Foraminiferal faunal responses to monsoon-driven changes in organic matter and oxygen availability at 140 and 300 m water depth in the NE Arabian Sea

Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography

Volumn 56, Issue 6-7, 2009, Pages 403-421

  Larkin, Kate E ^a   Gooday, Andrew J ^a  

^a NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

65 45 E 67 0 E; Arabian Sea; Benthic Foraminifera; Deep sea benthos; Geographic bounding co ordinates 23 20 N 22 40 N; Hypoxia; Organic matter cycling; Oxygen minimum zone; Pakistan margin; Phytodetrital fluxes

Indexed keywords

ARABIAN SEA; BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA; DEEP-SEA BENTHOS; HYPOXIA; ORGANIC MATTER CYCLING; OXYGEN MINIMUM ZONE; PAKISTAN MARGIN; PHYTODETRITAL FLUXES;

BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND; BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS; DISSOLUTION; OCEAN HABITATS; ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; SEDIMENTS;

DISSOLVED OXYGEN;

ABUNDANCE; BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA; BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE; CLIMATE EFFECT; COMMUNITY RESPONSE; DEEP SEA; DOMINANCE; HYPOXIA; MARINE SEDIMENT; ORGANIC MATTER; OXYGEN MINIMUM LAYER; PHYTODETRITUS; SPECIES DIVERSITY; WATER DEPTH;

ARABIAN SEA; ASIA; EURASIA; INDIAN OCEAN; PAKISTAN; SOUTH ASIA;

FORAMINIFERA; METAZOA; UVIGERINA;

