Epidemiology and potential mechanisms of tobacco smoking and heavy alcohol consumption in pancreatic cancer

Molecular Carcinogenesis

Volumn 51, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 40-52

  Duell, Eric J ^a  

^a BELLVITGE BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE IDIBELL   (Spain)

Author keywords

Alcohol; Epidemiology; Pancreatic cancer; Tobacco

Indexed keywords

4 (METHYLNITROSAMINO) 1 (3 PYRIDYL) 1 BUTANONE; ACRYLAMIDE; ALCOHOL; ALDEHYDE; ALDEHYDE REDUCTASE; ARACHIDONIC ACID; AROMATIC AMINE; CADMIUM; CIGARETTE SMOKE; DIMETHYLNITROSAMINE; FATTY ACID ESTER; FORMALDEHYDE; FREE RADICAL; K RAS PROTEIN; METHYL GROUP; NITROSAMINE; NITROSONORNICOTINE; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; STYRENE; XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM GROUP D PROTEIN; XRCC1 PROTEIN; XRCC3 PROTEIN;

ALCOHOL ABUSE; ARTICLE; BREAST CANCER; CANCER RISK; CARCINOGENESIS; CHRONIC PANCREATITIS; CIGARETTE SMOKING; COLORECTAL CANCER; DNA DAMAGE; DNA METHYLATION; DNA REPAIR; EPIGENETICS; ESOPHAGUS CANCER; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; HUMAN; LARYNX CANCER; LIVER CANCER; LUNG CANCER; MALNUTRITION; MOUTH CANCER; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PANCREAS ADENOCARCINOMA; PANCREAS CANCER; PASSIVE SMOKING; PHARYNX CANCER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RED WINE; SMOKELESS TOBACCO; SMOKING CESSATION;

ADENOCARCINOMA; ALCOHOL DRINKING; ALDEHYDES; CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC; DNA DAMAGE; ETHANOL; FREE RADICALS; HUMANS; PANCREATIC NEOPLASMS; PANCREATITIS; POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS, AROMATIC; SMOKING; TOBACCO;

