A theory of lexical access in speech production

Behavioral and Brain Sciences

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 1-75

  Levelt, Willem J M ^a   Roelofs, Ardi ^b   Meyer, Antje S ^a  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR PSYCHOLINGUISTICS   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Articulation; Brain imaging; Conceptual preparation; Lemma; Lexical access; Lexical concept; Lexical selection; Magnetic encephalography; Morpheme; Morphological encoding; Phoneme; Phonological encoding; Readiness potential; Self monitoring; Speaking; Speech error; Syllabification; WEAVER++

Indexed keywords

ALGORITHM; ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK; COMPUTER MODEL; CONCEPT FORMATION; DECISION MAKING; EVALUATION; PHONETICS; POSITIVE FEEDBACK; REVIEW; SEMANTICS; SPEECH; SPEECH ANALYSIS; SPEECH ARTICULATION; THEORY; VALIDATION PROCESS;

COMPUTER SIMULATION; HUMANS; LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT; LINGUISTICS; MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY; MEMORY; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PHONETICS; REACTION TIME; SOFTWARE; SPEECH; SPEECH PRODUCTION MEASUREMENT;

EID: 0032943679     PISSN: 0140525X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X99001776     Document Type: Review

References (359)

1. Abbs, J. H. & Gracco, V. L. (1984) Control of complex motor gestures: Orofacial muscle responses to load perturbations of lip during speech. Journal of Neurophysiology 51:705-23. [aWJML]
2. Abdullaev, Y. G. & Posner, M. I. (1997) Time course of activating brain areas in generating verbal associations. Psychological Science 8:56-59. [rWJML]
3. Abeles, M. (1991) Corticonics - Neural circuits of the cerebral cortex. Cambridge University Press. [FP]
4. Arnell, K. & Jolicoeur, P. (1997) The attentional blink across stimulus modalities: Evidence for central processing limitations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 23:999-1013. [THC]
5. Baars, B. J., Motley, M. T. & MacKay, D. G. (1975) Output editing for lexical status from artificially elicited slips of the tongue. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 14:382-91. [aWJML, JS]
6. Badecker, W., Miozzo, M. & Zanuttini, H. (1995) The two-stage model of lexical retrieval: Evidence from a case of anomia with selective preservation of grammatical gender. Cognition 57:193-216. [TAH, aWJML, CS]
7. Baddeley, A., Lewis, V. & Vallar, G. (1984) Exploring the articulatory loop. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 36A:233-52. [aWJML]
8. Baumann, M. (1995) The production of syllables in connected speech. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Nijmegen University. [aWJML]
9. Beauregard, M., Chertkow, H., Bub, D., Murtha, S., Dixon, R. & Evans, A. (1997) The neural substrate for concrete, abstract, and emotional word lexica: A positron emission tomography study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 9:441-61. [HMM]
10. Béland, R., Caplan, D. & Nespoulous, J.-L. (1990) The role of abstract phonological representations in word production: Evidence from phonemic paraphasias. Journal of Neurolinguistics 5:125-64. [aWJML]
11. Berg, T. (1988) Die Abbildung des Sprachproduktionsprozesses in einem Aktivationsflußmodell: Untersuchungen an deutschen und englischen Versprechern. Niemeyer. [aWJML]
12. (1989) Intersegmental cohesiveness. Folia Linguistica 23:245-80. [aWJML]
13. (1991) Redundant-feature coding in the mental lexicon. Linguistics 29:903-25. [aWJML]
14. Berg, T. & Schade, U. (1992) The role of inhibition in a spreading-activation model of language production: I. The psycholinguistic perspective. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 21:405-34. [LF]
15. Bierwisch, M. & Schreuder, H. (1992) From concepts to lexical items. Cognition 42:23-60. [arWJML]
16. Bobrow, D. G. & Winograd, T. (1977) An overview of KRL, a knowledge representation language. Cognitive Science 1:3-46. [aWJML]
17. Bock, J. K. (1982) Toward a cognitive psychology of syntax: Information processing contributions to sentence formulation. Psychological Review 89:1-47. [GSD]
18. (1986) Meaning, sound, and syntax: Lexical priming in sentence production. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 23:575-86. [GSD]
19. (1987) An effect of the accessibility of word forms on sentence structures. Journal of Memory and Language 26:119-37. [LRW]
20. Bock, K. & Levelt, W. (1994) Language production. Grammatical encoding. In: Handbook of psycholinguistics, ed. M. A. Gernsbacher. Academic Press. [aWJML, GV]
21. Bock, K. & Miller, C. A. (1991) Broken agreement. Cognitive Psychology 23:45-93. [aWJML]
22. Booij, G. (1995) The phonology of Dutch. Oxford University Press. [aWJML]
23. Boomer, D. S. & Laver, J. D. M. (1968) Slips of the tongue. British Journal of Disorders of Communication 3:2-12. [aWJML]
24. Braitenberg, V. (1978) Cell assemblies in the cerebral cortex. In: Theoretical approaches to complex systems (Lecture notes in biomathematics, vol. 21), ed. R. Heim & G. Palm. Springer. [FP]
25. Braitenberg, V. & Pulvermüller, F. (1992) Entwurf einer neurologischen Theorie der Sprache. Natuwissenschaften 79:103-17. [FP]
26. Braitenberg, V. & Schüz, A. (1991) Anatomy of the cortex. Statistics and geometry. Springer. (2nd edition in press). [FP]
27. Brandeis, D. & Lehmann, D. (1979) Verb and noun meaning of homophone words activate different cortical generators: A topographic study of evoked potential fields. Experimental Brain Research 2:159-68. [HMM]
28. Brennan, S. (1995) Centering attention in discourse. Language and Cognitive Processes 10:137-67. [PCG]
29. Browman, C. P. & Goldstein, L. (1988) Some notes on syllable structure in articulatory phonology. Phonetica 45:140-55. [aWJML]
30. (1990) Representation and reality: Physical systems and phonological structure. Journal of Phonetics 18:411-24. [aWJML]
31. (1992) Articulatory phonology: An overview. Phonetica 49:155-80. [aWJML]
32. Brown, A. S. (1991) A review of the tip-of-the-tongue experience. Psychological Bulletin 109:204-23. [rWJML]
33. Brown, C. (1990) Spoken word processing in context. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Nijmegen University. [aWJML]
34. Brysbaert, M. (1996) Word frequency affects naming latency in Dutch when age of acquisition is controlled. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 8:185-94. [aWJML]