EID: 67349157515     PISSN: 09670645     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.05.037     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Altenbach, A.V., 1985. Die Biomasse der benthischen Foraminiferen. Auswertungen von Meteor-Expeditionen im östlichen Nordatlantik. Dissertation, Math.-Nat. Fakultät, Univ. Kiel, 167pp.
2. Altenbach A.V. The measurement of organic carbon in foraminifera. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 17 (1987) 106-109
3. Altenbach A.V. Short term processes and patterns in the foraminiferal response to organic flux rates. Marine Micropaleontology 19 (1992) 119-129
4. Altenbach A.V., and Sarnthein M. Productivity record in benthic foraminifera. In: Berger W.H., Smetacek V.S., and Wefer G. (Eds). Productivity of the Ocean: Present and Past (1989), Wiley, London 255-269
5. Altenbach A.V., Pflaumann U., Schiebel R., Thies A., Timm S., and Trauth M. Scaling percentages and distributional patterns of benthic foraminifera with flux rates of organic carbon. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 29 (1999) 173-185
6. Alve E., and Bernhard J.M. Vertical migratory response of benthic foraminifera to controlled oxygen concentrations in an experimental mesocosm. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 116 (1995) 137-151
7. Aranda da Silva, A., 2005. Benthic Protozoa community attributes in relation to environmental gradients in the Arabian Sea. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Southampton, UK, unpublished.
8. Barnett P.R.O., Watson J., and Connelly D. A multiple corer for taking virtually undisturbed samples from shelf, bathyal and abyssal sediments. Oceanologica Acta 7 (1984) 399-408
9. Batsch, A.I.G.C., 1791. Sechs Kupfertafeln mit Conchylien des Seesandes, gezeichnet und gestochen von A.J.G.K. Batsch: 6 pl. (Jena).
10. Berger W.H., and Herguera J.C. Reading the sedimentary record of the ocean's productivity. In: Falkowski P.G., and Woodhead A.D. (Eds). Primary Productivity and Biogeochemical Cycles in the Sea (1992), Plenum Press, New York 455-486
11. Bernhard J.M., and Sen Gupta B.K. Foraminifera in oxygen-depleted environments. In: Sen Gupta B.K. (Ed). Modern Foraminifera (1999), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London 201-216
12. Bernhard J.M., SenGupta B.K., and Borne P.F. Benthic foraminiferal proxy to estimate dysoxic bottom-water oxygen concentrations: Santa Barbara basin, US Pacific continental margin. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 27 (1997) 301-310
13. Bett, B.J., Brand, T., Edwards, T., 2003. Water column chemistry-CTD data. In: Bett, B.J. (Ed.), RRS "Charles Darwin" cruise 150: 22 August-15 September 2003. Benthic Ecology and Biogeochemistry of the Pakistan Margin. University of Southampton, Cruise Report, pp. 50-59.
14. Brady H.B. Notes on some reticularian Rhizopoda of the Challenger Expedition, Part III. Quarterly Journal of Micropalaeontological Science. New Series 21 (1881) 31-71
15. Brady H.B. Report on the foraminifera dredged by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876. Reports of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger. Zoology 9 (1884) 1-814
16. Burmistrova, I.I., 1969. Quantitative distribution of benthonic foraminifera in Recent sediments of north region of the Indian Ocean. Academia NAUK SSSR, pp. 176-186.
17. Burmistrova I.I. Benthic foraminifera in the deep-sea sediments of the Arabian Sea. Oceanology 16 (1976) 394-396
18. Burmistrova I.I. Areal distribution of deep-water benthic foraminifera in the Indian Ocean. Biologiya Morya 6 (1977) 3-11
19. Carr M.R. PRIMER (Plymouth Routines in Multivariate Ecological Research), Version 5.1 (2001), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth
20. Clarke K.R., and Warwick R.M. Change in Marine Communities: An Approach to Statistical Analysis and Interpretation (1994), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Natural Environment Research Council, UK, Plymouth