EID: 83455176701     PISSN: 08991987     EISSN: 10982744     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/mc.20786     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Iodice S, Gandini S, Maisonneuve P, et al. Tobacco and the risk of pancreatic cancer: A review and meta-analysis. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2008; 393: 535-545.
2. Anderson KE, Mack TM, Silverman DT. Cancer of the pancreas. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF Jr, editors. Cancer epidemiology and prevention. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006. pp. 721-762.
3. Duell EJ, Bracci PM. Holly EA environmental determinants of exocrine pancreatic cancer. In: Pour PM, editor. Toxicology of the pancreas. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2006. pp. 395-422.
4. Risch HA, Yu H, Lu L, et al. ABO blood group, Helicobacter pylori seropositivity, and risk of pancreatic cancer: A case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010; 102: 502-505.
5. Wolpin BM, Kraft P, Gross M, et al. Pancreatic cancer risk and ABO blood group alleles: Results from the pancreatic cancer cohort consortium. Cancer Res 2010; 70: 1015-1023.
6. Li D, Morris JS, Liu J, et al. Body mass index and risk, age of onset, and survival in patients with pancreatic cancer. JAMA 2009; 301: 2553-2562.
7. Gandini S, Lowenfels AB, Jaffee EM, et al. Allergies and the risk of pancreatic cancer: A meta-analysis with review of epidemiology and biological mechanisms. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 1908-1916.
8. Chan JM, Wang F, Holly EA. Vegetable and fruit intake and pancreatic cancer in a population-based case-control study in the San Francisco bay area. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 2093-2097.
9. Chan JM, Wang F, Holly EA. Whole grains and risk of pancreatic cancer in a large population-based case-control study in the San Francisco Bay Area, California. Am J Epidemiol 2007; 166: 1174-1185.
10. Genkinger JM, Spiegelman D, Anderson KE, et al. Alcohol intake and pancreatic cancer risk: A pooled analysis of fourteen cohort studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 765-776.
11. Lucenteforte E, La Vecchia C, Silverman D, et al. Alcohol consumption and pancreatic cancer: A pooled analysis in the International Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium (PanC4). Ann Oncol 2011; May 2 [Epub ahead of print].
12. Michaud DS, Vrieling A, Jiao L, et al. Alcohol intake and pancreatic cancer: A pooled analysis from the pancreatic cancer cohort consortium (PanScan). Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21: 1213-1225.
13. Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ, Cross AJ, Silverman DT, et al. Meat and meat-mutagen intake and pancreatic cancer risk in the NIH-AARP cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16: 2664-2675.
14. Go VL, Gukovskaya A, Pandol SJ. Alcohol and pancreatic cancer. Alcohol 2005; 35: 205-211.
15. Gupta S, Wang F, Holly EA, et al. Risk of pancreatic cancer by alcohol dose, duration, and pattern of consumption, including binge drinking: A population-based study. Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21: 1047-1059.
16. Tramacere I, Scotti L, Jenab M, et al. Alcohol drinking and pancreatic cancer risk: A meta-analysis of the dose-risk relation. Int J Cancer 2010; 126: 1474-1486.
17. Hecht SS. Tobacco smoke carcinogens lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91: 1194-1210.
18. Lynch SM, Vrieling A, Lubin JH, et al. Cigarette smoking and pancreatic cancer: A pooled analysis from the pancreatic cancer cohort consortium. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 170: 403-413.
19. Duell EJ, Holly EA, Bracci PM, et al. A population-based, case-control study of polymorphisms in carcinogen-metabolizing genes, smoking, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94: 297-306.
20. Kadlubar S, Anderson JP, Sweeney C, et al. Phenotypic CYP2A6 variation and the risk of pancreatic cancer. J Pancreas (Online) 2009; 10: 263-270.
21. McWilliams RR, Bamlet WR, de Andrade M, et al. Nucleotide excision repair pathway polymorphisms and pancreatic cancer risk: Evidence for role of MMS19L. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 1295-1302.
22. Li D, Jiao L, Li Y, et al. Polymorphisms of cytochrome P4501A2 and N-acetyltransferase genes, smoking, and risk of pancreatic cancer. Carcinogenesis 2006; 27: 103-111.
23. Cantor RM, Lange K, Sinsheimer JS. Prioritizing GWAS results: A review of statistical methods and recommendations for their application. Am J Hum Genet 2010; 86: 6-22.
24. Amundadottir L, Kraft P, Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies variants in the ABO locus associated with susceptibility to pancreatic cancer. Nat Genet 2009; 41: 986-990.
25. Petersen GM, Amundadottir L, Fuchs CS, et al. A genome-wide association study identifies pancreatic cancer susceptibility loci on chromosomes 13q22.1, 1q32.1 and 5p15.33. Nat Genet 2010; 42: 224-228.
26. Wittel UA, Singh AP, Henley BJ, et al. Cigarette smoke-induced differential expression of the genes involved in exocrine function of the rat pancreas. Pancreas 2006; 33: 364-370.