35. Butterworth, B. (1989) Lexical access in speech production. In: Lexical representation and process, ed. W. Marslen-Wilson. MIT Press. [MZ]
36. Byrd, D. (1995) C-centers revisited. Phonetica 52:285-306. [aWJML]
37. (1996) Influences on articulatory timing in consonant sequences. Journal of Phonetics 24:209-44. [aWJML]
38. Caramazza, A. (1996) The brain's dictionary. Nature 380:485-86. [aWJML]
39. (1997) How many levels of processing are there in lexical access? Cognitive Neuropsychology 14:177-208. [TAH, MZ]
40. Caramazza, A. & Miozzo, M. (1997) The relation between syntactic and phonological knowledge in lexical access: Evidence from the 'tip-of-the-tongue' phenomenon. Cognition 64:309-43. [rWJML]
41. Carpenter, G. & Grossberg, S. (1987) A massively parallel architecture for a self-organizing neural recognition machine. Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing 37:54-115. [JSB, MZ]
42. Carr, T. H. (1992) Automaticity and cognitive anatomy: Is word recognition "automatic"? American Journal of Psychology 105:201-37. [THC]
43. Carr, T. H. & Posner, M. I. (1995) The impact of learning to read on the functional anatomy of language processing. In: Speech and reading: A comparative approach, ed. B. de Gelder & J. Morais. Erlbaum. [THC]
44. Carroll, J. B. & White, M. N. (1973) Word frequency and age-of-acquisition as determiners of picture naming latency. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 25:85-95. [aWJML]
45. Cassidy, K. W. & Kelly, M. H. (1991) Phonological information for grammatical category assignments. Journal of Memory and Language 30:348-69. [MHK]
46. Chun, M. M. & Potter, M. C. (1995) A two-stage model for multiple target detection in RSVP. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 21:109-27. [THC]
47. Clark, L. (1997) Conceptual perspective and lexical choice in acquisition. Cognition 64:1-37. [aWJML]
48. Clark, H. H. (1973) Space, time, semantics, and the child. In: Cognitive development and the acquisition of language, ed. T. Moore. Academic Press. [JDJ]
49. (1998) Communal lexicons. In: Context in learning and language understanding. ed. K. Mulnikjaer & J. Williams. Cambridge University Press. [rWJML]
50. Cohen, J. D., Dunbar, K. & McClelland, J. L. (1990) On the control of automatic processes: A parallel distributed processing account of the Stroop effect. Psychological Review 97:332-61. [GSD, rWJML]
51. Coles, M. G. H. (1989) Modern mind-brain reading: Psychophysiology, physiology and cognition. Psychophysiology 26:251-69. [aWJML]
52. Coles, M. G. H., Gratton, G. & Donchin, E. (1988) Detecting early communication: Using measures of movement-related potentials to illuminate human information processing. Biological Psychology 26:69-89. [aWJML]
53. Collins, A. M. & Loftus, E. F. (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review 82:407-28. [aWJML]
54. Collinson, W. E. (1939) Comparative synonymics Some principles and illustrations. Transactions of the Philological Society 54-77. [GH]
55. Collyer, C. E. (1985) Comparing strong and weak models by fitting them to computer-generated data. Perception and Psychophysics 38:476-81. [AMJ]
56. Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P. & Haller, M. (1993) Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed professing approaches. Psychological Review 100:589-608. [aWJML]
57. Costa, A. & Sebastian, N. (1998) Abstract syllabic structure in language production: Evidence from Spanish studies. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 24:886-903. [JS]
58. Crompton, A. (1982) Syllables and segments in speech production. In: Slips of the tongue and language production, ed. A. Cutler. Mouton. [aWJML]
59. Cutler, A. (in press) The syllable's role in the segmentation of stress languages. Language and Cognitive Processes. [aWJML]
60. Cutler, A., Dahan, D. & van Donselaar, W. (1997) Prosody in the comprehension of spoken language: A literature review. Language and Speech 40:141-201. [rWJML]
61. Cutler, A., Mehler, J., Norris, D. G. & Segui, J. (1986) The syllable's differing role in the segmentation of French and English. Journal of Memory and Language 25:385-400. [aWJML]
62. Cutler, A. & Norris, D. (1988) The role of strong syllables in segmentation for lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 14:113-21. [aWJML]
63. Cutting, C. J. & Ferreira, V. S. (in press) Semantic and phonological information flow in the production lexicon. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. [GSD, JDJ, aWJML]
64. Dagenbach, D. & Carr, T. H. (1994) Inhibiton processes in perceptual recognition: Evidence for a center-surround attentional mechanism. In: Inhibitory processes in attention, memory, and language, ed. D. Dagenbach & T. H. Carr. Academic Press. [THC]
65. Damasio, H., Grabowski, T. J., Tranel, D., Hichwa, R. D. & Damasio, A. R. (1996) A neural basis for lexical retrieval. Nature 380:499-505. [aWJML, HMM, FP, MZ]
66. Damian, M. F. & Martin, R. C. (1999) Semantic and phonological factors interact in single word production. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. [rWJML]
67. Deacon, T. W. (1992) Cortical connections of the interior arcuate sulcus cortex in the macaque brain. Brain Research 573:8-26. [FP]
68. De Boysson-Bardies, B. & Vihman, M. M. (1991) Adaptation to language: Evidence from babbling and first words in four languages. Language 67:297-318. [aWJML]
69. Delazer, M. & Semenza, C. (1998) The processing of compound words: A study in aphasia. Brain and Language 61:54-62. [rWJML, CS]
70. Dell, C. S. (1986) A spreading-activation theory of retrieval in sentence production. Psychological Review 93:283-321. [GSD, TAH, MHK, arWJML, LRW, MZ]
71. (1988) The retrieval of phonological forms in production: Tests of predictions from a connectionist model. Journal of Memory and Language 27:124-42. [AMJ, arWJML]
72. (1990) Effects of frequency and vocabulary type on phonological speech errors. Language and Cognitive Processes 5:313-49. [aWJML]
73. Dell, G. S., Burger, L. K. & Svec, W. R. (1997a) Language production and serial order: A functional analysis and a model. Psychological Review 104:123-44. [aWJML]
