Executive functions and prefrontal cortex: A matter of persistence?

Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience

Volumn , Issue JANUARY 2011, 2011, Pages

  Ball, Gareth ^a   Stokes, Paul R ^a   Rhodes, Rebecca A ^a   Bose, Subrata K ^a   Rezek, Iead ^b   Wink, Alle Meije ^a   Lord, Louis David ^b   Mehta, Mitul A ^c   Grasby, Paul M ^a,b   Turkheimer, Federico E ^a,b  

^a HAMMERSMITH HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

BOLD; Executive function; Functional MRI; Hurst exponent; Networks; Persistence; Prefrontal cortex

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANALYTICAL ERROR; ANALYTICAL PARAMETERS; ARTICLE; BOLD SIGNAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DYNAMICS; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; FREQUENCY ANALYSIS; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; HURST EXPONENT; IMAGE ANALYSIS; MALE; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NERVE FUNCTION; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NORMAL HUMAN; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; RESPONSE TIME; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TASK PERFORMANCE; TIME SERIES ANALYSIS; WORKING MEMORY;

EID: 82655168680     PISSN: 16625137     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2011.00003     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Anderson, C. M., Lowen, S. B., and Renshaw, P. F. (2006). Emotional task-dependent low-frequency fuctuations and methylphenidate: wavelet scaling analysis of 1/f-type fuctuations in fMRI of the cerebellar vermis. J. Neurosci. Methods 151, 52-61.
2. Apud, J. A., Mattay, V., Chen, J., Kolachana, B. S., Callicott, J. H., Rasetti, R., Alce, G., Iudicello, J. E., Akbar, N., Egan, M. F., Goldberg, T. E., and Weinberger, D. R. (2007). Tolcapone improves cognition and cortical information processing in normal human subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 32, 1011-1020.
3. Arnsten, A. F. (1997). Catecholamine regulation of the prefrontal cortex. J. Psychopharmacol. 11, 151-162.
4. Beauchamp, M. H., Dagher, A., Aston, J. A., and Doyon, J. (2003). Dynamic functional changes associated with cognitive skill learning of an adapted version of the Tower of London task. Neuroimage 20, 1649-1660.
5. Beran, J. (1994). Statistics for Long-Memory Processes. New York: Chapman & Hall.
6. Berg, W. K., Byrd, D. L., McNamara, J. P., and Case, K. (2010). Deconstructing the tower: parameters and predictors of problem difficulty on the Tower of London task. Brain Cogn. 72, 472-482.
7. Bilder, R. M., Volavka, J., Lachman, H. M., and Grace, A. A. (2004). The catechol-O-methyltransferase polymorphism: relations to the tonic-phasic dopamine hypothesis and neuropsychiatric phe-notypes. Neuropsychopharmacology 29, 1943-1961.
8. Braver, T. S., Reynolds, J. R., and Donaldson, D. I. (2003). Neural mechanisms of transient and sustained cognitive control during task switching. Neuron 39, 713-726.
9. Bullmore, E., Fadili, J., Maxim, V., Sendur, L., Whitcher, B., Suckling, J., Brammer, M., and Breakspear, M. (2004). Wavelets and functional magnetic resonance imaging of the human brain. Neuroimage 23(Suppl. 1), S234-S249.
10. Chawla, D., Rees, G., and Friston, K. J. (1999). The physiological basis of attentional modulation in extras-triate visual areas. Nat. Neurosci. 2, 671-676.
11. Chikazoe, J., Konishi, S., Asari, T., Jimura, K., and Miyashita, Y. (2007). Activation of right inferior frontal gyrus during response inhibition across response modalities. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 19, 69-80.
12. Cohen, J. D., Perlstein, W. M., Braver, T. S., Nystrom, L. E., Noll, D. C., Jonides, J., and Smith, E. E. (1997). Temporal dynamics of brain activation during a working memory task. Nature 386, 604-608.
13. Cole, M. W., Pathak, S., and Schneider, W. (2010). Identifying the brain's most globally connected regions. Neuroimage 49, 3132-3148.
14. Cole, M. W., and Schneider, W. (2007). The cognitive control network: integrated cortical regions with dissociable functions. Neuroimage 37, 343-360.
15. Constantinidis, C., and Steinmetz, M. A. (1996). Neuronal activity in posterior parietal area 7a during the delay periods of a spatial memory task. J. Neurophysiol. 76, 1352-1355.