27. Wittel UA, Pandey KK, Andrianifahanana M, et al. Chronic pancreatic inflammation induced by environmental tobacco smoke inhalation in rats. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 148-159.
28. Al Wadei HA, Schuller HM. Nicotinic receptor-associated modulation of stimulatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in NNK-induced adenocarcinoma of the lungs and pancreas. J Pathol 2009; 218: 437-445.
29. Askari MD, Tsao MS, Schuller HM. The tobacco-specific carcinogen, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone stimulates proliferation of immortalized human pancreatic duct epithelia through beta-adrenergic transactivation of EGF receptors. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2005; 131: 639-648.
30. Tai MH, Upham BL, Olson LK, et al. Cigarette smoke components inhibited intercellular communication and differentiation in human pancreatic ductal epithelial cells. Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 1855-1862.
31. Secretan B, Straif K, Baan R, et al. A review of human carcinogens-Part E: Tobacco, areca nut, alcohol, coal smoke, and salted fish. Lancet Oncol 2009; 10: 1033-1034.
32. Boffetta P, Hecht S, Gray N, et al. Smokeless tobacco and cancer. Lancet Oncol 2008; 9: 667-675.
33. Bertuccio P, La Vecchia C, Silverman DT, et al. Cigar and pipe smoking, smokeless tobacco use and pancreatic cancer: An analysis from the International Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium (PanC4). Ann Oncol 2011 Jan 18. [Epub ahead of print].
34. Sponsiello-Wang Z, Weitkunat R, Lee PN. Systematic review of the relation between smokeless tobacco and cancer of the pancreas in Europe and North America. BMC Cancer 2008; 8: 356.
35. Bao Y, Giovannucci E, Fuchs CS, et al. Passive smoking and pancreatic cancer in women: A prospective cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 2292-2296.
36. Heinen MM, Verhage BA, Goldbohm RA, et al. Active and passive smoking and the risk of pancreatic cancer in the Netherlands Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19: 1612-1622.
37. Vrieling A, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Boshuizen HC, et al. Cigarette smoking, environmental tobacco smoke exposure and pancreatic cancer risk in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Int J Cancer 2010; 126: 2394-2403.
38. Hassan MM, Abbruzzese JL, Bondy ML, et al. Passive smoking and the use of noncigarette tobacco products in association with risk for pancreatic cancer: A case-control study. Cancer 2007; 109: 2547-2556.
39. Gallicchio L, Kouzis A, Genkinger JM, et al. Active cigarette smoking, household passive smoke exposure, and the risk of developing pancreatic cancer. Prev Med 2006; 42: 200-205.
40. Doherty SP, Grabowski J, Hoffman C, et al. Early life insult from cigarette smoke may be predictive of chronic diseases later in life. Biomarkers 2009; 14: 97-101.
41. Seitz HK, Stickel F. Molecular mechanisms of alcohol-mediated carcinogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer 2007; 7: 599-612.
42. Velema JP, Walker AM, Gold EB. Alcohol and pancreatic cancer. Insufficient epidemiologic evidence for a causal relationship. Epidemiol Rev 1986; 8: 28-41.
43. Harnack LJ, Anderson KE, Zheng W, et al. Smoking, alcohol, coffee, and tea intake and incidence of cancer of the exocrine pancreas: The Iowa Women's Health Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1997; 6: 1081-1086.
44. Hassan MM, Bondy ML, Wolff RA, et al. Risk factors for pancreatic cancer: Case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 2696-2707.
45. Heinen MM, Verhage BA, Ambergen TA, et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of pancreatic cancer in the Netherlands cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169: 1233-1242.
46. Heuch I, Kvale G, Jacobsen BK, et al. Use of alcohol, tobacco and coffee, and risk of pancreatic cancer. Br J Cancer 1983; 48: 637-643.
47. Jiao L, Silverman DT, Schairer C, et al. Alcohol use and risk of pancreatic cancer: The NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169: 1043-1051.
48. Partanen TJ, Vainio HU, Ojajarvi IA, et al. Pancreas cancer, tobacco smoking and consumption of alcoholic beverages: A case-control study. Cancer Lett 1997; 116: 27-32.
49. Silverman DT, Brown LM, Hoover RN, et al. Alcohol and pancreatic cancer in blacks and whites in the United States. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 4899-4905.
50. Suzuki T, Matsuo K, Sawaki A, et al. Alcohol drinking and one-carbon metabolism-related gene polymorphisms on pancreatic cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 2742-2747.
51. Tonnesen H, Moller H, Andersen JR, et al. Cancer morbidity in alcohol abusers. Br J Cancer 1994; 69: 327-332.
52. Zheng W, McLaughlin JK, Gridley G, et al. A cohort study of smoking, alcohol consumption, and dietary factors for pancreatic cancer (United States). Cancer Causes Control 1993; 4: 477-482.
53. Ye W, Lagergren J, Weiderpass E, et al. Alcohol abuse and the risk of pancreatic cancer. Gut 2002; 51: 236-239.