74. Dell, G. S., Juliano, C. & Govindjec, A. (1993) Structure and content in language production. A theory of frame constraints in phonological speech errors. Cognitive Science 17:149-95. [arWJML]
75. Dell, G. S. & O'Sheaghdha, P. G. (1991) Mediated and convergent lexical priming in language production: A comment on Levelt et al. (1991). Psychological Review 98:604-14. [TAH, aWJML, PGO]
76. (1992) Stages of lexical access in language production. Cognition 42:287-314. [JDJ, aWJML]
77. (1994) Inhibition in interactive actuation models of linguistic selection and sequencing. In: Inhibitory processes in attention, memory, and language, ed. D. Dagenbach & T. H. Carr. Academic Press. [LF, rWJML]
78. Dell, G. S. & Reich, P. A. (1980) Toward a unified model of slips of the tongue. In: Errors in linguistic performance: Slips of the tongue, ear, pen, and hand, ed. V. A. Fromkin. Academic Press. [aWJML]
79. (1981) Stages in sentence production: An analysis of speech error data. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 20:611-29. [TAH]
80. Dell, G. S., Schwartz, M. F., Martin, N., Saffran, E. M. & Gagnon, D. A. (1997b) Lexical access in aphasic and nonaphasic speakers. Psychological Review 104:801-38. [LF, TAH, aWJML]
81. Del Viso, S., Igoa, J. M. & Garcia-Albea, J. E. (1987) Corpus of spontaneous slips of the tongue in Spanish. Unpublished manuscript. [GV]
82. Dennett, D. (1991) Consciousness explained. Little, Brown. [aWJML]
83. Duncan, J. (1984) Selective attention and the organization of visual information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 113:501-17. [THC]
84. Edmonds, P. (1999) Semantic representations of near-synonyms for automatic lexical choice. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto. [GH]
85. Elbers, L. (1982) Operating principles in repetitive babbling: A cognitive continuity approach. Cognition 12:45-63. [aWJML]
86. Elbers, L. & Wijnen, F. (1992) Effort, production skill, and language learning. In: Phonological development: Models, research, implications, ed. C. A. Ferguson & C. Stoel-Gammon. York Press. [aWJML]
87. Elman, J. (1995) Language as a dynamical system. In: Mind as motion. ed. R. Port & T. van Gelder. MIT Press. [BR]
88. Elman, J. & McClelland, J. (1986) The TRACE model of speech perception. Cognitive Psychology 18:1-86. [rWJML]
89. (1988) Cognitive penetration of the mechanisms of perception: Compensation for coarticulation of lexically restored phonemes. Journal of Memory and Language 27:143-65. [AC]
90. Erba, A., Zorzi, M. & Umiltà, C. (1998) Categorizzazione percettiva e semantica in soggetti umani e reti neurali. Giornale Italiano di Psicologia 25:123-52. [MZ]
91. Everaert, M., van der Linden, E. J., Schenk, A. & Schreuder, R., eds. (1995) Idioms: Structural and psychological perspectives. Erlbaum. [aWJML]
92. Farnetani, E. (1990) V-C-V lingual coarticulation and its spatiotemporal domain. In: Speech production and speech modelling, ed. W. J. Hardcastle & A. Marchal. Kluwer. [aWJML]
93. Fay, D. & Cutler, A. (1977) Malapropisms and the structure of the mental lexicon. Linguistic Inquiry 8:505-20. [MHK, rWJML]
94. Ferrand, L., Segui, J. & Grainger, J. (1996) Masked priming of word and picture naming: The role of syllable units. Journal of Memory and Language 35:708-23. [aWJML]
95. Ferrand, L., Segui, J. & Humphreys, G. W. (1997) The syllable's role in word naming. Memory and Cognition 25:458-70. [aWJML]
96. Ferreira, F. (1993) Creation of prosody during sentence production. Psychological Review 100:233-53. [FF]
97. Ferreira, V. S. (1996) Is it better to give than to donate? Syntactic flexibility in language production. Journal of Memory and Language 35:724-55. [GSD]
98. Feyerbrand, P. (1975) Against method. Verso. [AMJ]
99. Fletcher, C. R. (1984) Markedness and topic continuity in discourse processing. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 23:487-93. [PCG]
100. Fodor, J. A., Garrett, M. F., Walker, E. C. T. & Parkes, C. H. (1980) Against definitions. Cognition 8:263-367. [arWJML]
101. Folkins, J. W. & Abbs, J. H. (1975) Lip and jaw motor control during speech: Responses to resistive loading of the jaw. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 18:207-20. [aWJML]
102. Fowler, C. A., Rubin, P., Remez, R. E. & Turvey, M. T. (1980) Implications for speech production of a general theory of action. In: Language production: Vol. 1. Speech and talk, ed. B. Butterworth. Academic Press. [aWJML]
103. Fowler, C. A. & Saltzman, E. (1993) Coordination and coarticulation in speech production. Language and Speech 36:171-95. [aWJML]
104. Franenfelder, U. H. & Peeters, G. (1998) Simulating the time-course of spoken word recognition: An analysis of lexical competition in TRACE. In: Localist connectionist approaches to human cognition, ed. J. Grainger & A. M. Jacobs. Erlbaum. [AC]
105. Fromkin, V. A. (1971) The non-anomalous nature of anomalous utterances. Language 47:27-52. [MHK, aWJML]
106. Fujimura, O. (1990) Demisyllables as sets of features: Comments on Clement's paper. In: Papers in laboratory phonology I. Between the grammar and physics of speech, ed. J. Kingston & M. E. Beckman. Cambridge University Press. [aWJML]
107. Fujimura, O. & Lovins, J. B. (1978) Syllables as concatenative phonetic units. In: Syllables and segments, ed. A. Bell & J. B. Hooper. North-Holland. [aWJML]
108. Fuster, J. M. (1994) Memory in the cerebral cortex. An empirical approach to neural networks in the human and nonhuman primate. MIT Press. [FP]
109. Garcia-Albea, J. E., del Viso, S. & Igoa, J. M. (1989) Movement errors and levels of processing in sentence production. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 18:145-61. [aWJML]
110. Garrett, M. F. (1975) The analysis of sentence production. In: The psychology of learning and motivation: Vol. 9, ed. G. H. Bower. Academic Press. [arWJML]
111. (1980) Levels of processing in sentence production. In: Language production: Vol. I. Speech and talk, ed. B. Butteworth. Academic Press. [aWJML, GV, MZ]
112. (1988) Processes in language production. In: Linguistics: The Cambridge survey. Vol. III. Biological and psychological aspects of language, ed. F. J. Nieuwmeyer. Harvard University Press. [arWJML]
113. (1992) Lexical retrieval processes: Semantic field effects. In: Frames, fields and contrasts: New essays in semantic and lexical organization, ed. E. Kittay & A. Lehrer. Erlbaum. [MZ]
