Saying What's on Your Mind: Working Memory Effects on Sentence Production

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition

Volumn 37, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 1503-1514

  Slevc, L Robert ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

Author keywords

Accessibility effects; Grammatical encoding; Language production; Similarity based interference; Working memory

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; COMPREHENSION; DEPTH PERCEPTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; LEARNING; LINGUISTICS; MALE; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PERCEPTIVE DISCRIMINATION; PHOTOSTIMULATION; PHYSIOLOGY; SEMANTICS; SHORT TERM MEMORY; STUDENT; UNIVERSITY;

COMPREHENSION; DISCRIMINATION (PSYCHOLOGY); FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MEMORY, SHORT-TERM; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; PHOTIC STIMULATION; SEMANTICS; SPACE PERCEPTION; STUDENTS; UNIVERSITIES; VERBAL LEARNING; VOCABULARY;

EID: 82155170543     PISSN: 02787393     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0024350     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Agresti A. Categorical data analysis 2002, Wiley, New York, NY. 2nd ed.
2. Ariel M. The function of accessibility in a theory of grammar. Journal of Pragmatics 1991, 16:443-463. doi: 10.1016/0378-2166(91)90136-L.
3. Arnold J.E. How speakers refer: The role of accessibility. Language and Linguistics Compass 2010, 4:187-203. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-818X.2010.00193.x.
4. Arnold J.E., Griffin Z.M. The effect of additional characters on choice of referring expression: Everyone counts. Journal of Memory and Language 2007, 56:521-536. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2006.09.007.
5. Arnold J.E., Wasow T., Losongco A., Ginstrom R. Heavyness vs. newness: The effects of structural complexity and discourse status on constituent ordering. Language 2000, 76:28-55. doi: 10.2307/417392.
6. Baayen R.H. languageR: Data sets and functions with Analyzing linguistic data: A practical introduction to statistics (R package Version 0.953) 2008, Retrieved from http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/languageR/index.html.
7. Baddeley A.D. Working memory 1986, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England.
8. Baddeley A.D., Hitch G.J. Working memory. Recent advances in learning and motivation 1974, 8:47-90. Academic Press, New York, NY. G.A. Bower (Ed.).
9. Badecker W., Kuminiak F. Morphology, agreement and working memory retrieval in sentence production: Evidence from gender and case in Slovak. Journal of Memory and Language 2007, 56:65-85. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2006.08.004.
10. Bates D.M., Maechler M. lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using S4 classes (R package version 0.999375-31) [Computer software] 2009, Retrieved from http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lme4.
11. Belke E. Effects of working memory load on lexical-semantic encoding in language production. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2008, 15:357-363. doi: 10.3758/PBR.15.2.357.
12. Bock J.K. The effect of a pragmatic presupposition on syntactic structure in question answering. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 1977, 16:723-734. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5371(77)80031-5.
13. Bock J.K. Toward a cognitive psychology of syntax: Information processing contributions to sentence formulation. Psychological Review 1982, 89:1-47. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.89.1.1.
14. Bock J.K. Meaning, sound, and syntax: Lexical priming in sentence production. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1986, 12:575-586. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.12.4.575.
15. Bock J.K. An effect of the accessibility of word forms on sentence structures. Journal of Memory and Language 1987, 26:119-137. doi: 10.1016/0749-596X(87)90120-3.
16. Bock J.K. Sentence production: From mind to mouth. Handbook of perception and cognition: Vol. 11. Speech, language, and communication 1995, 181-216. Academic Press, Orlando, FL. J.L. Miller, P.D. Eilmas (Eds.).
17. Bock J.K., Cutting J.C. Regulating mental energy: Performance units in language production. Journal of Memory and Language 1992, 31:99-127. doi: 10.1016/0749-596X(92)90007-K.
18. Bock J.K., Irwin D.E. Syntactic effects of information availability in sentence production. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 1980, 19:467-484. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5371(80)90321-7.
19. Bock J.K., Warren R.K. Conceptual accessibility and syntactic structure in sentence formulation. Cognition 1985, 21:47-67. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90023-X.
20. Branigan, H. P., McLean, J. F., & Reeve, H. M. (2003). Something old, something new: Addressee knowledge and the given-new contract. In R. Alterman & D. Kirsh (Eds.), Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 180-185). Boston, MA: Cognitive Science Society.
