Genetics of susceptibility and treatment response in psoriatic arthritis

Nature Reviews Rheumatology

Volumn 7, Issue 12, 2011, Pages 718-732

  O'Rielly, Darren D ^a   Rahman, Proton ^b  

^a MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND   (Canada)

^b St Clare's Mercy Hospital   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BINDING PROTEIN; GAP JUNCTION PROTEIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INFLIXIMAB; INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 23; METHOTREXATE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR ASSOCIATED FACTOR 3 INTERACTING PROTEIN 2; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; BETA DEFENSIN GENE; DNA POLYMORPHISM; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG RESPONSE; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; GENE IDENTIFICATION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HUMAN; INNATE IMMUNITY; LCE3B GENE; LCE3C GENE; LINKAGE ANALYSIS; LIVER TOXICITY; MUTATOR GENE; PATHOGENESIS; PHARMACOGENETICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSORIASIS; PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SKIN FUNCTION;

ANIMALS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; ARTHRITIS, PSORIATIC; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS;

EID: 82955234096     PISSN: 17594790     EISSN: 17594804     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2011.169     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Rahman, P. & Elder, J. T. Genetic epidemiology of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 64 (Suppl. 2), ii37-ii39; discussion ii40-ii41 (2005). (Pubitemid 40288518)
2. Ibrahim, G., Waxman. R. & Helliwell, P. S. The prevalence of psoriatic arthritis in people with psoriasis. Arthritis Rheum. 61, 1373-1378 (2009).
3. Taylor, W. et al. Classification criteria for psoriatic arthritis: Development of new criteria from a large international study. Arthritis Rheum. 54, 2665-2667 (2006).
4. Moll, J. M. & Wright, V. Psoriatic arthritis. Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 3, 55-78 (1973).
5. Gladman, D. D., Antoni, C., Mease, P., Clegg, D. O. & Nash, P. Psoriatic arthritis: Epidemiology, clinical features, course, and outcome. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 64 (Suppl. 2), ii14-ii47 (2005).
6. Saad, A. A., Symmons, D. P., Noyce, P. R. & Ashcroft, D. M. Risks and benefits of tumor necrosis factor-A inhibitors in the management of psoriatic arthritis: Systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Rheumatol. 35, 883-890 (2008). (Pubitemid 351747132)
7. Saad, A. A. et al. Efficacy and safety of anti-TNF therapies in psoriatic arthritis: An observational study from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Rheumatology (Oxford). 49, 697-705 (2010).
8. Kristensen, L. E., Gülfe, A., Saxne, T. & Geborek, P. Efficacy and tolerability of anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy in psoriatic arthritis patients: Results from the South Swedish Arthritis Treatment Group register. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 67, 364-369 (2008). (Pubitemid 351281272)
9. Ritchlin, C. T. From skin to bone: Translational perspectives on psoriatic disease. J. Rheumatol. 35, 1434-1437 (2008). (Pubitemid 352000800)
10. Reece, R. J., Canete, J. D., Parsons, W. J., Emery, P. & Veale, D. J. Distinct vascular patterns of early synovitis in psoriatic, reactive, and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 42, 1481-1484 (1999). (Pubitemid 30265607)
11. Fearon, U. et al. Angiopoietins, growth factors, and vascular morphology in early arthritis. J. Rheumatol. 30, 260-268 (2003). (Pubitemid 36152587)
12. Ritchlin, C. T., Haas-Smith, S. A., Li, P., Hicks, D. G. & Schwarz, E. M. Mechanisms of TNF-A- and RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in psoriatic arthritis. J. Clin. Invest. 111, 821-831 (2003). (Pubitemid 37074957)
13. Moll, J. M. & Wright, V. Familial occurrence of psoriatic arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 32, 181-201 (1973).
14. Chandran, V. et al. Familial aggregation of psoriatic arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 68, 664-667 (2009).