54. Talamini R, Polesel J, Gallus S, et al. Tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and pancreatic cancer risk: A case-control study in Italy. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46: 370-376.
55. Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, et al. Carcinogenicity of alcoholic beverages. Lancet Oncol 2007; 8: 292-293.
56. Hashibe M, Brennan P, Benhamou S, et al. Alcohol drinking in never users of tobacco, cigarette smoking in never drinkers, and the risk of head and neck cancer: Pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99: 777-789.
57. Whitcomb DC, Inflammation Cancer V. Chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004; 287: G315-G319.
58. Corrao G, Bagnardi V, Zambon A, et al. A meta-analysis of alcohol consumption and the risk of 15 diseases. Prev Med 2004; 38: 613-619.
59. Dufour MC, Adamson MD. The epidemiology of alcohol-induced pancreatitis. Pancreas 2003; 27: 286-290.
60. Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P, Cavallini G, et al. Pancreatitis and the risk of pancreatic cancer. International Pancreatitis Study Group. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1433-1437.
61. Huxley R, Ansary-Moghaddam A, Berrington DG, et al. Type-II diabetes and pancreatic cancer: A meta-analysis of 36 studies. Br J Cancer 2005; 92: 2076-2083.
62. Koppes LL, Dekker JM, Hendriks HF, et al. Moderate alcohol consumption lowers the risk of type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 719-725.
63. Conigrave KM, Rimm EB. Alcohol for the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus? Treat Endocrinol 2003; 2: 145-152.
64. Baxter ED, Slaiding IR, Travers V. Current incidence of N-nitrosodimethylamine in beers worldwide. Food Addit Contam 2007; 24: 807-811.
65. Gerloff A, Singer MV, Feick P. Beer and its non-alcoholic compounds: Role in pancreatic exocrine secretion, alcoholic pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2010; 7: 1093-1104.
66. Schuller HM. Mechanisms of smoking-related lung and pancreatic adenocarcinoma development. Nat Rev Cancer 2002; 2: 455-463.
67. Wei D, Xiong HQ, Abbruzzese JL, et al. Experimental animal models of pancreatic carcinogenesis and metastasis. Int J Gastrointest Cancer 2003; 33: 43-60.
68. Wogan GN, Hecht SS, Felton JS, et al. Environmental and chemical carcinogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2004; 14: 473-486.
69. Longnecker DS. Clues from experimental models. In: Reber H, editor. Pancreatic cancer: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Totowa: Humana Press; 1998. pp. 53-70.
70. Bardeesy N, DePinho RA. Pancreatic cancer biology and genetics. Nat Rev Cancer 2002; 2: 897-909.
71. Porta M, Crous-Bou M, Wark PA, et al. Cigarette smoking and K-ras mutations in pancreas, lung and colorectal adenocarcinomas: Etiopathogenic similarities, differences and paradoxes. Mutat Res 2009; 682: 83-93.
72. Schuller HM, Jorquera R, Reichert A, et al. Transplacental induction of pancreas tumors in hamsters by ethanol and the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 2498-2501.
73. Zyromski NJ, Mathur A, Pitt HA, et al. Obesity potentiates the growth and dissemination of pancreatic cancer. Surgery 2009; 146: 258-263.
74. Molina MA, Sitja-Arnau M, Lemoine MG, et al. Increased cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human pancreatic carcinomas and cell lines: Growth inhibition by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 4356-4362.
75. Zhao D, Xu D, Zhang X, et al. Interaction of cyclooxygenase-2 variants and smoking in pancreatic cancer: A possible role of nucleophosmin. Gastroenterology 2009; 136: 1659-1668.
76. Schuller HM, Zhang L, Weddle DL, et al. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor ibuprofen and the FLAP inhibitor MK886 inhibit pancreatic carcinogenesis induced in hamsters by transplacental exposure to ethanol and the tobacco carcinogen NNK. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2002; 128: 525-532.
77. Bradley MC, Hughes CM, Cantwell MM, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and pancreatic cancer risk: A nested case-control study. Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 1415-1421.
78. Duell EJ, Bracci PM, Moore JH, et al. Detecting pathway-based gene-gene and gene-environment interactions in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 1470-1479.
79. Duell EJ, Holly EA, Bracci PM, et al. A population-based study of the Arg399Gln polymorphism in X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) and risk of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 4630-4636.
80. Jiao L, Bondy ML, Hassan MM, et al. Selected polymorphisms of DNA repair genes and risk of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Detect Prev 2006; 30: 284-291.
81. Jiao L, Hassan MM, Bondy ML, et al. The XPD Asp312Asn and Lys751Gln polymorphisms, corresponding haplotype, and pancreatic cancer risk. Cancer Lett 2007; 245: 61-68.
82. McWilliams RR, Bamlet WR, Cunningham JM, et al. Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes, smoking, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma risk. Cancer Res 2008; 68: 4928-4935.