21. Bresnan J., Cueni A., Nikitina T., Baayen R.H. Predicting the dative alternation. Cognitive foundations of interpretation 2007, 69-94. Royal Netherlands Academy of Science, Amsterdam. G. Boume, I. Kraemer, J. Zwarts (Eds.).
22. Caplan D., Waters G.S. Verbal working memory and sentence comprehension. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1999, 22:77-94. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X99001788.
23. Chafe W.L. Givenness, contrastiveness, definiteness, subjects, topics, and point of view. Subject and topic 1976, 25-55. Academic Press, New York, NY. C. Li (Ed.).
24. Chatterjee A., Southwood M.H., Basilico D. Verbs, events and spatial representations. Neuropsychologia 1999, 37:395-402. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3932(98)00108-0.
25. Clark H.H., Haviland S.E. Comprehension and the given-new contract. Discourse production and comprehension 1977, 1-40. Ablex, New York, NY. R. Freedle (Ed.).
26. Cohen J.D., MacWhinney B., Flatt M., Provost J. PsyScope: An interactive graphic system for designing and controlling experiments in the psychology laboratory using Macintosh computers. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 1993, 25:257-271. doi: 10.3758/BF03204507.
27. Cowan N. An embedded-processes model of working memory. Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control 1999, 62-101. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. A. Miyake, P. Shah (Eds.).
28. Cowan N. The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2001, 24:87-114. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X01003922.
29. Cowan N. Working memory capacity 2005, Psychology Press, New York, NY.
30. Cowan N., Elliott E.M., Saults J.S., Morey C.C., Mattox S., Hismjatullina A., Conway A.R.A. On the capacity of attention: Its estimation and its role in working memory and cognitive aptitudes. Cognitive Psychology 2005, 51:42-100. doi: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2004.12.001.
31. Crowder R.G. The demise of short-term memory. Acta Psychologica 1982, 50:291-323. doi: 10.1016/0001-6918(82)90044-0.
32. Crowder R.G. Short-term memory: Where do we stand?. Memory & Cognition 1993, 21:142-145. doi: 10.3758/BF03202725.
33. Daneman M. Working memory as a predictor of verbal fluency. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 1991, 20:445-464. doi: 10.1007/BF01067637.
34. Daneman M., Green I. Individual differences in comprehending and producing words in context. Journal of Memory and Language 1986, 25:1-18. doi: 10.1016/0749-596X(86)90018-5.
35. Davelaar E.J., Goshen-Gottstein Y., Ashkenazi A., Haarmann H.J., Usher M. The demise of short-term memory revisited: Empirical and computational investigations of recency effects. Psychological Review 2005, 112:3-42. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.112.1.3.
36. Davidson D.J., Zacks R.T., Ferreira F. Age preservation of the syntactic processor in production. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 2003, 32:541-566. doi: 10.1023/A:1025402517111.
37. Fedorenko E., Gibson E., Rohde D. The nature of working memory capacity in sentence comprehension: Evidence against domain-specific working memory resources. Journal of Memory and Language 2006, 54:541-553. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2005.12.006.
38. Fedorenko E., Gibson E., Rohde D. The nature of working memory in linguistic, arithmetic and spatial integration processes. Journal of Memory and Language 2007, 56:246-269. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2006.06.007.
39. Ferreira V.S. Is it better to give than to donate? Syntactic flexibility in language production. Journal of Memory and Language 1996, 35:724-755. doi: 10.1006/jmla.1996.0038.
40. Ferreira V.S., Slevc L.R. Grammatical encoding. The Oxford handbook of psycholinguistics 2007, 453-469. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England. M. Gareth Gaskell (Ed.).
41. Ferreira V.S., Yoshita H. Given-new ordering effects on the production of scrambled sentences in Japanese. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 2003, 32:669-692. doi: 10.1023/A:1026146332132.
42. Friedman N.P., Miyake A. Differential roles for visuospatial and verbal working memory in situation model construction. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2000, 129:61-83. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.129.1.61.
43. Glanzer M., Cunitz A.R. Two storage mechanisms in free recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 1966, 5:351-360. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5371(66)80044-0.
44. Gordon P.C., Hendrick R., Levine W.H. Memory-load interference in syntactic processing. Psychological Science 2002, 13:425-430. doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.00475.
45. Grieve R. Definiteness in discourse. Language and Speech 1973, 16:365-372.