114. Glaser, M. O. & Glaser, W. R. (1982) Time course analysis of the Stroop phenomenon. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 8:875-94. [rWJML]
115. Glaser, W. R. (1992) Picture naming. Cognition 42:61-105. [arWJML]
116. Glaser, W. R. & Düngelhoff, F.-J. (1984) The time course of picture-word interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 10:640-54. [arWJML]
117. Glaser, W. R. & Glaser, M. O. (1989) Context effects in Stroop-like word and picture processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 118:13-42. [arWJML]
118. Goldman, N. (1975) Conceptual generation. In: Conceptual information processing, ed. R. Schank. North-Holland
119. Goldsmith, J. A. (1990) Autosegmental and metrical phonology. Basil Blackwell. [aWJML]
120. Gordon, P. C. & Hendrick, R. (in press) The representation and processing of coreference in discourse. Cognitive Science. [PCG]
121. (1997) Intuitive knowledge of linguistic co-reference. Cognition 62:325-70. [PCG]
122. Gove, P., ed. (1984) Webster's new dictionary of synonyms. Merriam-Webster. [GH]
123. Grainger, J. & Jacobs, A. M. (1996) Orthographic processing in visual word recognition: A multiple read-out model. Psychological Review 103:518-65. [AMJ]
124. (1998) On localist connectionism and psychological science. In: Localist connectionist approaches to human cognition, ed. J. Grainger & A. M. Jacobs. Erlbaum. [AMJ]
125. Grossberg, S. (1976a) Adaptive pattern classification and universal recoding: I. Parallel development and coding of neural feature detectors. Biological Cybernetics 23:121-34. [MZ]
126. Adaptive pattern classification and universal recoding: 2. Feedback, expectation, olfaction, and illusions. Biological Cybernetics 23:187-203. [JSB]
127. Grosz, B. J., Joshi, A. K. & Weinstein, S. (1995) Centering: A framework for modelling the local coherence of discourse. Computational Linguistics 21:203-26. [PCG]
128. Harley, T. A. (1984) A critique of top-down independent levels models of speech production: Evidence from non-plan-internal speech errors. Cognitive Science 8:191-219. [TAH]
129. (1993) Phonological activation of semantic competitors during lexical access in speech production. Language and Cognitive Processes 8:291-309. [TAH, JDJ, aWJML, PGO]
130. Harley, T. A. & Brown, H. (1998) What causes tip-of-the-tongue states? British Journal of Psychology 89:151-74. [TAH]
131. Hayakawa, S. L., ed. (1987) Choose the right word: A modern guide to synonyms. Harper and Row. [GH]
132. Henaff Gonon, M. A., Bruckert, R. & Michel, F. (1989) Lexicalization in an anomic patient. Neuropsychologia 27:391-407. [aWJML]
133. Hendriks, H. & McQueen, J., eds. (1996) Annual Report 1995. Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics. Nijmegen. [aWJML]
134. Hervey, S. & Higgins, I. (1992) Thinking translation: A course in translation method. Routledge. [GH]
135. Hinton, G. E. & Shallice, T. (1991) Lesioning an attractor network: Investigations of acquired dyslexia. Psychological Review 99:74-93. [TAH]
136. Hird, K. & Kirsner, K. (1993) Dysprosody following acquired neurogenic impairment. Brain and Language 45:46-60. [BR]
137. Hirst, G. (1995) Near-synonymy and the structure of lexical knowledge. Working notes. AAAI symposium on representation and acquisition of lexical knowledge: Polysemy, ambiguity, and generativity. Stanford University. [GH]
138. Hittmair-Delazer, M., Semenza, C., De Bleser, R. & Benke, T. (1994) Naming by German compounds. Journal of Neurolinguistics 8:27-41. [rWJML, CS]
139. Humphreys, G. W., Riddoch, M. J. & Price, C. J. (1997) Top-down processes in object identification: Evidence from experimental psychology, neuropsychology and functional anatomy. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 352:1275-82. [LF]
140. Humphreys, G. W., Riddoch, M. J. & Quinlan, P. T. (1988) Cascade processes in picture identification. Cognitive Neuropsychology 5:67-103. [aWJML]
141. Humphreys, G. W., Lamote, C. & Lloyd-Jones, T. J. (1995) An interactive activation approach to object processing: Effects of structural similarity, name frequency and task in normality and pathology. Memory 3:535-86. [aWJML]
142. Indefrey, P. G. & Levelt, W. J. M. (in press) The neural correlates of language production. In: The cognitive neurosciences, 2nd edition, ed. M. Gazzaniga. MIT Press. [aWJML]
143. Jackendoff, R. (1987) Consciousness and the computational mind. MIT Press. [aWJML]
144. Jacobs, A. M. & Carr, T. H. (1995) Mind mappers and cognitive modelers: Toward cross-fertilization. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:362-63. [aWJML]
145. Jacobs, A. M. & Grainger, J. (1994) Models of visual word recognition: Sampling the state of the art. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 20:1311-34. [LF, AMJ]
146. Jacobs, A. M., Rey, A., Zeigler, J. C. & Grainger, J. (1998) MROM-P: An interactive activation, multiple read-out model of orthographic and phonological processes in visual word recognition. In: Localist connectionist approaches to human cognition, ed. J. Grainger & A. M. Jacobs. Erlbaum. [AMJ]
147. Jeannerod, M. (1994) The representing brain: Neural correlates of motor intention and imagery. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:187-245. [aWJML]
148. Jescheniak, J. D. (1994) Word frequency effects in speech production. Doctoral dissertation, Nijmegen University. [aWJML]
149. Jescheniak, J. D. & Levelt, W. J. M. (1994) Word frequency effects in speech production: Retrieval of syntactic information and of phonological form. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Language, Memory, and Cognition 20:824-43. [arWJML]
150. Jescheniak, J. D. & Schriefers, H. (1997) Lexical access in speech production: Serial or cascaded processing? Language and Cognitive Processes 12:847-52. [JDJ]
151. (1998) Discrete serial versus cascaded processing in lexical access in speech production: Further evidence from the co-activation of near-synonyms. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 24:1256-74. [JDJ, aWJML, PGO]
152. (in preparation) Lexical access in speech production: The case of antonyms. [JDJ]
153. Jescheniak, J. D., Schriefers, H. & Hantsch, A. (submitted) Semantic and phonological activation in noun and pronoun production. [JDJ]
154. Kanwisher, N. & Driver, J. (1993) Objects, attributes, and visual attention: Which, what, and where. Current Directions in Psychological Science 1:26-31. [THC]