16. Courtney, S. M., Ungerleider, L. G., Keil, K., and Haxby, J. V. (1997). Transient and sustained activity in a distributed neural system for human working memory. Nature 386, 608-611.
17. Curtis, C. E., and D'Esposito, M. (2003). Persistent activity in the prefrontal cortex during working memory. Trends Cogn. Sci. 7, 415-423.
18. DeKosky, S. T., and Marek, K. (2003). Looking backward to move forward: early detection of neurodegenerative disorders. Science 302, 830-834.
19. Dobbins, I. G., Foley, H., Schacter, D. L., and Wagner, A. D. (2002). Executive control during episodic retrieval: multiple prefrontal processes subserve source memory. Neuron 35, 989-996.
20. Dosenbach, N. U., Fair, D. A., Cohen, A. L., Schlaggar, B. L., and Petersen, S. E. (2008). A dual-networks architecture of top-down control. Trends Cogn. Sci. 12, 99-105.
21. Dosenbach, N. U., Fair, D. A., Miezin, F. M., Cohen, A. L., Wenger, K. K., Dosenbach, R. A., Fox, M. D., Snyder, A. Z., Vincent, J. L., Raichle, M. E., Schlaggar, B. L., and Petersen, S. E. (2007). Distinct brain networks for adaptive and stable task control in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 11073-11078.
22. Dosenbach, N. U., Visscher, K. M., Palmer, E. D., Miezin, F. M., Wenger, K. K., Kang, H. C., Burgund, E. D., Grimes, A. L., Schlaggar, B. L., and Petersen, S. E. (2006). A core system for the implementation of task sets. Neuron 50, 799-812.
23. Dreisbach, G., Muller, J., Goschke, T., Strobel, A., Schulze, K., Lesch, K. P., and Brocke, B. (2005). Dopamine and cognitive control: the infuence of spontaneous eyeblink rate and dopamine gene polymorphisms on perseveration and distractibility. Behav. Neurosci. 119, 483-490.
24. Duncan, J. (2010). The multiple-demand (MD) system of the primate brain: mental programs for intelligent behaviour. Trends Cogn. Sci. 14, 172-179.
25. Durstewitz, D., and Seamans, J. K. (2008). The dual-state theory of prefron-tal cortex dopamine function with relevance to catechol-o-methyltrans-ferase genotypes and schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 64, 739-749.
26. Durstewitz, D., Seamans, J. K., and Sejnowski, T. J. (2000a). Dopamine-mediated stabilization of delay-period activity in a network model of prefrontal cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 83, 1733-1750.
27. Durstewitz, D., Seamans, J. K., and Sejnowski, T. J. (2000b). Neurocomputational models of working memory. Nat. Neurosci. 3, 1184-1191.
28. Eke, A., Herman, P., Kocsis, L., and Kozak, L. R. (2002). Fractal characterization of complexity in temporal physiological signals. Physiol. Meas. 23, R1-R38.
29. Estrada, C., Hamel, E., and Krause, D. N. (1983). Biochemical evidence for cholinergic innervation of intracer-ebral blood vessels. Brain Res. 266, 261-270.
30. Ettinger, U., Kumari, V., Collier, D. A., Powell, J., Luzi, S., Michel, T. M., Zedomi, O., and Williams, S. C. (2008). Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) val158met genotype is associated with BOLD response as a function of task characteristic. Neuropsychopharmacology 33, 3046-3057.
31. Expert, P., Lambiotte, R., Chialvo, D. R., Christensen, K., Jensen, H. J., Sharp, D. J., and Turkheimer, F. (2010). Self-similar correlation function in brain resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. J. R. Soc. Interface. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0416. [Epub ahead of print].
32. Farkas, E., and Luiten, P. G. (2001). Cerebral microvascular pathology in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Prog. Neurobiol. 64, 575-611.
33. Ferrarelli, F., Massimini, M., Peterson, M. J., Riedner, B. A., Lazar, M., Murphy, M. J., Huber, R., Rosanova, M., Alexander, A. L., Kalin, N., and Tononi, G. (2008). Reduced evoked gamma oscillations in the frontal cortex in schizophrenia patients: a TMS/EEG study. Am. J. Psychiatry 165, 996-1005.
34. First, M. B., and Pincus, H. A. (2002). The DSM-IV Text Revision: rationale and potential impact on clinical practice. Psychiatr. Serv. 53, 288-292.