21. Cook A.A., Lambshead J.D., Hawkins L.E., Mitchell N., and Levin L.A. Nematode abundance at the oxygen minimum zone in the Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Research II 47 (2000) 75-85
22. Corliss B.H. Microhabitats of benthic foraminifera within deep-sea sediments. Nature 314 (1985) 435-438
23. Corliss B.H., Martinson D.G., and Keffer T. Late Quaternary deep-ocean circulation. Geological Society of America Bulletin 97 (1986) 1106-1121
24. Cowie G.L. The biogeochemistry of Arabian Sea surficial sediments: a review of recent studies. Progress in Oceanography 65 (2005) 260-289
25. Cowie G.L., and Levin L.A. Benthic biological and biogeochemical patterns and processes across an oxygen minimum zone (Pakistan margin, NE Arabian Sea). Deep-Sea Research II 56 (2009) 261-270
26. Cushman J.A. New Textulariidae and other arenaceous Foraminifera from the Philippine Islands and contiguous waters. Proceedings of the United States Natural Museum 44 (1913) 633-638
27. Cushman J.A. Foraminifera of the Philippine and adjacent seas. United States National Museum Bulletin 100 Part 4 (1921) 1-608 (Pl. 1-100, text-Figs. 1-52)
28. Cushman J.A. The Foraminifera of the Atlantic Ocean. Part 4. Lagenidae. Smithsonian Institution United States National Museum Bulletin 104 (1923) 1-178 Pl. 1-42
29. Defrance M.J.L. Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles 32 (1824) 1-567 FG Levrault (Paris)
30. De Rijk S., Jorissen F.J., Rohling E.J., and Troelstra S.R. Organic flux control on bathymetric zonation of Mediterranean benthic foraminifera. Marine Micropaleontology 40 (2000) 151-166
31. Diz P., Frances G., and Roson G. Effects of contrasting upwelling-downwelling on benthic foraminiferal distribution in the Ria de Vigo (NW Spain). Journal of Marine Systems 60 (2006) 1-18
32. d'Orbigny A. Tableau methodique de la classe des Cephalopodes. Annales des Sciences Naturelles Paris (Ser. 1) 7 (1826) 245-314 atlas: pl. 10-17
33. Duijnstee I.A.P., Nooijer L.J., Ernst S.R., and Van der Zwann G.J. Population dynamics of benthic shallow-water foraminifera: effects of a simulated marine snow event. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 285 (2005) 29-42
34. Earland, A., 1934. Foraminifera Part III. The Falklands sector of the Antarctic (excluding South Georgia). Discovery Reports 10, 1-208.
35. Erbacher J., and Nelskamp S. Comparison of benthic foraminifera inside and outside a sulphur-oxidising bacterial mat from the present oxygen-minimum zone off Pakistan (NE Arabian Sea). Deep-Sea Research I 53 (2006) 751-775
36. Fariduddin M., and Loubere P. The surface ocean productivity response of deeper water benthic foraminifera in the Atlantic Ocean. Marine Micropaleontology 32 (1997) 289-310
37. Fichtel L., and Moll J.P.C. Testacea microscopica aliaque minuta ex generibus Argonauta et Nautilus ad naturam delineata et descripta (1798), Anton Pichler, Wien XII+123pp., 24 pls
38. Fisher R.A., Corbet A.S., and Williams C.B. The relationship between the number of species and the number of individuals in a random sample of an animal population. Journal of Animal Ecology 12 (1943) 42-58
39. Flint J.M. Recent Foraminifera. A Descriptive Catalogue of Specimens Collected by the US Fisheries Commission Steamer Albatross (1899), Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
40. Fontanier C., Jorissen F.J., Chaillou G., David C., Anschutz P., and Lafon V. Seasonal and interannual variability of benthic foraminiferal faunas at 550 m depth in the Bay of Biscay. Deep-Sea Research I 50 (2003) 457-494
41. Geslin E., Heinz P., Jorissen F., and Hemleben Ch. Migratory responses of deep-sea benthic foraminifera to variable oxygen conditions: laboratory investigations. Marine Micropaleontology 53 (2004) 227-243
42. Glover A.G., Paterson G., Bett B., Gage J., Sibuet M., Sheader M., and Hawkins L. Patterns in polychaete abundance and diversity from the Madeira Abyssal Plain, Northeast Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research I 48 (2001) 217-236