155. Kawamoto, A. H., Kello, C. T., Jones, R. M. & Bame, K. A. (1998) Initial phoneme versus whole word criterion to initiate pronunciation: Evidence based on response latency and initial phoneme duration. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 24:862-85. [AHK]
156. Kelly, M. H. (1992) Using sound to solve syntactic problems: The role of phonology in grammatical category assignments. Psychological Review 99:349-64. [MHK]
157. Kelly, M. H. & Bock, J. K. (1988) Stress in time: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 14:389-403. [MHK]
158. Kelso, J. A. S., Saltzman, E. L. & Tuller, B. (1986) The dynamical perspective on speech production: Data and theory. Journal of Phonetics 14:29-59. [aWJML]
159. Kempen, G. (1997) Grammatical performance in human sentence production and comprehension. Report Leiden University, Psychology Department. [rWJML]
160. Kempen, G. & Hoenkamp, E. (1987) An incremental procedural grammar for sentence formulation. Cognitive Science 11:201-58. [aWJML]
161. Kempen, G. & Huijbers, P. (1983) The lexicalization process in sentence production and naming: Indirect election of words. Cognition 14:185-209. [aWJML]
162. Kiritani, S. & Sawashima, M. (1987) The temporal relationship between articulations of consonants and adjacent vowels. In: In honor of Ilse Lehiste, ed. R. Channon & L. Shockey. Foris. [aWJML]
163. Kohonen, T. (1984) Self-organization and associative memory. Springer. [MZ]
164. Kuçera, H. & Francis, W. N. (1967) Computational analysis of present day English. Brown University Press. [PCG]
165. Kutas, M. (1997) Views on how the electrical activity that the brain generates reflects the functions of different language structures. Psychophysiology 34:383-98. [HMM]
166. Kutas, M. & Hillyard, S. A. (1983) Event-related brain potentials to grammatical errors and semantic anomalies. Memory and Cognition 11:539-50. [HMM]
167. La Heij, W. (1988) Components of Stroop-like interference in picture naming. Memory and Cognition 16:400-10. [PAS]
168. La Heij, W., Dirkx, J. & Kramer, P. (1990) Categorical interference and associative priming in picture naming. British Journal of Psychology 81:511-25. [PAS]
169. La Heij, W. & van den Hof, E. (1995) Picture-word interference increases with target-set size. Psychological Research 58:119-33. [rWJML, PAS]
170. Laine, M. & Martin, N. (1996) Lexical retrieval deficit in picture-naming: Implications for word-production models. Brain and Language 53:283-314. [LF, rWJML]
171. Lashley, K. S. (1951) The problem of serial order in behavior. In: Cerebral mechanisms in behavior. The Hixxon symposium, ed. L. A. Jeffress. Wiley. [FP]
172. Levelt, C. C. (1994) The acquisition of place. Holland Institute of Generative Linguistics Publications. [aWJML]
173. Levelt, W. J. M. (1983) Monitoring and sell-repair in speech. Cognition 14:41-104. [aWJML]
174. (1989) Speaking: From intention to articulation. MIT Press. [AC, TAH, MHK, arWJML, BR, MZ]
175. (1992) Accessing words in speech production: Stages, processes and representations. Cognition 42:1-22. [JSB, rWJML]
176. (1993) Lexical selection, or how to bridge the major rift in language processing. In: Theorie und Praxis des Lexikons, ed. F. Beckmann & G. Heyer. De Gruyter. [aWJML]
177. (1996) Perspective taking and ellipsis in spatial descriptions. In: Language and space, ed. P. Bloom, M. A. Peterson, L. Nadel & M. F. Garrett. MIT Press. [aWJML]
178. Levelt, W. J. M. & Kelter, S. (1982) Surface form and memory in question answering. Cognitive Psychology 14:78-106. [aWJML]
179. Levelt, W. J. M., Praamstra, P., Meyer, A. S., Helenius, P. & Salmelin, R. (1998) A MEG study of picture naming. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 10:553-67. [arWJML]
180. Levelt, W. J. M., Schreuder, H. & Hoenkamp, E. (1978) Structure and use of verbs of motion. In: Recent advances in the psychology of language, ed. R. N. Campbell & P. T. Smith. Plenum. [aWJML]
181. Levelt, W. J. M., Schriefers, H., Vorberg, D., Meyer, A. S., Pechmann, T. & Havinga, J. (1991a) The time course of lexical access in speech production: A study of picture naming. Psychological Review 98:122-42. [TAH, JDJ, aWJML, FP]
182. (1991b) Normal and deviant lexical processing: Reply to Dell and O'Seaghdha. Psychological Review 98:615-18. [aWJML]
183. Levelt, W. J. M. & Wheeldon, L. (1994) Do speakers have access to a mental syllabary? Cognition 50:239-69. [aWJML]
184. Liberman, A. (1996) Speech: A special code. MIT Press. [aWJML]
185. Lindblom, B. (1983) Economy of speech gestures. In: The production of speech. ed. P. F. MacNeilage. Springer. [aWJML]
186. Lindblom, B., Lubker, J. & Gay, T. (1979) Formant frequencies of some fixed-mandible vowels and a model of speech motor programming by predictive simulation. Journal of Phonetics 7:147-61. [aWJML]
187. Locke, J. (1997) A theory of neurolinguistic development. Brain and Language 58:265-326. [BR]
188. MacKay, D. G. (1987) The organization of perception and action: A theory for language and other cognitive skills. Springer-Verlag. [JS]
189. (1993) The theoretical epistemology: A new perspective on some long-standing methodological issues in psychology. In: Methodological and quantitative issues in the analysis of psychological data, ed. G. Keren & C. Lewis. Erlbaum. [JS]
190. MacLeod, C. M. (1991) Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin 109:163-203. [rWJML]
191. Maki, W. S., Frigen, K. & Paulson, K. (1997) Associative priming by targets and distractors during rapid serial visual presentation: Does word meaning survive the attentional blink? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 23:1014-34. [THC]
192. Marr, D. (1982) Vision. Freeman. [aWJML]
193. Marslen-Wilson, W. D. (1987) Functional parallelism in spoken word recognition. Cognition 25:71-102. [rWJML]
194. Marslen-Wilson, W. D., Levy, W. & Tyler, L. K. (1982) Producing interpretable discourse: The establishment and maintenance of reference. In: Speech, place, and action, ed. R. Jarvella & W. Klein. Wiley. [PCG]
195. Martin, N., Gagnon, D. A., Schwartz, M. F., Dell, G. S. & Saffran, E. M. (1996) Phonological facilitation of semantic errors in normal and aphasic speakers. Language and Cognitive Processes 11:257-82. [LF, aWJML, PGO]