46. Guérard K., Tremblay S. Revisiting evidence for modularity and functional equivalence across verbal and spatial domains in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2008, 34:556-569. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.34.3.556.
47. Gundel J.K. Universals of topic-comment structure. Studies in syntactic typology 1988, 209-239. Benjamins, Philadelphia, PA. M. Hammond, E.A. Moravcsik, J.R. Wirth (Eds.).
48. Halliday M.A.K. Language structure and language function. New horizons in linguistics 1970, 140-165. Penguin Books, New York, NY. J. Lyons (Ed.).
49. Halliday M.A.K. The construction of knowledge and value in the grammar of scientific discourse: With reference to Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species. Advances in written text analysis 1994, 136-156. Routledge, London, England. M. Coulthard (Ed.).
50. Hartsuiker R.J., Barkhuysen P.N. Language production and working memory: The case of subject-verb agreement. Language and Cognitive Processes 2006, 21:181-204. doi: 10.1080/01690960400002117.
51. Horton W.S., Gerrig R.J. Conversational common ground and memory processes in language production. Discourse Processes 2005, 40:1-35. doi: 10.1207/s15326950dp4001_1.
52. Horton W.S., Gerrig R.J. The impact of memory demands on audience design during language production. Cognition 2005, 96:127-142. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2004.07.001.
53. Ichikawa S. Rated ease of memorization of dot-in-matrix patterns: Multiple regression analysis by physical variables which describe configuration of dots. Japanese Psychological Research 1981, 23:69-78.
54. Ichikawa S. Verbal memory span, visual memory span, and their correlations with cognitive tasks. Japanese Psychological Research 1983, 25:173-180.
55. Jackendoff R. Semantic interpretation in generative grammar 1972, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
56. Jackendoff R. Foundations of language: Brain, meaning, grammar, evolution 2002, Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
57. Just M.A., Carpenter P.A. A capacity theory of comprehension: Individual differences in working memory. Psychological Review 1992, 99:122-149. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.99.1.122.
58. Kane M.J., Hambrick D.Z., Tuholski S.W., Wilhelm O., Payne T.W., Engle R.W. The generality of working memory capacity: A latent variable approach to verbal and visuospatial memory span and reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2004, 133:189-217. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.133.2.189.
59. Kellogg R.T. Working memory components in written sentence generation. American Journal of Psychology 2004, 117:341-361. doi: 10.2307/4149005.
60. Levelt W.J.M., Maassen B. Lexical search and order of mention in sentence production. Crossing the boundaries in linguistics 1981, 221-252. Reidel, Dordrecht, Germany. W. Klein, W. Levelt (Eds.).
61. Levelt W.J.M., Roelofs A., Meyer A.S. A theory of lexical access in speech production. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1999, 22:1-38. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X99001776.
62. Lewis R.L. Interference in short-term memory: The magical number two (or three) in sentence processing. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 1996, 25:93-115. doi: 10.1007/BF01708421.
63. Lewis R.L., Vasishth S. An activation-based model of sentence processing as skilled memory retrieval. Cognitive Science 2005, 29:375-419. doi: 10.1207/s15516709cog0000_25.
64. Lewis R.L., Vasishth S., Van Dyke J.A. Computational principles of working memory in sentence comprehension. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2006, 10:447-454. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2006.08.007.
65. Martin A.E., McElree B. Memory operations that support language comprehension: Evidence from verb-phrase ellipsis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2009, 35:1231-1239. doi: 10.1037/a0016271.
66. Martin R.C., Freedman M.L. Short-term retention of lexical-semantic representations: Implications for speech production. Memory 2001, 9:261-280. doi: 10.1080/09658210143000173.
67. Martin R.C., Lesch M.F., Bartha M.C. Independence of input and output phonology in word processing and short-term memory. Journal of Memory and Language 1999, 41:3-29. doi: 10.1006/jmla.1999.2637.
68. Martin R.C., Miller M., Vu H. Lexical-semantic retention and speech production: Further evidence from normal and brain-damaged participants for a phrasal scope of planning. Cognitive Neuropsychology 2004, 21:625-644. doi: 10.1080/02643290342000302.
69. McCabe D.P., Roediger H.L., McDaniel M.A., Balota D.A., Hambrick D.Z. The relationship between working memory capacity and executive functioning: Evidence for a common executive attention construct. Neuropsychology 2010, 24:222-243. doi: 10.1037/a0017619.