43. Gooday A.J. Meiofaunal foraminiferans from the bathyal Porcupine Seabight (Northeast Atlantic): size structure, taxonomic composition, species diversity and vertical distribution in the sediment. Deep-Sea Research 33 (1986) 1345-1373
44. Gooday A.J. A response by benthic foraminifera to the deposition of phytodetritus in the deep-sea. Nature 332 (1988) 70-73
45. Gooday A.J. Deep-sea benthic foraminiferal species which exploit phytodetritus: characteristic features and controls on distribution. Marine Micropaleontology 22 (1993) 187-205
46. Gooday A.J. Benthic foraminifera (Protista) as tools in deep-water palaeoceanography: environmental influences on faunal characteristics. Advances in Marine Biology 46 (2003) 1-90
47. Gooday A.J., and Lambshead P.J.D. Influence of seasonally deposited phytodetritus on benthic foraminiferal populations in the bathyal northeast Atlantic: the species response. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 58 (1989) 53-67
48. Gooday A.J., and Rathburn A.E. Temporal variability in living deep-sea benthic foraminifera: a review. Earth-Science Reviews 46 (1999) 187-212
49. Gooday A.J., and Turley C.M. Response by benthic organisms to inputs of organic material to the ocean floor: a review. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London A 331 (1990) 119-138
50. Gooday A.J., Bernhard J.M., Levin L.A., and Suhr S. Foraminifera in the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone and other oxygen deficient settings: taxonomic composition, diversity, and relation to metazoan faunas. Deep-Sea Research II 47 (2000) 25-54
51. Gooday A.J., Hughes J., and Levin L.A. The foraminiferan macrofauna from three North Carolina (USA) slope sites with contrasting carbon flux: a comparison with the metazoan macrofauna. Deep-Sea Research I 48 (2001) 1709-1739
52. Gooday A.J., Levin L.A., Aranda da Silva A., Bett B.J., Cowie G.L., Dissard D., Gage J.D., Hughes D.J., Jeffreys R., Lamont P.A., Larkin K.E., Murty S.J., Schumacher S., Whitcraft C., and Woulds C. Faunal responses to oxygen gradients on the Pakistan margin: a comparison of foraminiferans, macrofauna and megafauna. Deep-Sea Research I 56 (2009) 488-502
53. Gupta A.K. Taxonomy and bathymetric distribution of Holocene deep-sea benthic Foraminifera in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. Micropaleontology 40 (1994) 351-367
54. Haake B., Ittekkot V., Rixen T., Ramaswamy V., Nair R.R., and Curry W.B. Seasonality and interannual variability of particle fluxes to the deep Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Research I 40 7 (1993) 1323-1344
55. Heinz P., and Hemleben C. Foraminiferal response to the Northeast Monsoon in the western and southern Arabian Sea. Marine Micropaleontology 58 (2006) 103-113
56. Heinz P., Kitazato H., Schmiedl G., and Hemleben C.H. Response of deep-sea benthic foraminifera from the Mediterranean Sea to simulated phytoplankton pulses under laboratory conditions. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 31 (2001) 210-227
57. Heinz P., Hemleben C.H., and Kitazato H. Time-response of cultured deep-sea benthic foraminifera to different algal diets. Deep-Sea Research I 49 (2002) 517-537
58. Hermelin J.O.R., and Shimmield G.B. The importance of the oxygen minimum zone and sediment geochemistry on the distribution of Recent benthic foraminifera from the NW Indian Ocean. Marine Geology 91 (1990) 1-29
59. Hess S., and Kuhnt W. Deep-sea benthic foraminferal recolonization of the 1991 Mt Pinatubo ash layer in the South China Sea. Marine Micropaleontology 28 (1996) 171-197
60. Höglund H. Foraminifera in the Gullmar Fjord and the Skagerak. Zoologiska Bidrag Från Uppsala 26 (1947) 3-328
61. Hughes D.J., Lamont P.A., Levin L.A., Packer M., and Gage J.D. Macrofaunal communities and sediment structure across the Pakistan margin oxygen minimum zone, north-east Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Research II 56 (2009) 434-448