35. Fukuyama, H., Ouchi, Y., Matsuzaki, S., Ogawa, M., Yamauchi, H., Nagahama, Y., Kimura, J., Yonekura, Y., Shibasaki, H., and Tsukada, H. (1996). Focal cortical blood fow activation is regulated by intrinsic cortical cholinergic neurons. Neuroimage 3, 195-201.
36. Funahashi, S., Bruce, C. J., and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1989). Mnemonic coding of visual space in the monkey's dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 61, 331-349.
37. Funahashi, S., and Kubota, K. (1994). Working memory and prefrontal cortex. Neurosci. Res. 21, 1-11.
38. Fuster, J. M. (2001). The prefrontal cortex - an update: time is of the essence. Neuron 30, 319-333.
39. Gevins, A., and Cutillo, B. (1993). Spatiotemporal dynamics of component processes in human working memory. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 87, 128-143.
40. Goldberger, A. L., Amaral, L. A., Hausdorff, J. M., Ivanov, P. C., Peng, C. K., and Stanley, H. E. (2002). Fractal dynamics in physiology: alterations with disease and aging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99(Suppl. 1), 2466-2472.
41. Goldman-Rakic, P. S., Muly, E. C. 3rd, and Williams, G. V. (2000). D(1) receptors in prefrontal cells and circuits. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 31, 295-301.
42. Gonzalez Andino, S. L., Michel, C. M., Thut, G., Landis, T., and Grave de Peralta, R. (2005). Prediction of response speed by anticipatory high-frequency (gamma band) oscillations in the human brain. Hum. Brain Mapp. 24, 50-58.
43. Gregoriou, G. G., Gotts, S. J., Zhou, H., and Desimone, R. (2009). High-frequency, long-range coupling between prefron-tal and visual cortex during attention. Science 324, 1207-1210.
44. Haenschel, C., Bittner, R. A., Waltz, J., Haertling, F., Wibral, M., Singer, W., Linden, D. E., and Rodriguez, E. (2009). Cortical oscillatory activity is critical for working memory as revealed by defcits in early-onset schizophrenia. J. Neurosci. 29, 9481-9489.
45. Halgren, E., Boujon, C., Clarke, J., Wang, C., and Chauvel, P. (2002). Rapid distributed fronto-parieto-occipital processing stages during working memory in humans. Cereb. Cortex 12, 710-728.
46. Harmony, T., Alba, A., Marroquin, J. L., and Gonzalez-Frankenberger, B. (2009). Time-frequency-topographic analysis of induced power and synchrony of EEG signals during a Go/ No-Go task. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 71, 9-16.
47. Honey, G. D., Fu, C. H., Kim, J., Brammer, M. J., Croudace, T. J., Suckling, J., Pich, E. M., Williams, S. C., and Bullmore, E. T. (2002). Effects of verbal working memory load on corticocortical connectivity modeled by path analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Neuroimage 17, 573-582.
48. Hopfnger, J. B., Buonocore, M. H., and Mangun, G. R. (2000). The neural mechanisms of top-down attentional control. Nat. Neurosci. 3, 284-291.
49. Howard, M. W., Rizzuto, D. S., Caplan, J. B., Madsen, J. R., Lisman, J., Aschenbrenner-Scheibe, R., Schulze-Bonhage, A., and Kahana, M. J. (2003).Gamma oscillations correlate with working memory load in humans. Cereb. Cortex 13, 1369-1374.
50. Jones, C. L., Lonergan, G. T., and Mainwaring, D. E. (1996). Wavelet packet computation of the Hurst exponent. J. Phys. A Math. Gen. 29, 2509-2527.
51. Kitzbichler, M. G., Smith, M. L., Christensen, S. R., and Bullmore, E. (2009). Broadband criticality of human brain network synchronization. PLoS Comput. Biol. 5, e1000314. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000314
52. Lachaux, J. P., Fonlupt, P., Kahane, P., Minotti, L., Hoffmann, D., Bertrand, O., and Baciu, M. (2007). Relationship between task-related gamma oscillations and BOLD signal: new insights from combined fMRI and intrac-ranial EEG. Hum. Brain Mapp. 28, 1368-1375.
53. Lazeron, R. H., Rombouts, S. A., Machielsen, W. C., Scheltens, P., Witter, M. P., Uylings, H. B., and Barkhof, F. (2000). Visualizing brain activation during planning: the tower of London test adapted for functional MR imaging. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 21, 1407-1414.