15. Gladman, D. D. Natural history of psoriatic arthritis. Baillieres Clin. Rheumatol. 8, 379-394 (1994). (Pubitemid 24189845)
16. Nair, R. P. et al. Sequence and haplotype analysis supports HLA-C as the psoriasis susceptibility 1 gene. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 78, 827-851 (2006).
17. Jenisch, S. et al. Linkage analysis of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) markers in familial psoriasis: Strong disequilibrium effects provide evidence for a major determinant in the HLA-B/-C region. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 63, 191-199 (1998). (Pubitemid 30428335)
18. Duffin, K. C. et al. Genetics of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: Update and future direction. J. Rheumatol. 35, 1449-1453 (2008). (Pubitemid 352000802)
19. Feng, B. J. et al. Multiple loci within the major histocompatibility complex confer risk of psoriasis. PLoS Genet. 5, e1000606 (2009).
20. Gladman, D. D, Anhorn, K. A., Schachter, R. K. & Mervart, H. HLA antigens in psoriatic arthritis. J. Rheumatol. 13, 586-592 (1986). (Pubitemid 16058075)
21. Gerber, L. H. et al. Human lymphocyte antigens characterizing psoriatic arthritis and its subtypes. J. Rheumatol. 9, 703-707 (1982). (Pubitemid 13169960)
22. Espinoza, L. R. et al. Histocompatibility typing in the seronegative spondyloarthropathies: A survey. Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 11, 375-381 (1982). (Pubitemid 12159240)
23. Kantor, S. M., Hsu, S. H., Bias, W. B. & Arnett, F. C. Clinical and immunologic subsets of psoriatic arthritis. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 2, 105-109 (1984). (Pubitemid 14055555)
24. Gladman, D. D. & Farewell, V. T. The role of HLA antigens as indicators of disease progression in psoriatic arthritis. Multivariate relative risk model. Arthritis Rheum. 38, 845-850 (1995).
25. Gladman, D. D. et al. HLA-DRB1*04 alleles in psoriatic arthritis: Comparison with rheumatoid arthritis and healthy controls. Hum. Immunol. 62, 1239-1244 (2001). (Pubitemid 33032276)
26. Ho, P. Y. et al. Investigating the role of the HLA-Cw*06 and HLA-DRB1 genes in susceptibility to psoriatic arthritis: Comparison with psoriasis and undifferentiated inflammatory arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 67, 677-682 (2008). (Pubitemid 351571933)
27. Rahman, P. et al. TNFa polymorphisms and risk of psoriatic arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 65, 919-923 (2006).
28. Reich, K. et al. TNF polymorphisms in psoriasis: Association of psoriatic arthritis with the promoter polymorphism TNF*-857 independent of the PSORS1 risk allele. Arthritis Rheum. 56, 2056-2064 (2007). (Pubitemid 47110405)
29. Gonzalez, S. et al. The MICA-A9 triplet repeat polymorphism in the transmembrane region confers additional susceptibility to the development of psoriatic arthritis and is independent of the association of Cw*0602 in psoriasis. Arthritis Rheum. 42, 1010-1016 (1999). (Pubitemid 29215013)
30. Korendowych, E. et al. Disease-specific alleles of the MHC Class I related gene, MICA, are associated with type I psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis [abstract FC-10]. Br. J. Dermatol. 154, 4 (2006).
31. MacGregor, A. J. et al. Characterizing the quantitative genetic contribution to rheumatoid arthritis using data from twins. Arthritis Rheum. 43, 30-37 (2000). (Pubitemid 30368210)
32. Rahman, P. et al. High resolution mapping in the major histocompatibility complex region identifies multiple independent novel loci for psoriatic arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 70, 690-694 (2011).
33. Fellay, J. et al. A whole-genome association study of major determinants for host control of HIV-1. Science 317, 944-947 (2007). (Pubitemid 47301321)
34. Liu, Y. et al. A genome-wide association study of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis identifies new disease loci. PLoS Genet. 4, e1000041 (2008).
35. Boudreau, D. et al. Novel association of HCP5 gene in psoriatic arthritis [abstract]. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 69 (Suppl. 3), 114 (2010).
