caron DA. 2009. Past presidents address: Protistan biogeography: Why all the fuss. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 56:105-112
23. Cimerman F, Langer MR. 1991. Mediterranean Foraminifera. Ljubljana: Slovenska Akad. Znanosti Umetnosti. 118 pp.
24. Corliss BH. 1979. Taxonomy of recent deep-sea benthonic foraminiferal from the southeast Indian Ocean. Micropaleontology 25:1-19
25. Corliss BH. 1991. Morphology and microhabitat preferences of benthic foraminifera from the northwest Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Micropaleontol. 17:195-236
26. Cornelius N, Gooday AJ. 2004. "Live" (stained) deep-sea benthic foraminifera in the western Weddell Sea: Trends in abundance, diversity and taxonomic composition in relation to water depth. Deep-Sea Res. II 51: 1571-602
27. Culver SJ, Buzas MA. 1998. Patterns of occurrence of benthic foraminifera in time and space. In The Adequacy of the Fossil Record, ed SK Donovan, CRC Paul, pp. 207-26. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.
28. Culver SJ, Buzas MA. 1999. Biogeography of neritic benthic foraminifera. In Modern Foraminifera, ed BK Sen Gupta, pp. 93-102. Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer Acad.
29. Cushman JA. 1910. A monograph of the foraminifera of the North Pacific Ocean. Part 1. Astrorhizidae and Lituolidae. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 71:1-134
30. Cushman JA. 1918. The foraminifera of the AtlanticOcean, Pt. 1. Astrorhizidae. U.S. Natl.Mus. Bull. 104(1):1-111
31. Cushman JA. 1921. The foraminifera of the Philippine and adjacent seas. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 100:1-608
32. Cushman JA. 1922. The foraminifera of the AtlanticOcean, Pt. 3. Textulariidae. U.S. Natl.Mus. Bull. 104(3):1-149
33. Darling CF, Kucera M, Pudsey CJ,Wade CM. 2004. Molecular evidence links cryptic diversification in polar planktonic protists to Quaternary climate dynamics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:7657-62
34. De Rijk S, Jorissen FJ, Rohling EJ, Troelstra SR. 2000. Organic flux control on bathymetric zonation of Mediterranean benthic foraminifera. Mar. Micropaleontol. 40:151-66
35. De Stigter HC. 1996. Recent and Fossil Benthic Foraminifera in the Adriatic Sea: Distribution Patterns in Relation to Organic Carbon Flux and Oxygen Concentration at the Seabed. Geol. Ultraiectina 144. Utrecht: Fac. Aardwetenschappen, Univ. Utrecht. 254 pp.
36. De Vargas C, Bonzon M, Rees NW, Pawlowski J, Zaninetti L. 2002. A molecular approach to biodiversity and biogeography in the planktonic foraminifer Globigerinella siphonifera (d'Orbigny). Mar. Micropaleontol. 45:101-16
37. Diaz RJ, Rosenberg R. 1995. Marine benthic hypoxia: A review of its ecological effects and the behavioural responses of benthic macrofauna. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 33:245-303
38. Douglas RG, Woodruff F. 1981. Deep-sea benthic foraminifera. In The Oceanic Lithosphere. The Sea, ed. E Emiliani, 7:1233-327. New York: Wiley & Sons
39. Echols RJ. 1971. Distribution of foraminifera in sediments of the Scotia Sea area. Am. Geophys. Union Antarctic Res. Ser. 15:93-168
40. Emlet RB. 1995. Developmental mode and species geographic range in regular sea-urchins (Echinodermata, Echinoidea). Evolution 49:476-89
41. Ertan KT, Hemleben V, Hemleben C. 2004. Molecular evolution of some selected benthic foraminifera inferred from sequences of the small subunit ribosomal DNA. Mar. Micropaleontol. 53:367-88
42. Etter RJ, Rex MA. 1990. Population differentiation decreases with depth in deep-sea gastropods. Deep-Sea Res. I 37:1251-61
43. Etter RJ, RexMA. ChaseMR, Quattro JM. 2005. Population differentiation decreases with depth in deep-sea bivalves. Evolution 59:1479-91
44. Finlay BJ, Fenchel T. 2004. Cosmopolitan metapopulations of free-living microbial eukaryotes. Protist 155:237-44
45. Foissner W. 2008. Protist diversity and distribution: Some basic considerations. Biodivers. Conserv. 17: 235-42
46. Fontanier C, Jorissen FJ, Anschutz P, Chaillou G. 2006. Seasonal variability of benthic foraminiferal faunas at 1000 m depth in the Bay of Biscay. J. Foraminifer. Res. 36:61-76
47. Fontanier C, Jorissen FJ, Lansard B, Mouret A, Buscail R, et al. 2008. Live foraminifera from the open slope between Grand Rhône Canyons (Gulf of Lions, NWMediterranean). Deep-Sea Res. I 55:1532-53