62. Hurlbert S.H. The nonconcept of species diversity: a critique and alternative parameters. Ecology 52 4 (1971) 577-586
63. Jannink N.T., Zachariasse W.J., and Van der Zwaan G.J. Living (Rose Bengal stained) benthic Foraminifera from the Pakistan continental margin (northern Arabian Sea). Deep-Sea Research I 45 (1998) 1483-1513
64. Jeffreys R.M., Wolff G.A., and Cowie G.L. Infuence of oxygen on heterotrophic reworking of sedimentary lipids at the Pakistan margin. Deep-Sea Research II 56 (2009) 358-375
65. Jones R.W. The Challenger Foraminifera (1994), Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, Tokyo
66. Jorissen F.J. Benthic foraminiferal microhabitats below the sediment-water interface. In: Sen Gupta B.K. (Ed). Modern Foraminifera (1999), Kluwer Academic Press, London 161-179
67. Jorissen F.J., Barmawidjaja D.M., Puskaric S., and Van der Zwaan G.J. Vertical distribution of benthic foraminifera in the northern Adriatic Sea: the relation with the organic flux. Marine Micropaleontology 19 (1992) 131-146
68. Jorissen F.J., de Stigter H.C., and Widmark J.G.V. A conceptual model explaining benthic foraminiferal microhabitats. Marine Micropalaeontology 26 (1995) 3-15
69. Josefson A.B., and Widbom B. Differential response of benthic macrofauna and meiofauna to hypoxia in the Gullmar-Fjord Basin. Marine Biology 100 (1988) 31-40
70. Kaminski, M.A., Grassle, J.F., Whitlatch, R.D., 1988. Life history and recolonization among agglutinated foraminifera in the Panama Basin. In: Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Agglutinated Foraminifera, Vienna Austria, June 23-26, 1986. Abhandlungen Geologishes Bundesanstalt, vol. 41, pp. 228-244.
71. Kitazato H., and Ohga T. Seasonal changes in deep-sea benthic foraminiferal populations: results of long-term observations at Sagami Bay, Japan. In: Sakai H., and Nozaki Y. (Eds). Biogeochemical Processes and Ocean Flux in the Western Pacific (1995), Terra Scientific Publishing Company, Tokyo 331-342
72. Kitazato H., Shirayama Y., Nakatsuka T., Fujiwara S., Shimanaga M., Kato Y., Okada Y., Kanda J., Yamaoka A., Masuzawa T., and Suzuki K. Seasonal phytodetritus deposition and responses of bathyal benthic foraminiferal populations in Sagami Bay, Japan: preliminary results from "Project Sagami1996-1999". Marine Micropaleontology 40 (2000) 135-149
73. Kurbjeweit F., Hemleben C.H., Schmiedl G., Schiebel R., Pfannkuche O., Wallmann K., and Schäfer P. Distribution, biomass and diversity of benthic foraminifera in relation to sediment geochemistry in the Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Research II 47 (2000) 2913-2955
74. Lambshead P.J.D., Platt H.M., and Shaw K.M. The detection of differences among assemblages of marine benthic species based on an assessment of dominance and diversity. Journal of Natural History 17 6 (1983) 859-874
75. Lambshead P.J.D., Ferrero T.J., and Wollf G.A. Comparison of the vertical distribution of nematodes from 2 contrasting abyssal sites in the northeast atlantic subject to different seasonal inputs of phytodetritus. Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie 80 2 (1995) 327-331
76. Larkin, K.E., 2006. Community and trophic responses of benthic Foraminifera to oxygen gradients and organic enrichment. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Southampton, UK, unpublished.
77. Levin L.A., McCann L.D., and Thomas C.L. The ecology of polychaetes on deep seamounts in the eastern Pacific-Ocean. Ophelia Suppl. 5 (1991) 467-476
78. Levin L.A., and Gage J.D. Relationships between oxygen, organic matter and the diversity of bathyal macrofauna. Deep-Sea Research II 45 (1998) 129-163
79. Levin L.A., Blair N.E., DeMaster D., Plaia G., Fornes W., Martin C., and Thomas C.J. Rapid subduction of organic matter by maldanid polychaetes on the North Carolina slope. Journal of Marine Research 55 (1997) 595-611
80. Levin L.A., Gage J.D., Martin C., and Lamont P. Macrobenthic community structure within and beneath the oxygen minimum zone, NW Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Research II 47 (2000) 189-226