36. Nelson, G. W. et al. Cutting edge: Heterozygote advantage in autoimmune disease: Hierarchy of protection/susceptibility conferred by HLA and killer Ig-like receptor combinations in psoriatic arthritis. J. Immunol. 173, 4273-4276 (2004). (Pubitemid 39280654)
37. Martin, M. P. et al. Cutting edge: Susceptibility to psoriatic arthritis: Influence of activating killer Ig-like receptor genes in the absence of specific HLA-C alleles. J. Immunol. 169, 2818-2822 (2002). (Pubitemid 35013118)
38. Sagoo, G. S., Cork, M. C., Patel, R. & Tazi-Ahnini, R. Genome-wide studies of psoriasis susceptibility loci: A review. J. Dermatol. Sci. 35, 171-179 (2004). (Pubitemid 39295691)
39. Karason, A. et al. A susceptibility gene for psoriatic arthritis maps to chromosome 16q: Evidence for imprinting. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72, 125-131 (2003). (Pubitemid 36056848)
40. Karason, A. et al. Genetics of psoriasis in Iceland: Evidence for linkage of subphenotypes to distinct loci. J. Invest. Dermatol. 124, 1177-1185 (2005). (Pubitemid 40847404)
41. Nair, R. P. et al. Genome-wide scan reveals association of psoriasis with IL-23 and NF-KB pathways. Nat. Genet. 41, 199-204 (2009).
42. Ellinghaus, E. et al. Genome-wide association study identifies a psoriasis susceptibility locus at TRAF3IP2. Nat. Genet. 42, 991-995 (2010).
43. Hüffmeier, U. et al. Common variants at TRAF3IP2 are associated with susceptibility to psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis. Nat. Genet. 42, 996-999 (2010).
44. Strange, A. et al. A genome-wide association study identifies new psoriasis susceptibility loci and an interaction between HLA-C and ERAP1. Nat. Genet. 42, 985-990 (2010).
45. Zhang, X. J. et al. Psoriasis genome-wide association study identifies susceptibility variants within LCE gene cluster at 1q21. Nat. Genet. 41, 205-210 (2009).
46. Cargill, M. et al. A large-scale genetic association study confirms IL12B and leads to the identification of IL23R as psoriasis-risk genes. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 80, 273-290 (2007). (Pubitemid 46175676)
47. Sun, L. D. et al. Association analyses identify six new psoriasis susceptibility loci in the Chinese population. Nat. Genet. 42, 1005-1009 (2010).
48. Stuart, P. E. et al. Genome-wide association analysis identifies three psoriasis susceptibility loci. Nat. Genet. 42, 1000-1004 (2010).
49. Capon, F. et al. Identification of ZNF313/RNF114 as a novel psoriasis susceptibility gene. Hum. Mol. Genet. 17, 1938-1945 (2008). (Pubitemid 351865842)
50. Filer, C. et al. Investigation of association of the IL12B and IL23R genes with psoriatic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 58, 3705-3709 (2008).
51. Hüffmeier, U. et al. Genetic variants of the IL-23R pathway: Association with psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis vulgaris, but no specific risk factor for arthritis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 129, 355-358 (2009).
52. Bowes, J. et al. Variants in linkage disequilibrium with the late cornified envelope gene cluster deletion are associated with susceptibility to psoriatic arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 69, 2199-2203 (2010).
53. de Cid, R. et al. Deletion of the late cornified envelope LCE3B and LCE3C genes as a susceptibility factor for psoriasis. Nat. Genet. 41, 211-215 (2009).
54. Li, M. et al. Deletion of the late cornified envelope genes LCE3C and LCE3B is associated with psoriasis in a Chinese population. J. Invest. Dermatol. 131, 1639-1643 (2011).
55. Coto, E. et al. Mutation analysis of the LCE3B/LCE3C genes in psoriasis. BMC Med. Genet. 11, 45 (2010).
56. Riveira-Munoz, E. et al. Meta-Analysis confirms the LCE3C-LCE3B deletion as a risk factor for psoriasis in several ethnic groups and finds interaction with HLA-Cw6. J. Invest. Dermatol. 131, 1105-1109 (2011).