48. Gaston KJ. 2003. The Structure and Dynamics of Geographical Ranges. Oxford/New York: Oxford Univ. Press. 266 pp.
49. Gooday AJ. 1988. A response by benthic foraminifera to phytodetritus deposition in the deep sea. Nature 332:70-73
50. Gooday AJ. 1999. Biodiversity of foraminifera and other protists in the deep sea: Scales and patterns. Belgian J. Zool. 129:61-80
51. Gooday AJ. 2002. Organic-walled allogromiids: Aspects of their occurrence, diversity and ecology in marine habitats. J. Foraminifer. Res. 32:384-99
52. Gooday AJ. 2003. Benthic foraminifera (Protista) as tools in deep-water palaeoceanography: A review of environmental influences on faunal characteristics. Adv. Mar. Biol. 46:1-90
53. Gooday AJ, Bernhard JM, Levin LA, Suhr SB. 2000. Foraminifera in the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone and other oxygen deficient settings: Taxonomic composition, diversity, and relation to metazoan faunas. Deep-Sea Res. II 47:25-54
54. Gooday AJ, Bett BJ, Escobar E, Ingole B, Levin LA, et al. 2010a. Biodiversity and habitat heterogeneity in oxygen minimum zones. Mar. Ecol. 31:125-47
55. Gooday AJ, Hori S, Todo Y, Okamoto T, Kitazato H, Sabbatini A. 2004. Soft-walled, monothalamous benthic foraminiferans in the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic oceans: Aspects of biodiversity and biogeography. Deep-Sea Res. I 51:33-53
56. Gooday AJ, MalzoneMG,BettBJ, Lamont PA. 2010b. Decadal-scale changes in shallow-infaunal foraminiferal assemblages at the Porcupine Abyssal Plain, NE Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res. II 57:1362-82
57. Grassle JF, Morse-Porteous L. 1987. Macrofaunal colonization of disturbed deep-sea environments and the structure of deep-sea benthic communities. Deep-Sea Res. I 34:1911-50
58. Grimm GW, Stögerer K, Ertan KT, Kitazato H, Kučera M, Hemleben V, Hemleben C. 2007. Diversity of rDNA in Chilostomella: Molecular differentiation patterns and putative hermit types. Mar. Micropaleontol. 62:75-90
59. Griveaud C, Jorissen FJ, Anschutz P. 2010. Spatial variability of live benthic foraminiferal faunas on the Portuguese margin. Micropaleontology 56:297-322
60. GruberN. 2011. Warming up, turning sour, losing breath: Ocean biogeochemistry under global change. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 369:1980-96
61. Habura A, Goldstein ST, Broderick S, Bowser SS. 2008. A bush, not a tree: The extraordinary diversity of cold-water basal foraminiferans extends to warm-water environments. Limnol. Oceanogr. 53:1339-51
62. Hayward BW, Grenfell HR, Sabaa AT, Neil HL, Buzas MA. 2011. Recent New Zealand Deep-Water Benthic Foraminifera: Taxonomy, Ecologic Distribution, Biogeography, and Use in Paleoenvironmental Assessment. GNS Sci. Monogr. 36. Lower Hutt, N.Z.: GNS Sci. 363 pp.