196. Martin, A., Wiggs, G. L., Ungerleider, L. G. & Haxby, J. V. (1996) Neural correlates of category-specific knowledge. Nature 379:649-52. [rWJML]
197. McClelland, J. L. (1979) On the time relations of mental processes: An examination of systems of processes in cascade. Psychological Review 56:287-330. [aWJML]
198. McClelland, J. L. & Elman, J. L. (1986) The TRACE model of speech perception. Cognitive Psychology 18:1-86. [AC]
199. McClelland, J. L. & Rumelhart, D. E. (1981) An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: 1. An account of the basic findings. Psychological Review 88:357-407. [AC]
200. McGuire, P. K., Silbersweig, D. A. & Frith, C. D. (1996) Functional neuroanatomy of verbal self-monitoring. Brain 119:101-11. [aWJML]
201. McQueen, J. M., Cutler, A., Briscoe, T. & Norris, D. (1995) Models of continuous speech recognition and the contents of the vocabulary. Language and Cognitive Processes 10:309-31. [aWJML]
202. Mehler, J., Dommergues, J. & Frauenfelder, U. (1981) The syllable's role in speech segmentation. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 20:289-305. [aWJML]
203. Mehler, J., Altmann, G., Sebastian, N., Dupoux, E., Christophe, A. & Pallier, C. (1993) Understanding compressed sentences: The role of rhythm and meaning. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 682:272-82. [aWJML]
204. Meijer, P. J. A. (1994) Phonological encoding: The role of suprasegmental structures. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Nijmegen University. [aWJML, JS]
205. (1996) Suprasegmental structures in phonological encoding: The CV structure. Journal of Memory and Language 35:840-53. [aWJML, JS]
206. Meyer, A. S. (1990) The time course of phonological encoding in language production: The encoding of successive syllables of a word. Journal of Memory and Language 29:524-45. [aWJML]
207. (1991) The time course of phonological encoding in language production: Phonological encoding inside a syllable. Journal of Memory and Language 30:69-89. [AHK, aWJML]
208. (1992) Investigation of phonological encoding through speech error analyses: Achievements, limitations, and alternatives. Cognition 42:181-211. [aWJML]
209. (1994) Timing in sentence production. Journal of Memory and Language 33:471-92. [FF, rWJML]
210. (1996) Lexical access in phrase and sentence production: Results from picture-word interference experiments. Journal of Memory and Language 35:477-96. [aWJML, PAS]
211. (1997) Word form generation in language production. In: Speech production: Motor control, brain research and fluency disorders, ed. W. Hulstijn, H. F. M. Peters & P. H. H. M. van Lieshout. Elsevier. [aWJML]
212. Meyer, A. S., Roelofs, R. & Schiller, N. (in preparation) Prosodification of metrically regular and irregular words. [aWJML]
213. Meyer, A. S. & Schriefers, H. (1991) Phonological facilitation in picture-word interference experiments: Effects of stimulus onset asynchrony and types of interfering stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Language, Memory, and Cognition 17:1146-60. [aWJML, PAS]
214. Meyer, A. S., Sleiderink, A. M. & Levelt, W. J. M. (1998) Viewing and naming objects: Eye movements during noun phrase production. Cognition 66:B25-B33. [rWJML]
215. Miller, G. A. (1956) The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review 63:81-97. [aWJML]
216. (1991) The science of words. Scientific American Library. [aWJML]
217. Miller, G. A. & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1976) Language and perception. Harvard University Press. [aWJML]
218. Miller, J. & Weinert, R. (1998) Spontaneous spoken language: Syntax and discourse. Clarendon Press. [MS]
219. Minsky, M. & Papert, S. (1969) Perceptions. MIT Press. [MZ]
220. Mondini, S., Luzzatti, C., Semenza, C. & Calza, A. (1997) Prepositional compounds are sensitive to agrammatism: Consequences for models of lexical retrieval. Brain and Language 60:78-80. [CS]
221. Morrison, C. M., Ellis, A. W. & Quinlan, P. T. (1992) Age of acquisition, not word frequency, affects object naming, not object recognition. Memory and Cognition 20:705-14. [aWJML]
222. Morton, J. (1969) The interaction of information in word recognition Psychological Review 76:165-78. [aWJML]
223. Mowrey, R. A. & MacKay, I. R. A. (1990) Phonological primitives:
224. Müller, H. M., King, J. W. & Kutas, M. (1997) Event velated potentials elicited by spoken relative clauses. Cognitive Brain Research 5:193-203. [HMM]
225. Müller, H. M. & Kutas, M. (1996) What's in a name? Electrophysiological differences between spoken nouns, proper names, and one's own name NeuroReport 8:221-25. [HMM]
226. Munhall, K. G. & Löfqvist, A. (1992) Gestural aggregation in speech: Laryngeal gestures. Journal of Phonetics 20:111-26. [aWJML]
227. Myung, I. J. & Pitt, M. A. (1998) Issues in selecting mathematical models of cognition. In: Localist connectionist approaches to human cognition, ed. J. Grainger & A. M. Jacobs. Erlbaum. [AMJ]
228. Nespor, M. & Vogel, I. (1986) Prosodic phonology. Foris. [aWJML]
229. Nickels, L. (1995) Getting it right? Using aphasic naming errors to evaluate theoretical models of spoken word recognition. Language and Cognitive Processes 10:13-45. [aWJML]
230. Nooteboom, S. (1969) The tongue slips into patterns. In: Nomen: Leyden studies in linguistics and phonetics, ed. A. G. Sciarone, A. J. van Essen & A. A. van Rood. Mouton. [aWJML]
231. Norris, D. (1990) Connectionism: A case for modularity. In: Comprehension processes in reading, ed. D. A. Balota, G. B. Flores d'Arcais & K. Rayner. Erlbaum. [AC]
232. (1993) Bottom-up connectionist models of 'interaction.' In: Cognitive models of speech processing, ed. G. Altmann & R. Shillcock. Erlbaum. [AC]
233. (1994) Shortlist: A connectionist model of continuous speech recognition. Cognition 52:189-234. [rWJML]
234. Norris, D., McQucen, J. M. & Cutler, A. (submitted) Merging phonetic and lexical information in phonetic decision-making. [AC]
235. Oldfield, H. C. & Wingfield, A. (1965) Response latencies in naming objects. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 17:273-81. [aWJML]
236. O'Seaghdha, P.G., Dell, G. S., Peterson, R. R. & Juliano, C. (1992) Modelling form-related priming effects in comprehension and production. In: Connectionist approaches to language processing, vol. 1, ed. R. Reilly & N. E. Sharkey. Erlbaum. [LRW]