54. Lebedev, M. A., Messinger, A., Kralik, J. D., and Wise, S. P. (2004). Representation of attended versus remembered locations in prefrontal cortex. PLoS Biol. 2, e365. doi: 10.1371/journal. pbio.0020365
55. Leung, H. C., and Cai, W. (2007). Common and differential ventrolateral prefron-tal activity during inhibition of hand and eye movements. J. Neurosci. 27, 9893-9900.
56. Lipsitz, L. A., and Goldberger, A. L. (1992). Loss of 'complexity' and aging. Potential applications of fractals and chaos theory to senescence. JAMA 267, 1806-1809.
57. Mattay, V. S., Fera, F., Tessitore, A., Hariri, A. R., Berman, K. F., Das, S., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Goldberg, T. E., Callicott, J. H., and Weinberger, D. R. (2006). Neurophysiological correlates of age-related changes in working memory capacity. Neurosci. Lett. 392, 32-37.
58. Maxim, V., Sendur, L., Fadili, J., Suckling, J., Gould, R., Howard, R., and Bullmore, E. (2005). Fractional Gaussian noise, functional MRI and Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimage 25, 141-158.
59. McKinlay, A., Kaller, C. P., Grace, R. C., Dalrymple-Alford, J. C., Anderson, T. J., Fink, J., and Roger, D. (2008). Planning in Parkinson's disease: a matter of problem structure? Neuropsychologia 46, 384-389.
60. Mehta, M. A., Gumaste, D., Montgomery, A. J., McTavish, S. F., and Grasby, P. M. (2005). The effects of acute tyro-sine and phenylalanine depletion on spatial working memory and planning in healthy volunteers are predicted by changes in striatal dopamine levels. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 180, 654-663.
61. Mehta, M. A., Manes, F. F., Magnolfi, G., Sahakian, B. J., and Robbins, T. W. (2004). Impaired set-shifting and dissociable effects on tests of spatial working memory following the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride in human volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 176, 331-342.
62. Menon, V., Adleman, N. E., White, C. D., Glover, G. H., and Reiss, A. L. (2001). Error-related brain activation during a Go/NoGo response inhibition task. Hum. Brain Mapp. 12, 131-143.
63. Michels, L., Bucher, K., Luchinger, R., Klaver, P., Martin, E., Jeanmonod, D., and Brandeis, D. (2010). Simultaneous EEG-fMRI during a working memory task: modulations in low and high frequency bands. PLoS One 5, e10298. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010298
64. Mier, D., Kirsch, P., and Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2009). Neural substrates of pleio- tropic action of genetic variation in COMT: a meta-analysis. Mol. Psychiatry 15, 918-927.
65. Miller, E. K., Li, L., and Desimone, R. (1993). Activity of neurons in anterior inferior temporal cortex during a short-term memory task. J. Neurosci. 13, 1460-1478.
66. Muller, J., Dreisbach, G., Goschke, T., Hensch, T., Lesch, K. P., and Brocke,B. (2007). Dopamine and cogni tive control: the prospect of mon etary gains influences the balance between fexibility and stability in a set- shifting paradigm. Eur. J. Neurosci. 26, 3661-3668.
67. Newman, S. D., Carpenter, P. A., Varma, S., and Just, M. A. (2003). Frontal and parietal participation in problem solving in the Tower of London: fMRI and computational modeling of planning and high-level perception. Neuropsychologia 41, 1668-1682.
68. Newman, S. D., Greco, J. A., and Lee, D. (2009). An fMRI study of the Tower of London: a look at problem structure differences. Brain Res. 1286, 123-132.
69. Niessing, J., Ebisch, B., Schmidt, K. E., Niessing, M., Singer, W., and Galuske, R. A. (2005). Hemodynamic signals correlate tightly with synchronized gamma oscillations. Science 309, 948-951.
70. Nolan, K. A., Bilder, R. M., Lachman, H. M., and Volavka, J. (2004). Catechol O-methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphism in schizophrenia: differential effects of Val and Met alleles on cognitive stability and fexibility. Am. J. Psychiatry 161, 359-361.
71. Ongur, D., and Price, J. L. (2000). The organization of networks within the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex of rats, monkeys and humans. Cereb. Cortex 10, 206-219.
72. Owen, A. M. (1997). The functional organization of working memory processes within human lateral frontal cortex: the contribution of functional neuroimaging. Eur. J. Neurosci. 9, 1329-1339.