57. Hüffmeier, U. et al. Replication of LCE3C-LCE3B CNV as a risk factor for psoriasis and analysis of interaction with other genetic risk factors. J. Invest. Dermatol. 130, 979-984 (2009).
58. de Guzman Strong, C. et al. A milieu of regulatory elements in the epidermal differentiation complex syntenic block: Implications for atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Hum. Mol. Genet. 19, 1453-1460 (2010).
59. Yang, D. et al. ß-defensins: Linking innate and adaptive immunity through dendritic and T cell CCR6. Science 286, 525-528 (1999).
60. Niyonsaba, F., Ogawa, H. & Nagaoka, I. Human ß-defensin-2 functions as a chemotactic agent for tumour necrosis factor-A-treated human neutrophils. Immunology 111, 273-281 (2004). (Pubitemid 38365749)
61. Hollox, E. J. et al. Psoriasis is associated with increased ß-defensin genomic copy number. Nat. Genet. 40, 23-25 (2008).
62. Varoga, D. et al. Expression and regulation of antimicrobial peptides in articular joints. Ann. Anat. 187, 499-508 (2005). (Pubitemid 41715508)
63. Labarthe, M. P., Bosco, D., Saurat, J. H., Meda, P. & Salomon, D. Upregulation of connexin 26 between keratinocytes of psoriatic lesions. J. Invest. Dermatol. 111, 72-76 (1998). (Pubitemid 28309211)
64. Djalilian, A. R. et al. Connexin 26 regulates epidermal barrier and wound remodeling and promotes psoriasiform response. J. Clin. Invest. 116, 1243-1253 (2006).
65. Marino, A. A. et al. Increased intercellular communication through gap junctions may contribute to progression of osteoarthritis. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 422, 224-232 (2004). (Pubitemid 38685498)
66. Hayden, M. S. & Ghosh, S. NF-KB in immunobiology. Cell Res. 21, 223-244 (2011).
67. Vereecke, L., Beyaert, R. & van Loo, G. The ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 (TNFAIP3) is a central regulator of immunopathology. Trends Immunol. 30, 383-391 (2009).
68. Verstrepen, L., Carpentier, I., Verhelst, K. & Beyaert, R. ABINs: A20 binding inhibitors of NF-KB and apoptosis signaling. Biochem. Pharmacol. 78, 105-114 (2009).
69. De Molfetta, G. A. et al. Role of NFKB2 on the early myeloid differentiation of CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Differentiation 80, 195-203 (2010).
70. Lu, T. et al. Regulation of NF-KB by NSD1/FBXL11-dependent reversible lysine methylation of p65. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 46-51 (2010).
71. Zaba, L. C., Krueger, J. G. & Lowes, M. A. Resident and 'inflammatory' dendritic cells in human skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 129, 302-208 (2009).
72. Enevold, C. et al. Polymorphisms of innate pattern recognition receptors, response to interferon-ß and development of neutralizing antibodies in multiple sclerosis patients. Mult. Scler. 16, 942-949 (2010).
73. Strobl, B., Stoiber, D., Sexl, V. & Mueller, M. Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) in cytokine signalling and host immunity. Front. Biosci. 17, 3224-3232 (2011).