237. O'Seaghdha, P. G. & Marin, J. W. (1997) Mediated semantic-phonological priming: Calling distant relatives. Journal of Memory and Language 36:226-52. [JDJ, PGO]
238. (in press) Phonological competition and cooperation in form-related priming: Sequential and nonsequential processes in word production. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. [PGO rWJML]
239. Paller, K. A., Kutas, M., Shimamura, A. P. & Squire, L. R. (1992) Brain responses to concrete and abstract words reflect processes that correlate with later performance on a test of stem-completion priming. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology (Supplement) 40:360-65. [HMM]
240. Pandya, D. N. & Yeterian, E. H. (1985) Architecture and connections of cortical association areas. In: Cerebral cortex. Vol. 4: Association and auditory cortices, ed. A. Peters & E. G. Jones. Plenum Press. [FP]
241. Pashler, H. (1994) Dual-task interference in simple tasks: Data and theory. Psychological Bulletin 116:220-44. [THC]
242. Peterson, R. R., Dell, G. S. & O'Sheaghdha, P. G. (1989) A connectionist model of form-related priming effects. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 196-203. Erlbaum. [PGO]
243. Peterson, R. R. & Savoy, P. (1998) Lexical selection and phonological encoding during language production: Evidence for cascaded processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 24:539-57. [GH, JDJ, arWJML, PGO]
244. Pit, M. A. & McQueen, J. M. (1998) Is compensation for coarticulation mediated by the lexicon? Journal of Memory and Language, 39:347-70. [AC]
245. Platt, J. R. (1964) Strong inference. Science 146:347-53. [AMJ]
246. Posner, M. I. & Raichle, M. E. (1994) Images of mind. Scientific American Library. [THC]
247. Potter, M. C. (1983) Representational buffers: The eye-mind hypothesis in picture perception, reading, and visual search. In: Eye movements in reading: Perceptual and langnage processes, ed. K. Rayner. Academic Press. [aWJML]
248. Prechelt, L. (1996) A quantitative study of experimental evaluations of neural network learning algorithms: Current research practice. Neural Networks 9:457-62. [AMJ]
249. Preissl, H, Pulvermüller, F., Lutzenberger, W. & Birbaumer, N. (1995) Evoked potentials distinguish between nouns and verbs. Neuroscience Letters 197:81-83. [HMM]
250. Pulvermüller, F. (1992) Constituents of a neurological theory of language. Concepts in Neuroscience 3:157-200. [FP]
251. (1995) Agrammatism: Behavioral description and neurobiological explanation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 7:165-81. [FP]
252. (1996) Hebb's concept of cell assemblies and the psychophysiology of word processing. Psychophysiology 33:317-33. [KP]
253. Rafal, R. & Henik, A. (1994) The neurology of inhibition: Integrating controlled and automatic processes. In: Inhibitory processes in attention, memory, and language, ed. D. Dogenbach & T. H. Carr. Academic Press. [THC]
254. Ratcliff, R. & Murdock, B. B., Jr. (1976) Retrieval processes in recognition memory. Psychological Review 83:190-214. [AMJ]
255. Recasens, D. (1984) V-to-C coarticulation in Catalan VCV sequences: An articulatory and acoustic study. Journal of Phonetics 12:61-73. [aWJML]
256. (1987) An acoustic analysis of V-to-C and V-to-V coarticulatory effects in Catalan and Spanish VCV sequences. Journal of Phonetics 15:299-312. [aWJML]
257. Roberts, S. & Sternberg, S. (1993) The meaning of additive reaction-time effects: Tests of three alternatives. In: Attention and performance XIV, ed. D. E. Meyer & S. Kornblum. MIT Press. [aWJML]
258. Roelofs, A. (1992a) A spreading-activation theory of lemma retrieval in speaking. Cognition 42:107-42. [arWJML, PAS]
259. (1992b) Lemma retrieval in speaking: A theory, computer simulations, and empirical data. Doctoral dissertation, NICI Technical Report 92-08, University of Nijmegen. [arWJML, PAS]
260. (1993) Testing a non-decompositional theory of lemma retrieval in speaking: Retrieval of verbs. Cognition 47:59-87. [arWJML]
261. (1994) On-line versus off-line priming of word-form encoding in spoken word production. In: Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, ed. A. Ram & K. Eiselt. Erlbaum. [aWJML]
262. (1996a) Computational models of lemma retrieval. In: Computational psycholinguistics: AI and connectionist models of human language processing, ed. T. Dijkstra & K. De Smedt. Tayor and Francis. [aWJML]
263. (1996b) Serial order in planning the production of successive morphemes of a word. Journal of Memory and Language 35:854-76. [arWJML]
264. (1996c) Morpheme frequency in speech production: Testing WEAVER. In: Yearbook of morphology, ed. G. E. Booij & J. van Marle. Kluwer Academic Press. [aWJML]
265. (1997a) A case for non-decomposition in conceptually driven word retrieval. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 26:33-67. [GH, aWJML]
266. (1997b) Syllabification in speech production: Evaluation of WEAVER. Language and Cognitive Processes 12:657-94. [aWJML]
267. (1997c) The WEAVER model of word-form encoding in speech production. Cognition 64:249-84. [arWJML, PAS]
268. (1998) Rightward incrementality in encoding simple phrasal forms in speech production: Verb-parMcle combinations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 24:904-19. [aWJML]
269. (submitted a) Parallel activation and serial selection in planning linguistic performance: Evidence from implicit and explicit priming. [aWJML]
270. (submitted b) WEAVER+ + and other computational models of lemma retrieval and word-form encoding. [aWJML]
271. (submitted c) Discrete or continuous access of lemmas and forms in speech production? [rWJML]
272. Roelofs, A., Baayen, H. & Van den Brink, D. (submitted) Semantic transparency in producing polymorphemic words. [aWJML]
273. Roefofs, A. & Meyer, A. S. (1998) Metrical structure in planning the production of spoken words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 24:922-39. [aWJML, JS]
274. Roelofs, A., Meyer, A. S. & Levelt, W. J. M. (1996) Interaction between semantic and orthographic factors in conceptually driven naming: Comment on Starreveld and La Heij (1995). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 22:246-51. [arWJML, PAS]
275. (1998) A case for the lemma-lexeme distinction in models of speaking: Comment on Caramazza and Miozzo (1997). Cognition 69:219-30. [rWJML]