73. Owen, A. M., Doyon, J., Petrides, M., and Evans, A. C. (1996). Planning and spatial working memory: a positron emission tomography study in humans. Eur. J. Neurosci. 8, 353-364.
74. Owen, A. M., McMillan, K. M., Laird, A. R., and Bullmore, E. (2005). N-back working memory paradigm: a meta-analysis of normative functional neu-roimaging studies. Hum. Brain Mapp. 25, 46-59.
75. Perianez, J. A., Maestu, F., Barcelo, F., Fernandez, A., Amo, C., and Ortiz Alonso, T. (2004). Spatiotemporal brain dynamics during preparatory set shifting: MEG evidence. Neuroimage 21, 687-695.
76. Petrides, M. (2000). Dissociable roles of mid-dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior inferotemporal cortex in visual working memory. J. Neurosci. 20, 7496-7503.
77. Postle, B. R. (2006). Working memory as an emergent property of the mind and brain. Neuroscience 139, 23-38.
78. Postle, B. R., and D'Esposito, M. (1999). "What"-Then-Where in visual working memory: an event-related fMRI study. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 11, 585-597.
79. Quintana, J., and Fuster, J. M. (1999). From perception to action: temporal integra-tive functions of prefrontal and parietal neurons. Cereb. Cortex 9, 213-221.
80. Reeves, S. J., Grasby, P. M., Howard, R. J., Bantick, R. A., Asselin, M. C., and Mehta, M. A. (2005). A positron emission tomography (PET) investigation of the role of striatal dopamine (D2) receptor availability in spatial cognition. Neuroimage 28, 216-226.
81. Rowe, J. B., Owen, A. M., Johnsrude, I. S., and Passingham, R. E. (2001). Imaging the mental components of a planning task. Neuropsychologia 39, 315-327.
82. Rowe, J. B., Toni, I., Josephs, O., Frackowiak, R. S., and Passingham, R. E. (2000). The prefrontal cortex: response selection or maintenance within working memory? Science 288, 1656-1660.
83. Sakai, K., and Passingham, R. E. (2003). Prefrontal interactions refect future task operations. Nat. Neurosci. 6, 75-81.
84. Sakai, K., and Passingham, R. E. (2006). Prefrontal set activity predicts rule-specific neural processing during subsequent cognitive performance. J. Neurosci. 26, 1211-1218.
85. Salkovic-Petrisic, M., Osmanovic, J., Grunblatt, E., Riederer, P., and Hoyer, S. (2009). Modeling sporadic Alzheimer's disease: the insulin resistant brain state generates multiple long-term morphobiological abnormalities including hyperphosphor-ylated tau protein and amyloid-beta. J. Alzheimers Dis. 18, 729-750.
86. Schall, U., Johnston, P., Lagopoulos, J., Juptner, M., Jentzen, W., Thienel, R., Dittmann-Balcar, A., Bender, S., and Ward, P. B. (2003). Functional brain maps of Tower of London performance: a positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroimage 20, 1154-1161.
87. Sederberg, P. B., Kahana, M. J., Howard, M. W., Donner, E. J., and Madsen, J. R. (2003). Theta and gamma oscillations during encoding predict subsequent recall. J. Neurosci. 23, 10809-10814.
88. Seeley, W. W., Menon, V., Schatzberg, A. F., Keller, J., Glover, G. H., Kenna, H., Reiss, A. L., and Greicius, M. D. (2007). Dissociable intrinsic connec tivity networks for salience processing and executive control. J. Neurosci. 27, 2349-2356.
89. Selemon, L. D., and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1988). Common cortical and sub-cortical targets of the dorsolateral pre-frontal and posterior parietal cortices in the rhesus monkey: evidence for a distributed neural network subserving spatially guided behavior. J. Neurosci. 8, 4049-4068.
90. Shallice, T. (1982). Specifc impairments of planning. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.B. Biol. Sci. 298, 199-209.
91. Simmonds, D. J., Pekar, J. J., and Mostofsky, S. H. (2008). Meta-analysis of Go/No-go tasks demonstrating that fMRI activation associated with response inhibition is task-dependent. Neuropsychologia 46, 224-232.
92. Smith, S. M., Jenkinson, M., Woolrich, M. W., Beckmann, C. F., Behrens, T. E., Johansen-Berg, H., Bannister, P. R., De Luca, M., Drobnjak, I., Flitney, D. E., Niazy, R. K., Saunders, J., Vickers, J., Zhang, Y., De Stefano, N., Brady, J. M., and Matthews, P. M. (2004). Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL. Neuroimage 23(Suppl. 1), S208-S219.