63. Hayward BW, Holzmann M, Grenfell HR, Pawlowski J, Triggset CM. 2004. Morphological distinction of molecular types in Ammonia-towards a taxonomic revision of the world's most commonly misidentified foraminiferal genus. Mar. Micropaleontol. 50:237-71
64. Helly JJ, Levin LA. 2004. Global distribution of naturally occurring marine hypoxia on continental margins. Deep-Sea Res. I 51:1159-68
65. Herb R. 1971. Distribution of Recent benthonic foraminifera in the Drake Passage. In Biology of Antarctic Seas IV, ed. GA Llano, IE Wallen, 17:251-300. Washington, DC: Am. Geophys. Union
66. Hess S, Jorissen FJ. 2009. Distribution patterns of living benthic foraminifera from Cap Breton canyon, Bay of Biscay: Faunal response to sediment instability. Deep-Sea Res. I 56:1555-78
67. Hess S, Kuhnt W. 1996. Deep-sea benthic foraminiferal recolonization of the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo ash layer in the South China Sea. Mar. Micropaleontol. 28:171-97
68. Hofmann M, Schellnhuber H-J. 2009. Ocean acidification affects marine carbon pump and triggers extended marine oxygen holes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106:3017-22
69. Holzmann M, Pawlowski J. 2002. Freshwater foraminiferans from Lake Geneva: Past and present. J. Foraminifer. Res. 2:344-50
70. Huber BT, Bijma J, Darling K. 1997. Cryptic speciation in the living planktonic foraminifer Globigerinella siphonifera (d'Orbigny). Paleobiology 23:33-62
71. Ingle JC, Keller G, Kolpack RL. 1980. Benthic foraminiferal biofacies, sediments and water masses of the southern Peru-Chile trench area, southeastern Pacific Ocean. Micropaleontology 26:113-50
72. Ishman SE, Foley KM. 1996. Modern benthic foraminifer distribution in the Amerasian Basin, Arctic Ocean. Micropaleontology 42:206-20
73. Jenkins DG, Brescacin CR, Duxbury CV, Elliot JA, Evans JA, et al. 2007. Does size matter for dispersal distance? Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 16:415-25
74. Jorissen FJ. 1987. The distribution of benthic foraminifera in the Adriatic Sea. Mar. Micropaleontol. 12:21-48
75. Jorissen F. 1999. Benthic foraminiferal microhabitats below the sediment-water interface. See Sen Gupta 1999, pp. 161-79
76. Jorissen FJ, Asioli A, Borsetti AM, Capotondi L, De Visser JP, et al. 1993. Late Quaternary central Mediterranean biochronology. Mar. Micropaleontol. 21:169-89
77. Jorissen FJ, Fontanier C, Thomas E. 2007. Paleoceanographical proxies based on deep-sea benthic foraminiferal assemblage characteristics. In Proxies in Late Cenozoic Paleoceanography, Volume 1. Developments in Marine Geology, ed. C Hillaire-Marcel, A De Vernal, pp. 263-325. New York: Elsevier
78. Jones R, Bender H, Charnock M, Kaminski MA, Whittaker J. 1993. Emendation of the foraminiferal genus Cribrostomoides Cushman, 1910, and its taxonomic implications. J. Micropalaentol. 12:181-93
79. Katz LA, McManus GB, Snoeyenbos-West OLO, Griffin A, Pirog K, et al. 2005. Reframing the "everything is everywhere" debate: Evidence for high gene flow and diversity in ciliate morphospecies. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 41:55-65
80. Koho KA, Langezaal AM, van Lith YA, Duijnstee IAP, van der Zwaan GJ. 2009. The influence of a simulated diatom bloom on deep-sea benthic foraminifera and bacteria: A mesocosm study. Deep-Sea Res. I 55:696-719
81. Kurbjeweit F, Schmiedl G, Schiebel R, Hemleben Ch, Pfannkuche O, et al. 2000. Distribution, biomass and diversity of benthic foraminifera in relation to sediment geochemistry in the Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Res. II 47:2913-55
82. Langezaal AM, Jorissen FJ, Braun B, Chaillou G, Fontanier C, Anschutz P, Van der Zwaan GJ. 2006. The influence of seasonal processes on geochemical profiles and foraminiferal assemblages on the outer shelf of the Bay of Biscay. Cont. Shelf Res. 26:1730-55