70. McDonald J.L., Bock K., Kelly M.H. Word and world order: Semantic, phonological, and metrical determinants of serial position. Cognitive Psychology 1993, 25:188-230. doi: 10.1006/cogp.1993.1005.
71. McElree B. Working memory and focal attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2001, 27:817-835. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.27.3.817.
72. Miyake A., Friedman N.P., Rettinger D.A., Shah P., Hegarty M. How are visuospatial working memory, executive functioning, and spatial abilities related? A latent-variable analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2001, 130:621-640. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.130.4.621.
73. Oberauer K. Access to information in working memory: Exploring the focus of attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2002, 28:411-421. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.28.3.411.
74. Pashler H. Dual-task interference in simple tasks: Data and theory. Psychological Bulletin 1994, 116:220-244. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.116.2.220.
75. Pinheiro J.C., Bates D.M. Mixed-effects models in S and S-PLUS 2000, Springer, New York, NY.
76. R: A language and environment for statistical computing (Version 2.9.1) [Computer software] 2009, R Development Core Team, Retrieved from http://www.R-project.org.
77. Richardson D.C., Spivey M.J., Barsalou L.W., McRae K. Spatial representations activated during real-time comprehension of verbs. Cognitive Science 2003, 27:767-780. doi: 10.1207/s15516709cog2705_4.
78. Roßnagel C. Cognitive load and perspective-taking: Applying the automatic-controlled distinction to verbal communication. European Journal of Social Psychology 2000, 30:429-445. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(200005/06)30:3<429::AID-EJSP3>3.0.CO;2-V.
79. Roßnagel C. Lost in thought: Cognitive load and the processing of addressees' feedback in verbal communication. Experimental Psychology 2004, 51:191-200. doi: 10.1027/1618-3169.51.3.191.
80. Ruchkin D.S., Grafman J., Cameron K., Berndt R.S. Working memory retention systems: A state of activated long-term memory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2003, 26:709-728. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X03000165.
81. Shah P., Miyake A. The separability of working memory resources for spatial thinking and language processing: An individual differences approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1996, 125:4-27. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.125.1.4.
82. Smyth R.H., Prideaux G.D., Hogan J.T. The effect of context on dative position. Lingua 1979, 47:27-42. doi: 10.1016/0024-3841(79)90065-2.
83. Swets B., Desmit T., Hambrick D.Z., Ferreira F. The role of working memory in syntactic ambiguity resolution: A psychometric approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2007, 136:64-81. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.136.1.64.
84. Unsworth N., Engle R.W. The nature of individual differences in working memory capacity: Active maintenance in primary memory and controlled search from secondary memory. Psychological Review 2007, 114:104-132. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.114.1.104.
85. Unsworth N., Spillers G.J. Working memory capacity: Attention control, secondary memory, or both? A direct test of the dual-component model. Journal of Memory and Language 2010, 62:392-406. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2010.02.001.
86. Van Dyke J.A. Interference effects from grammatically unavailable constituents during sentence processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2007, 33:407-430. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.33.2.407.
87. Vergauwe E., Barrouillet P., Camos V. Do mental processes share a domain-general resource?. Psychological Science 2010, 21:384-390. doi: 10.1177/0956797610361340.
88. Wagers M.W., Lau E.F., Phillips C. Agreement attraction in comprehension: Representations and processes. Journal of Memory and Language 2009, 61:206-237. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2009.04.002.
89. Wagner V., Jescheniak J.D., Schriefers H. On the flexibility of grammatical advance planning during sentence production: Effects of cognitive load on multiple lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2010, 36:423-440. doi: 10.1037/a0018619.
90. Wilson M., Emmorey K. A visuospatial "phonological loop" in working memory: Evidence from American Sign Language. Memory & Cognition 1997, 25:313-320. doi: 10.3758/BF03211287.
91. Wilson M., Emmorey K. The effect of irrelevant visual input on working memory for sign language. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 2003, 8:97-103. doi: 10.1093/deafed/eng010.
92. Zhong H., Stent A., Swift M. Modeling the dative alternation with automatically extracted features. Proceedings of the workshop on statistical and empirical approaches for spoken dialogue systems (Tech. Rep. WS-06-14) 2006, American Association for Artificial Intelligence, Menlo Park, CA.