93. Stefanis, N. C., van Os, J., Avramopoulos, D., Smyrnis, N., Evdokimidis, I., and Stefanis, C. N. (2005). Effect of COMT Val158Met polymorphism on the continuous performance test, identical pairs version: tuning rather than improving performance. Am. J. Psychiatry 162, 1752-1754.
94. Stevens, M. C. (2009). The developmental cognitive neuroscience of functional connectivity. Brain Cogn. 70, 1-12.
95. Stevens, M. C., Kiehl, K. A., Pearlson, G. D., and Calhoun, V. D. (2007). Functional neural networks underlying response inhibition in adolescents and adults. Behav. Brain Res. 181, 12-22.
96. Stevens, M. C., Kiehl, K. A., Pearlson, G. D., and Calhoun, V. D. (2009). Brain network dynamics during error commission. Hum. Brain Mapp. 30, 24-37.
97. Suckling, J., Wink, A. M., Bernard, F. A., Barnes, A., and Bullmore, E. (2008). Endogenous multifractal brain dynamics are modulated by age, cholinergic blockade and cognitive performance. J. Neurosci. Methods 174, 292-300.
98. Swick, D., Ashley, V., and Turken, A. U. (2008). Left inferior frontal gyrus is critical for response inhibition. BMC Neurosci. 9, 102. doi: 10.1186/1471-2202-9-102
99. Thatcher, R. W., North, D., and Biver, C. (2005). EEG and intelligence: relations between EEG coherence, EEG phase delay and power. Clin. Neurophysiol. 116, 2129-2141.
100. Thatcher, R. W., North, D. M., and Biver, C. J. (2008). Intelligence and EEG phase reset: a two compartmental model of phase shift and lock. Neuroimage 42, 1639-1653.
101. Thurner, S., Windischberger, C., Moser, E., Walla, P., and Barth, M. (2003). Scaling laws and persistence in human brain activit y. Phys. Stat. Mech. Appl. 326, 511-521.
102. Turkheimer, F. E., Smith, C. B., and Schmidt, K. (2001). Estimation of the number of "true" null hypotheses in multivariate analysis of neuroimaging data. Neuroimage 13, 920-930.
103. Unterrainer, J. M., Kaller, C. P., Halsband, U., and Rahm, B. (2006). Planning abilities and chess: a comparison of chess and non-chess players on the Tower of London task. Br. J. Psychol. 97, 299-311.
104. Verdejo-Garcia, A., Bechara, A., Recknor, E. C., and Perez-Garcia, M. (2006). Executive dysfunction in substance dependent individuals during drug use and abstinence: an examination of the behavioral, cognitive and emotional correlates of addiction. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 12, 405-415.
105. Werner, G. (2010). Fractals in the nervous system: conceptual implications for theoretical neuroscience. Front. Physio. 1:15. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2010.00015
106. Williams, G. V., and Castner, S. A. (2006). Under the curve: critical issues for elucidating D1 receptor function in working memory. Neuroscience 139, 263-276.
107. Wink, A. M., Bernard, F., Salvador, R., Bullmore, E., and Suckling, J. (2006). Age and cholinergic effects on hemo-dynamics and functional coherence of human hippocampus. Neurobiol. Aging 27, 1395-1404.
108. Wink, A. M., Bullmore, E., Barnes, A., Bernard, F., and Suckling, J. (2008). Monofractal and multifractal dynamics of low frequency endogenous brain oscillations in functional MRI. Hum. Brain Mapp. 29, 791-801.
109. Winterer, G., Carver, F. W., Musso, F., Mattay, V., Weinberger, D. R., and Coppola, R. (2007). Complex relationship between BOLD signal and synchronization/desynchronization of human brain MEG oscillations. Hum. Brain Mapp. 28, 805-816.
110. Winterer, G., Musso, F., Vucurevic, G., Stoeter, P., Konrad, A., Seker, B., Gallinat, J., Dahmen, N., and Weinberger, D. R. (2006). COMT genotype predicts BOLD signal and noise characteristics in prefrontal circuits. Neuroimage 32, 1722-1732.
111. Zahrt, J., Taylor, J. R., Mathew, R. G., and Arnsten, A. F. (1997). Supranormal stimulation of D1 dopamine receptors in the rodent prefron-tal cortex impairs spatial working memory performance. J. Neurosci. 17, 8528-8535.