83. Wang F, Chang D, Hu FL, et al. DNA repair gene XPD polymorphisms and cancer risk: A meta-analysis based on 56 case-control studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 507-517.
84. Rice JM. The carcinogenicity of acrylamide. Mutat Res 2005; 580: 3-20.
85. Marsh GM, Youk AO, Buchanich JM, et al. Mortality patterns among workers exposed to acrylamide: Updated follow up. J Occup Environ Med 2007; 49: 82-95.
86. Swaen GM, Haidar S, Burns CJ, et al. Mortality study update of acrylamide workers. Occup Environ Med 2007; 64: 396-401.
87. National Toxicology Program. Final report on carcinogens background document for styrene. Rep Carcinog Backgr Doc 2008; i-398.
88. National Toxicology Program. Final report on carcinogens background document for formaldehyde. Rep Carcinog Backgr Doc 2010; i-512.
89. Schwartz GG, Reis IM. Is cadmium a cause of human pancreatic cancer? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2000; 9: 139-145.
90. Kriegel AM, Soliman AS, Zhang Q, et al. Serum cadmium levels in pancreatic cancer patients from the East Nile Delta region of Egypt. Environ Health Perspect 2006; 114: 113-119.
91. Maisonneuve P, Lowenfels AB, Mullhaupt B, et al. Cigarette smoking accelerates progression of alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. Gut 2005; 54: 510-514.
92. Kolar C, Lawson T. Mutagenicity of carcinogenic nitrosamines when activated by hamster and human pancreatic duct epithelial cells. Cancer Lett 1997; 117: 149-154.
93. Baan R, Grosse Y, Straif K, et al. A review of human carcinogens-Part F: Chemical agents and related occupations. Lancet Oncol 2009; 10: 1143-1144.
94. Druesne-Pecollo N, Tehard B, Mallet Y, et al. Alcohol and genetic polymorphisms: Effect on risk of alcohol-related cancer. Lancet Oncol 2009; 10: 173-180.
95. Linneberg A, Gonzalez-Quintela A, Vidal C, et al. Genetic determinants of both ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism influence alcohol hypersensitivity and drinking behaviour among Scandinavians. Clin Exp Allergy 2010; 40: 123-130.
96. Chiang CP, Wu CW, Lee SP, et al. Expression pattern, ethanol-metabolizing activities, and cellular localization of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases in human pancreas: Implications for pathogenesis of alcohol-induced pancreatic injury. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 33: 1059-1068.
97. Kanda J, Matsuo K, Suzuki T, et al. Impact of alcohol consumption with polymorphisms in alcohol-metabolizing enzymes on pancreatic cancer risk in Japanese. Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 296-302.
98. Mohelnikova-Duchonova B, Vrana D, Holcatova I, et al. CYP2A13, ADH1B, and ADH1C gene polymorphisms and pancreatic cancer risk. Pancreas 2010; 39: 144-148.
99. Balbo S, Hashibe M, Gundy S, et al. N2-ethyldeoxyguanosine as a potential biomarker for assessing effects of alcohol consumption on DNA. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 3026-3032.
100. Blasiak J. Ethanol and acetaldehyde impair the repair of bleomycin-damaged DNA in human lymphocytes. Cytobios 2001; 106: 141-149.
101. 6-methylguanine transferase-mediated repair of alkylated DNA. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1986; 10: 73S-77S.
102. Weng H, Weng Z, Lu Y, et al. Effects of alcohol-drinking behaviour and ADH1B and ALDH2 polymorphisms on basal DNA damage in human mononuclear cells as determined by the comet assay. Mutat Res 2010; 701: 132-136.
103. Burim RV, Canalle R, Martinelli AL, et al. Polymorphisms in glutathione S-transferases GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 and cytochromes P450 CYP2E1 and CYP1A1 and susceptibility to cirrhosis or pancreatitis in alcoholics. Mutagenesis 2004; 19: 291-298.
104. Wacke R, Kirchner A, Prall F, et al. Up-regulation of cytochrome P450 1A2, 2C9, and 2E1 in chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas 1998; 16: 521-528.
105. Farrow B, Sugiyama Y, Chen A, et al. Inflammatory mechanisms contributing to pancreatic cancer development. Ann Surg 2004; 239: 763-769.
106. Binkley CE, Zhang L, Greenson JK, et al. The molecular basis of pancreatic fibrosis: Common stromal gene expression in chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Pancreas 2004; 29: 254-263.
107. Gong Z, Holly EA, Bracci PM. Intake of folate, vitamins B6, B12 and methionine and risk of pancreatic cancer in a large population-based case-control study. Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20: 1317-1325.
108. Larsson SC, Hakansson N, Giovannucci E, et al. Folate intake and pancreatic cancer incidence: A prospective study of Swedish women and men. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98: 407-413.
109. Larsson SC, Giovannucci E, Wolk A. Methionine and vitamin B6 intake and risk of pancreatic cancer: A prospective study of Swedish women and men. Gastroenterology 2007; 132: 113-118.
110. Skinner HG, Michaud DS, Giovannucci EL, et al. A prospective study of folate intake and the risk of pancreatic cancer in men and women. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 160: 248-258.
111. Li D, Ahmed M, Li Y, et al. 5, 10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms and the risk of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 1470-1476.