81. Levin L.A., Gutiérrez D., Rathburn A., Neira C., Sellanes J., Muñoz P., Gallardo V., and Salamanca M. Benthic processes on the Peru margin: a transect across the oxygen minimum zone during the 1997-98 El Niño. Progress in Oceanography 53 (2002) 1-27
82. Licari L., and Mackensen A. Benthic foraminifera off West Africa (1 degrees N to 32 degree S): Do live assemblages from the topmost sediment reliably record environmental variability?. Marine Micropalaeontology 55 (2005) 205-233
83. Linke P. Metabolic adaptations of deep-sea benthic foraminifera to seasonally varying food input. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 81 (1992) 51-63
84. Loeblich A.R., and Tappan H. Some new and redefined genera and families of Textulariina, Fusulinina, Involutinina and Miliolina (Foraminiferida). Journal of Foraminiferal Research 16 (1986) 334-346
85. Loeblich A.R., and Tappan H. Foraminiferal Genera and Their Classification (1987), Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York
86. Loubere P. Quantitative estimation of surface ocean productivity and bottom water oxygen concentration using benthic foraminifera. Paleoceanography 9 (1984) 723-737
87. Loubere P., and Fariduddin M. Quantitative estimation of global patterns of surface ocean biological productivity and its seasonal variation on timescales from centuries to millennia. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13 (1999) 115-133
88. Lutze, G.F., 1986. Uvigerina species of the eastern North Atlantic. In: Van der Zwaan, G.J., Jorissen, F.J., Verhallen, P.J.J.M., von Daniels, C.H. (Eds.), Atlantic-European Oligocene to Recent Uvigerina. Utrecht Micropaleontological Bulletins 35, 21-46.
89. Lutze G.F., and Altenbach A. Technik und Signifikanz der Lebendfärbung benthischer Foraminiferen in Bengalrot. Geologisches Jahrbuch A 128 (1991) 251-265
90. Maas M. Verteilung lebendgefärbter benthischer Foraminiferen in einer intensivierten Sauerstoffminimumzone, Indo-Pakistanischer Kontinentalrand, nördliches Arabisches Meer. Meyniana 52 (2000) 101-129
91. McCulloch I. Qualitative Observations on Recent Foraminiferal Tests with Emphasis on the Eastern Pacific, Parts I-III (1977), University of Southern California, Los Angeles
92. Moodley L., Van der Zwaan G.J., Herman P.M.J., Kempers L., and Van Breugel P. Differential response of benthic meiofauna to anoxia with special reference to Foraminifera (Protista: Sarcodina). Marine Ecology-Progress Series 158 (1997) 151-163
93. Moodley L., Van der Zwann G.J., Rutten G.M.W., Boom R.C.E., and Kempers A.J. Subsurface activity of benthic foraminifera in relation to porewater oxygen content: laboratory experiments. Marine Micropaleontology 34 (1998) 91-106
94. Moodley L., Middleburg J.J., Boschker H.T.S., Duinveld G.C.A., Pel R., Herman P.M.J., and Heip C.H.R. Bacteria and foraminifera: key players in a short-term deep-sea benthic response to phytodetritus. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 236 (2002) 23-29
95. Murray J.W. Ecology and Applications of Benthic Foraminifera (2006), Cambridge University Press, London
96. Murray J.W., and Bowser S.E. Mortality, protoplasm decay rate, and reliability of staining techniques to recognize 'living' foraminifera: a review. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 30 (2000) 66-70
97. Naidu P.D., and Malmgren B.A. Do benthic foraminifer records represent a productivity index in oxygen minimum zone areas? An evaluation from the Oman Margin, Arabian Sea. Marine Micropaleontology 26 (1995) 49-55
98. Neira C., Sellanes J., Levin L.A., and Arntz W.E. Meiofaunal distributions on the Peru margin: relationship to oxygen and organic matter availability. Deep-Sea Research Part I 48 (2001) 2453-2472
99. Nomaki H., Heinz P., Nakatsuka T., Shimanaga M., and Kitazato H. Species specific ingestion of organic carbon by deep-sea benthic foraminifera and meiobenthos: In situ tracer experiments. Limnology and Oceanography 50 (2005) 134-146