83. Larkin KE, Gooday AJ. 2009. Foraminiferal faunal responses to monsoon-driven changes in organic matter and oxygen availability at 140 m and 300 m water depth in the NE Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Res. II 56: 403-21
84. Lecroq B, Gooday AJ, Pawlowski J. 2009. Global genetic homogeneity in deep-sea foraminiferan Epistominella exigua. Zootaxa 2096:23-32
85. Lecroq B, Lejzerowicz F, Bachar D, Christen R, Esling P, et al. 2011. Ultra-deep sequencing of foraminiferal microbarcodes unveils hidden richness of earlymonothalamous lineages in deep-sea sediments. Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. In press; doi: 10.1073/pnas.1018426108
86. Leiter C, Altenbach AV. 2010. Benthic foraminifera from the diatomaceous mud belt off Namibia: Characteristic species for severe anoxia. Palaeontol. Electronica 13:11A; http://palaeo-electronica.org/2010-2/188/index.html
87. Lejzerowicz F, Pawlowski J, Fraissinet-Tachet L, Marmeisse R. 2010. Molecular evidence for widespread occurrence of Foraminifera in soils. Environ. Microbiol. 12:2518-26
88. Levin LA. 2003. Oxygen minimum zone benthos: Adaptation and community response to hypoxia. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 41:1-45
89. Levin LA, Gooday AJ. 2003. The deep Atlantic Ocean. In The Deep Seafloor, ed. PA Tyler, pp. 111-78. New York: Elsevier
90. Levin LA, Dayton PK. 2009. Ecological theory and continental margins: Where shallow meets deep. Trends Ecol. Evol. 24:606-17
91. Levin LA, Etter RJ, Rex MA, Gooday AJ, Smith CRS, Pineda J, et al. 2001. Environmental influences on regional deep-sea species diversity. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 32:51-93
92. Lindenberg HG, Auras A. 1984. Distribution of arenaceous foraminifera in depth profiles of the Southern Ocean (Kerguelen plateau area). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 48:61-106
93. Lobegeier MK, Sen Gupta BK. 2008. Foraminifera of hydrothermal seeps, Gulf of Mexico. J. Foraminifer. Res. 38:93-116
94. Lohmann GP. 1978. Abyssal benthonic foraminifera as hydrographic indicators in the western south Atlantic Ocean. J. Foraminifer. Res. 8:6-34
95. Longhurst A. 1998. Ecological Geography of the Sea. San Diego/London: Academic. 398 pp.
96. Loubere P, Fariduddin M. 1999. Benthic Foraminifera and the flux of organic carbon to the seabed. See Sen Gupta 1999, pp. 181-99
97. Lutze GF. 1980. Depth distribution of benthic foraminifera on the continental margin off NWAfrica. Meteor Forschungsergebnisse Dtsch. Forschungsgemeinschaft C32:31-80
98. Lutze GF. 1986. Uvigerina species of the eastern North Atlantic. Utrecht Micropaleontol. Bull. 35:21-46
99. Lutze GF, Thiel H. 1989. Epibenthic foraminifera from elevated microhabitats: Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi and Planulina ariminensis. J. Foraminifer. Res. 19:153-58
100. Mackensen A, Sejrup HP, Jansen E. 1985. The distribution of living benthic foraminifera on the continental margin and rise off southwest Norway. Mar. Micropaleontol. 9:275-306
101. Mackensen A, Schmiedl G, Harloff J, Giese M. 1995. Deep-sea foraminifera in the South Atlantic Ocean: Ecology and assemblage generation. Micropaleonotology 41:342-58
102. Mateu-Vicens G, Box A, Deudero S, Rodrigues B. 2010. Comparative analysis of epiphytic foraminifera in sediments colonized by seagrass Posidonia oceania and invasive macroalgae Caulerpa spp. J. Foraminifer. Res. 40:134-47
103. McClain CR. 2007. Seamounts: Identity crisis or split personality? J. Biogeogr. 34:2001-8
104. McClain CR, Mincks Hardy S. 2010. The biogeography of the deep sea: Range and dispersal on the seafloor. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 277:3533-46
105. Menzel L, George KH, Martinez Abizu P. 2011. Submarine ridges do not prevent large-scale dispersal of abyssal fauna: A case study of Mesocletodes (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida). Deep-Sea Res. I 58:839-64
106. Mikhalevich VI. 2004. The general aspects of the distribution of Antarctic foraminifera. Micropaleontology 50:179-94