74. Miossec, P. IL-17 and TH17 cells in human inflammatory diseases. Microbes Infect. 11, 625-630 (2009).
75. Tsunemi, Y. et al. Interleukin-12 p40 gene (IL12B) 3'-untranslated region polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to atopic dermatitis and psoriasis vulgaris. J. Dermatol. Sci. 30, 161-166 (2002). (Pubitemid 36159027)
76. Nair, R. P. et al. Polymorphisms of the IL12B and IL23R genes are associated with psoriasis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 128, 1653-1661 (2008). (Pubitemid 351847381)
77. Tesmer, L. A., Lundy, S. K., Sarkar, S. & Fox, D. A. TH17 cells in human disease. Immunol. Rev. 223, 87-113 (2008). (Pubitemid 351986173)
78. Lee, E. et al. Increased expression of interleukin 23 p19 and p40 in lesional skin of patients with psoriasis vulgaris. J. Exp. Med. 199, 125-130 (2004). (Pubitemid 38076484)
79. Qian, Y. et al. The adaptor Act1 is required for interleukin 17-dependent signaling associated with autoimmune and inflammatory disease. Nat. Immunol. 8, 247-256 (2007). (Pubitemid 46745374)
80. Lowes, M. A. et al. Psoriasis vulgaris lesions contain discrete populations of TH1 and TH17 cells. J. Invest. Dermatol. 128, 1207-1211 (2008). (Pubitemid 351543220)
81. Hunter, C. A. Act1-ivating IL-17 inflammation. Nat. Immunol. 8, 232-234 (2007). (Pubitemid 46745371)
82. Zhou, Z. et al. Type III interferon (IFN) induces a type I IFN-like response in a restricted subset of cells through signaling pathways involving both the Jak-STAT pathway and the mitogen-Activated protein kinases. J. Virol. 81, 7749-7758 (2007). (Pubitemid 47047861)
83. Oyamada, A. et al. Tyrosine kinase 2 plays critical roles in the pathogenic CD4 T cell responses for the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol. 183, 7539-7546 (2009).
84. Serwold, T., Gaw, S. & Shastri, N. ER aminopeptidases generate a unique pool of peptides for MHC class 1 molecules. Nat. Immunol. 2, 644-651 (2001). (Pubitemid 32677633)
85. Chandran, V. & Rahman, P. Update on the genetics of spondyloarthritis-Ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol. 24, 579-588 (2010).
86. Bowes, J. et al. Evidence to support IL-13 as a risk locus for psoriatic arthritis but not psoriasis vulgaris. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 70, 1016-1019 (2011).
87. Duffin, K. C. et al. Association between IL13 polymorphisms and psoriatic arthritis is modified by smoking. J. Invest. Dermatol. 129, 2777-2783 (2009).
88. Chang, Y. T. et al. Cytokine gene polymorphisms in Chinese patients with psoriasis. Br. J. Dermatol. 156, 899-905 (2007). (Pubitemid 46642859)
89. Gregersen, P. K. et al. REL, encoding a member of the NF-KB family of transcription factors, is a newly defined risk locus for rheumatoid arthritis. Nat. Genet. 41, 820-823 (2009).
90. Reveille, J. D. et al. Genome-wide association study of ankylosing spondylitis identifies non-MHC susceptibility loci. Nat. Genet. 42, 123-127 (2010).
91. Franke, A. et al. Genome-wide meta-Analysis increases to 71 the number of confirmed Crohn's disease susceptibility loci. Nat. Genet. 42, 1118-1125 (2010).
92. Zhernakova, A., van Diemen, C. C. & Wijmenga, C. Detecting shared pathogenesis from the shared genetics of immune-related diseases. Nat. Rev. Genet. 10, 43-55 (2009).
93. Michel, S. et al. Unifying candidate gene and GWAS approaches in asthma. PLoS ONE 5, e13894 (2010).
94. Orozco, G. et al. Study of the common genetic background for rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 70, 463-468 (2011).
95. Eyre, S. et al. Overlapping genetic susceptibility variants between three autoimmune disorders: Rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 70, 463-468 (2011).
96. Plenge, R. M. et al. Two independent alleles at 6q23 associated with risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Nat. Genet. 39, 1477-1482 (2007). (Pubitemid 350191346)
97. Graham, R. R. et al. Genetic variants near TNFAIP3 on 6q23 are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat. Genet. 40, 1059-1061 (2008).
98. Thomson, W. et al. Rheumatoid arthritis association at 6q23. Nat. Genet. 39, 1431-1433 (2007). (Pubitemid 350191348)
99. Chen, H. et al. A genetic risk score combining ten psoriasis risk loci improves disease prediction. PLoS ONE 6, e19454 (2011).
100. Gladman, D. D. & Farewell, V. T. The role of HLA antigens as indicators of disease progression in psoriatic arthritis. Multivariate relative risk model. Arthritis Rheum. 38, 845-850 (1995).