100. Norman, A.M., 1892. Museum Normanianum: pt. 7-8, pp. 14-21, The Author, Durham.
101. Ohga T., and Kitazato H. Seasonal changes in bathyal foraminiferal populations in response to the flux of organic matter (Sagami Bay, Japan). Terra Nova 9 (1997) 33-37
102. Parr W.J. Foraminifera. B.A.N.Z. Antarctic Research Expedition 1929-1931, Series B (Zoology & Botany) V Pt. 6 (1950) 235-392 pls. 233-215
103. Pfannkuche O. Benthic response to the sedimentation of particulate organic matter at the BIOTRANS station, 47°N, 20°W. Deep-Sea Research II 40 (1993) 135-149
104. Poremba K. Simulated degradation of phytodetritus in deep-sea sediments of the NE Atlantic (47°N, 19°W). Marine Ecology-Progress Series 105 (1994) 291-299
105. Reuss, A.E., 1850. Neues Foraminiferen aus den Schichten des österreichischen Tertiärbeckens: K. Akad, Wiss. Wien, math.-naturwiss. Cl., Denkschr., vol. 1, pp. 365-390, pl. 46-51.
106. Risgaard-Petersen N., Langezaal A.M., Ingvardsen S., Schmid M.C., Jetten M.S.M., Op den Camp H.J.M., Derksen J.W.M., Piña-Ochoa E., Eriksson S.P., Nielsen L.P., Revsbech N.P., Cedhagen T., and van der Zwaan G.J. Evidence for complete denitrification in a benthic foraminifer. Science 443 (2006) 93-96
107. Schmiedl G., and Mackensen A. Late Quaternary paleoproductivity and deep water circulation in the eastern South Atlantic Ocean: evidence from benthic foraminifera. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimaology, Palaeoecology 130 (1997) 43-80
108. Schönfeld J., and Altenbach A.V. Late Glacial to Recent distribution pattern of deep-water Uvigerina species in the north-eastern Atlantic. Marine Micropaleontology 57 (2005) 1-24
109. Schumacher S., Jorissen F.J., Dissard D., Larkin K.E., and Gooday A.J. Live (Rose Bengal stained) and dead benthic foraminifera from the oxygen minimum zone of the Pakistan continental margin (Arabian Sea). Marine Micropaleontology 62 (2007) 45-73
110. Sen Gupta B.K., and Machain-Castillo M.L. Benthic foraminifera in oxygen-poor habitats. Marine Micropalaeontology 20 (1993) 183-201
111. Shannon C.E. A mathematical theory of communication. Bell System Technical Journal 27 1/2 (1948) 379-423 27(3), 623-656
112. Skinner H.C. Revision of 'Proteonina difflugiformis'. Journal of Paleontology 35 (1961) 1238-1240
113. Smart C.W., and Gooday A.J. Recent benthic foraminifera in the abyssal northeast Atlantic Ocean: relation to phytodetrital inputs. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 27 (1997) 85-92
114. Stubbings, H.G., 1939. The marine deposits of the Arabian Sea. An investigation into their distribution and biology. Scientific Reports of the John Murray Expedition 1933-34, vol. 3, pp. 31-158.
115. Suhr S.B., and Pond D.W. Antarctic benthic foraminifera facilitate rapid cycling of phytoplankton-derived organic carbon. Deep-Sea Research Part II 53 (2006) 895-902
116. Van der Zwaan G.J., Duijnstee I.A.P., den Dulk M., Ernst S.R., Jannink N.T., and Kouwenhoven T.J. Benthic foraminifers: proxies or problems? A review of paleoecological concepts. Earth-Science Reviews 46 (1999) 213-235
117. Walton W.R. Techniques for recognition of living foraminifera. Contributions of the Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research 4 (1952) 205-215
118. Woulds C., Cowie G.L., Levin L.A., Andersson J.H., Middelburg J.J., Vandewiele S., Lamont P.A., Larkin K.E., Gooday A.J., Schumacher S., Whitcraft C., Jeffreys R., and Schwartz M. Oxygen as a control on sea floor biological communities and their roles in sedimentary carbon cycling. Limnology and Oceanography 52 (2007) 1698-1709
119. Zheng S., and Fu Z. Fauna Sinica. Phylum Granuloreticulosa, Class Foraminifera, Agglutinated Foraminifera (2001), Science Press, Beijing
120. Zobel B. Biostratigraphische Untersuchungen an Sedimenten des indisch pakistanischen Kontinentalrandes (Arabisches Meer). Meteor Forschungs-Ergebnisse, Reihe C 12 (1973) 9-73