107. Murray JW. 1991. Ecology and Palaeoecology of Benthic Foraminifera. Harlow, UK: Longman. 397 pp.
108. Murray JW. 2001. The niche of benthic foraminifera, critical thresholds and proxies. Mar. Micropaleontol. 41:1-7
109. Murray JW. 2006. Ecology and Applications of Benthic Foraminifera. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. 426 pp.
110. Murray JW.2007. Biodiversity of living benthic foraminifera:How many species are there? Mar. Micropaleontol. 64:163-76
111. Nozawa F, Kitazato H, Tsuchiya M, Gooday AJ. 2006. "Live" benthic foraminifera at an abyssal site in the equatorial Pacific nodule province: Abundance, diversity and taxonomic composition. Deep-Sea Res. I 51:1406-22
112. Ohga T, Kitazato H. 1997. Seasonal changes in bathyal foraminiferal populations in response to the flux of organic matter (Sagami Bay, Japan). Terra Nova 9:33-37
113. Ohkawara N, KitazatoH,Uematsu K, Gooday AJ. 2009. Aminute new species of Saccammina (monothalamous Foraminifera; Protista) from the abyssal Pacific. J. Micropalaeontol. 28:143-51
114. Pawlowski J, Holzmann M. 2008. Diversity and geographic distribution of benthic foraminifera: A molecular perspective. Biodivers. Conserv. 17:317-28
115. Pawlowski J, Bolivar I, Fahrni J, de Vargas C, Gouy M, Zaninetti L. 1997. Extreme differences in rates of molecular evolution of foraminifera revealed by comparison of ribosomal DNA sequences and the fossil record. Mol. Biol. Evol. 14:498-505
116. Pawlowski J, Bowser SS, Gooday AJ. 2007a. A note on the genetic similarity between shallow- and deep-water Epistominella vitrea (Foraminifera) in the Antarctic. Deep-Sea Res. II 54:1720-26
117. Pawlowski J, Fahrni JF, Lecroq B, Longet D, Cornelius N, et al. 2007b. Bipolar gene flow in deep-sea benthic foraminifera. Mol. Ecol. 16:4089-96
118. Pawlowski J, Majewski W, Longet D, Guiard J, Cedhagen T, et al. 2008. Genetic differentiation between Arctic and Antarctic monothalamous foraminiferans. Polar Biol. 31:1205-16
119. Peterson LC. 1984. Recent abyssal benthic foraminiferal biofacies of the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean. Mar. Micropaleontol. 8:479-519
120. Phleger FB. 1951. Ecology of foraminifera, northwest Gulf of Mexico, part 1: Foraminifera distribution. Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 46:1-88
121. Pina-Ochoa E, HØgslund S, Geslin E, Cedhagen T, Revsbech NP, et al. 2010. Widespread occurrence of nitrate storage and denitrification among Foraminifera andGromiida. Proc.Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 107:1148-53
122. Pflumm CE, Frerichs WE. 1976. Gulf of Mexico deep-water foraminifers. Cushman Found. Foraminifer. Res. (Spec. Publ.) 14:1-108
123. Radziejewska T, Gruszka P, Rokicka-Praxmajer J. 2006. A home away from home: A meiobenthic assemblage in a ship's ballast tank. Oceanologia 48:259-65
124. Rathburn AE, Pérez ME, Martin JB, Day SA, Mahn C, et al. 2003. Relationship between the distribution and stable isotopic composition of living benthic foraminifera and cold methane seep biogeochemistry in Monterey Bay, California. Geochem. Geophy. Geosyst. 4:1106