101. Ho, P. Y. et al. HLA-Cw6 and HLA-DRB1*07 together are associated with less severe joint disease in psoriatic arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 66, 807-811 (2007). (Pubitemid 46846702)
102. Rahman, P. et al. A variant of the IL4 I50V single-nucleotide polymorphism is associated with erosive joint disease in psoriatic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 58, 2207-2208 (2008). (Pubitemid 351988116)
103. Menter, A. et al. Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: Section 1. Overview of psoriasis and guidelines of care for the treatment of psoriasis with biologics. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 58, 826-850 (2008). (Pubitemid 351509656)
104. Cronstein, B. N. Low-dose methotrexate: A mainstay in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Pharmacol. Rev. 57, 163-172 (2005). (Pubitemid 41043882)
105. Zachariae, H. & Sogaard, H. Liver biopsy in psoriasis, a controlled study. Dermatologica 146, 149-155 (1973).
106. Warren, R. B. et al. Genetic variation in efflux transporters influences outcome to methotrexate therapy in patients with psoriasis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 128, 1925-1929 (2008). (Pubitemid 352001201)
107. Campalani, E. et al. Polymorphisms in folate, pyrimidine, and purine metabolism are associated with efficacy and toxicity of methotrexate in psoriasis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 127, 1860-1867 (2007). (Pubitemid 47075365)
108. Chandran, V. et al. Folate pathway enzyme gene polymorphisms and the efficacy and toxicity of methotrexate in psoriatic arthritis. J. Rheumatol. 37, 1508-1512 (2010).
109. O'Rielly, D. D. & Rahman, P. Pharmacogenetics of rheumatoid arthritis: Potential targets from susceptibility genes and present therapies. Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine 3, 15-31 (2010).
110. Louis, E. et al. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) gene polymorphism influences TNF-A production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated whole blood cell culture in healthy humans. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 113, 401-406 (1998). (Pubitemid 28410565)
111. Cuchacovich, M. et al. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)a -308 G/G promoter polymorphism and TNFa levels correlate with a better response to adalimumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand. J. Rheumatol. 35, 435-440 (2006). (Pubitemid 47215721)
112. O'Rielly, D. D., Roslin, N. M., Beyene, J., Pope, A. & Rahman, P. TNF-A-308 G/A polymorphism and responsiveness to TNF-A blockade therapy in moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-Analysis. Pharmacogenomics J. 9, 161-167 (2009).
113. Gottlieb, A. B. et al. TNF inhibition rapidly down-regulates multiple proinflammatory pathways in psoriasis plaques. J. Immunol. 175, 2721-2729 (2005). (Pubitemid 41113889)
114. Zaba, L. C. et al. Effective treatment of psoriasis with etanercept is linked to suppression of IL-17 signaling, not immediate response TNF genes. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 124, 1022-10e1-395 (2009).
115. Haider, A. S., Cardinale, I. R., Whynot, J. A. & Krueger, J. G. Effects of etanercept are distinct from infliximab in modulating proinflammatory genes in activated human leukocytes. J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc. 12, 9-15 (2007). (Pubitemid 46763029)
116. Baeten, D. et al. Infiltration of the synovial membrane with macrophage subsets and polymorphonuclear cells reflects global disease activity in spondyloarthropathy. Arthritis Res. Ther. 7, R359-R369 (2005).
117. Veale, D. J., Ritchlin, C. & FitzGerald, O. Immunopathology of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 64 (Suppl. 2), ii26-ii29 (2005). (Pubitemid 40288516)
118. Mease, P. TNFa therapy in psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 63, 755-758 (2004). (Pubitemid 38850443)
119. Duffin, K. C. et al. Association between IL13 polymorphisms and psoriatic arthritis is modified by smoking. J. Invest. Dermatol. 129, 2777-2783 (2009).
120. Eder, L. et al. IL13 gene polymorphism is a marker for psoriatic arthritis among psoriasis patients. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 70, 1594-1598 (2011).