125. Raupach MJ, Malyutina M, Brandt A, Wägele J-F. 2007. Molecular data reveal a highly diverse species flock within the munnopsoid deep-sea isopod Betamorpha fusiformis (Barnard, 1920) (Crustacea: Isopoda: Asellota) in the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. II 54:1820-30
126. Risgaard-Petersen N, Langezaal AM, Ingvardsen I, Schmid MC, Jetten MSM, et al. 2006. Evidence for complete denitrification in a benthic foraminifer. Nature 443:93-96
127. Rogers AD. 2000. The role of oceanic oxygen minima in generating biodiversity in the deep sea. Deep-Sea Res. II 47:119-48
128. Said R. 1950. The distribution of foraminifera in the northern Red Sea. Contrib. Cushman Found. Foraminifer. Res. 1:9-29
129. Saidova Kh M. 1965. Distribution of the bottom foraminiferans in the Pacific Ocean. Oceanology 5:1010-14
130. Saidova KhM. 2000. Facial variability of benthic foraminiferal communities of the open regions of the ocean. Oceanology 40:72-78
131. Scheckenbach F, Wylezich C, Mylnikov AP, Weitere M, Arndt H. 2005. Molecular identity of strains of heterotrophic flagellates isolated from surface waters and deep-sea sediments of the South Atlantic based on SSU rDNA. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 38:239-47
132. Schmiedl G, Mackensen A, Müller PJ. 1997. Recent benthic foraminifera from the eastern South Atlantic Ocean: Dependence on food supply and water masses. Mar. Micropaleontol. 32:249-87
133. Schmiedl G, Mitschele A, Beck S, Emeis KC, Hemleben C, et al. 2003. Benthic foraminiferal record of ecosystem variability in the eastern Mediterranean Sea during times of sapropel S5 and S6 deposition. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 190:139-64
134. Schnitker D. 1980. Quaternary deep-sea benthic foraminifera and bottom water masses. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 8:343-70
135. Schönfeld J. 1997. The impact of the Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) on benthic foraminiferal assemblages and surface sediments at the southern Portuguese continental margin. Mar. Micropaleontol. 29:211-36
136. Schönfeld J. 2006. Taxonomy and distribution of the Uvigerina peregrina plexus in the tropical to northeastern Atlantic. J. Foraminifer. Res. 36:355-67
137. Schr öder CJ, Scott DB, Medioli FS, Bernstein BB, Hessler RR. 1988. Larger agglutinated foraminifera: Comparison of assemblages from central Pacific and western North Atlantic (Nares Abyssal Plain). J. Foraminifer. Res. 18:25-41
138. Schumacher S, Jorissen FJ, Dissard D, Larkin KE, Gooday AJ. 2007. Live (Rose Bengal stained) and dead benthic foraminifera from the oxygen minimum zone of the Pakistan continental margin (Arabian Sea). Mar. Micropaleontol. 62:45-73
139. SchweizerM, Pawlowski J, Duijnstee IAP, Kouwenhoven TJ, Van der Zwaan GJ. 2005. Molecular phylogeny of the foraminiferal genus Uvigerina based on ribosomal DNA sequences. Mar. Micropaleontol. 57:51-67
140. Sen Gupta BK, ed. 1999. Modern Foraminifera. Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad.
141. Sen Gupta BK, Smith LE. 2010. Modern benthic foraminifera of the Gulf of Mexico. J. Foraminifer. Res. 40:247-65
142. Sgarrella F, Barra D, Improta A. 1983. The benthic foraminifers of theGulf of Policastro (southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy). Boll. Soc. Paleontol. I 92:67-144
143. Sgarrella F, Moncharmont Zei M. 1993. Benthic Foraminifera of the Gulf of Naples (Italy): Systematics and autecology. Boll. Soc. Paleontol. I 32:145-264
144. Smith CR, De Leo FC, Bernardino AF, Sweetman AK, Martinez Abizy P. 2008. Abyssal food limitation, ecosystem structure and climate change. Trends Ecol. Evol. 23:518-28
145. Stramma L, Johnson GC, Sprintall J, Mohrholz V. 2008. Expanding oxygen-minimum zones in the tropical ocean. Science 320:655-58
146. Stramma L, Schmidtko S, Levin LA, Johnson GC. 2010. Ocean oxygenminima expansions and their biological impacts. Deep-Sea Res. I 57:587-95
147. Sun X, Corliss BH, Brown CW, ShowersWJ. 2006. The effect of primary productivity and seasonality on the distribution of deep-sea benthic foraminifera in the North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res. I 53:28-47
148. Theyer F. 1971. Benthic foraminiferal trends, Pacific-Antarctic Basin. Deep-Sea Res. I 18:723-38
149. Tittensor DP, Schlacher T, Smith CR, Susko E. 2010. Endemism at low sampling effort: Real or artifact. Int. Deep-Sea Biol. Sympos., 12th, Reykjavik, Iceland, pp. 84-85 (Abstr.). Southhampton, UK: InterRidge
150. Tsuchiya M, Kitazato, Pawlowski J. 2003. Analysis of internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA reveals cryptic speciation in Planoglabratella opercularis. J. Foraminifer. Res. 33:285-93
151. Tsuchiya M, Grimm GW, Heinz P, Stögerer K, Ertan KT, et al. 2008. Ribosomal DNA shows extremely low genetic divergence in a world-wide distributed, but disjunct and highly adapted marine protozoan (Virgulinella fragilis, Foraminiferida). Mar. Micropaleontol. 70:8-19
152. Van Leeuwen RJW. 1986. The distribution of Uvigerina in the LateQuaternary sediments of the deep eastern South Atlantic. Utrecht Micropaleontol. Bull. 35:47-65
153. Verhallen PJJM. 1991. Late Pliocene to early Pleisticene Mediterranean mud-dwelling foraminifera; influence of a changing environment on community structure and evolution. Utrecht Micropaleontol. Bull. 40:1-219
154. Vinogradova NG. 1997. Zoogeography of the abyssal and hadal zones. Adv. Mar. Biol. 32:325-87
155. Walton WR. 1955. Ecology of living benthonic foraminifera, Todos Santos Bay, Baja California. J. Paleontol. 29:952-1018
156. Weston J. 1985. Comparison between recent benthic foraminiferal faunas of the Porcupine Seabight and Western Approaches continental slope. J. Micropaleontol. 4:165-83
157. Wollenburg J, Mackensen A. 1998. Living benthic foraminifers from the central Arctic Ocean: Faunal composition, standing stock and diversity. Mar. Micropaleontol. 34:153-85
158. Wollenburg JE, Mackensen A. 2009. The ecology and distribution of benthic foraminifera at the Hakon Mosby mud volcano (SW Barents Sea slope). Deep-Sea Res. I 56:1336-70
159. Won Y, Young CR, Lutz RA, Vrijenhoek RC. 2003. Dispersal barriers and isolation among deep-sea mussel populations (Mytilidae: Bathymodiolus) from eastern Pacific hydrothermal vents. Mol. Ecol. 12:169-84
160. Woulds C, Cowie GL, Levin LA, Andersson JH, Middelburg JJ, et al. 2007. Oxygen as a control on seafloor biological communities and their roles in sedimentary carbon cycling. Limnol. Oceanogr. 52:1698-709
161. Zardus JD, Etter RJ Chase MR, Rex MA, Boyle EE. 2006. Bathymetric and geographic population structure in the pan-Atlantic deep-sea bivalve Deminucula atacellana (Schenck, 1939). Mol. Biol. 15:639-51