276. Romani, C. (1992) The representation of prosodic and syllabic structure in speech production. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Johns Hopkins University. [JS]
277. Rosch, E., Mervis, C. B., Gray, W. D., Johnson, D. M. & Boyes-Braem, P. (1976) Basic objects in natural categories. Cognitive Psychology 8:382-439. [aWJML]
278. Rosenbaum, D. A., Kenny, S. B. & Derr, M. A. (1983) Hierarchical control of rapid movement sequences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 9:86-102. [aWJML]
279. Rossi, M. & Defare, E. P. (1995) Lapsis linguae: Word errors or phonological errors? International Journal of Psycholinguistics 11:5-38. [aWJML]
280. Rumelhart, D. E. & McClelland, J. L. (1982) An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: 2. The contextual enhancement effect and some tests and extensions of the model. Psychological Review 89:60-94. [AC]
281. Rumelhart, D. E., Hinton, G. E. & Williams, R. J. (1986) Learning internal representations by error propagation. In: Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition: Vol. 1. Foundations, ed. D. E. Rumelhart & J. L. McClelland. MIT Press. [MZ]
282. Rumelhart, D, E. & Zipser, D. (1985) Feature discovery by competitive learning. Cognitive Science 9:75-112. [MZ]
283. Santiago, J. (1997) Instructura sil bica y activation secuencial en produccion del lenguaje. [Syllable structure and sequential activation in language production]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department Psicologia Experimental y Fisiologia del Comportamiento. Universidad de Granada, Spain. [JS]
284. Santiago, J., MacKay, D. G., Palma, A. & Rho, C. (submitted) Picture naming latencies vary with sequential activation processes in hierarchie syllable and word structures. [JS]
285. Schade, U. (1996) Konnektionistische Sprachproduktion [Connectionist language production]. Habilitationsschrift, Bielefeld University. [AMJ, rWJML]
286. Schade, U. & Berg, T. (1992) The role of inhibition in a spreading-activation model of language production: II. The simulational perspective. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 21:435-62. [LF]
287. Schiller, N. (1997) The role of the syllable in speech production. Evidence from lexical statistics, metalinguistics, masked priming, and electromagnetic midsagittal articulography. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Nijmegen University. [aWJML]
288. (1998) The effect of visually masked syllable primes on the naming latencies of words and pictures. Journal of Memory and Language 39:484-507. [aWJML]
289. Schiller, N., Meyer, A. S., Baayen, R. H. & Levelt, W. J. M. (1966) A comparison of lexeme and speech syllables in Dutch. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 3:8-28. [aWJML]
290. Schiller, N., Meyer, A. S. & Levelt, W. J. M. (1997) The syllabic structure of spoken words: Evidence from the syllabilication of intervocalic consonants. Language and Speech 40:101-39. [aWJML]
291. Schmitt, B. (1997) Lexical access in the production of ellipsis and pronouns. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Nijmegen University. [rWJML]
292. Schriefers, H. (1990) Lexical and conceptual factors in the naming of relations. Cognitive Psychology 22:111-42. [aWJML]
293. (1993) Syntactic processes in the production of noun phrases. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 19:841-50. [aWJML]
294. Schriefers, H., Meyer, A. S. & Levelt, W. J. M. (1990) Exploring the time course of lexical access in speech production: Picture-word interference studies. Journal of Memory and Language 29:86-102. [aWJML, PAS]
295. Schriefers, H., Teruel, E. & Meinshausen, R. M. (1998) Producing simple sentences: Results from picture-word interference experiments. Journal of Memory and Language 39:609-32. [aWJML]
296. Seidenberg, M. S. & McClelland, J. L. (1989) A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming. Psychological Review 96:523-68. [aWJML]
297. Selkirk, E. (1984) Phonology and syntax. MIT Press. [FF]
298. Semenza, C. (1998) Lexical semantic disorders in aphasia. In: Handbook of Neuropsychology, ed. G. Denes & L. Pizzamiglio. Erlbaum. [CS]
299. Semenza, C., Luzzatti, C. & Carabelli, S. (1997) Naming disorders for compounds in aphasia: A study in Italian. Journal of Neurolinguistics 10:33-43. [CS]
300. Semenza, C., Mondini, S. & Cappelletti, M. (1997) The grammatical properties of mass nouns: An aphasia case study. Neuropsychologica 35:669-75. [rWJML, CS]
301. Sereno, J. (1994) Phonosyntactics. In: Sound symbolism, ed. L. Hinton, J. Nichols & J. J. Ohala. Cambridge University Press. [MHK]
302. Sevald, C. A. & Dell, G. S. (1994) The sequential ening effect in speech production. Cognition 53:91-127. [PGO, JS, LRW]
303. Sevald, C. A., Dell, G. S. & Cole, J. S. (1990) Syllable structure in speech production: Are syllables chunks or schemas? Journal of Memory and Language 34:807-20. [aWJML, JS]
304. Shallice, T. & McGill, J. (1978) The origins of mixed errors. In: Attention and performance VII, ed. J. Requin. Erlbaum. [TAH]
305. Shapiro, K. L. & Raymond, J. E. (1994) Temporal allocation of visual attention: Inhibition or interference? In: Inhibitory processes in attention, memory, and language, ed. D. Dagenbach & T. H. Carr. Academic Press. [THC]
306. Shastri, L. & Ajjanagadde, V. (1993) From simple associations to systematic reasoning: A connectionist representation of rules, variables and dynamic bindings using temporal synchrony. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16:417-94. [rWJML]
307. Shattuck-Hufnagel, S. (1979) Speech errors as evidence for a serial-ordering mechanism in sentence production. In: Sentence processing: Psycholinguistic studies presented to Merrill Garrett, ed. W. E. Cooper & E. C. T. Walker. Erlbaum. [arWJML]
308. (1983) Sublexical units and suprasegmental structure in speech production planning. In: The production of speech, ed. P. F. MacNeilage. Springer. [aWJML]
309. (1985) Context similarity constraints on segmental speech errors: An experimental investigation of the role of word position and lexical stress. In: On the planning and production of speech in normal and hearing-impaired individuals: A seminar in honor of S. Richard Siverman, ed. J. Lauter. ASHA Reports, No. 15. [aWJML]
310. (1987) The role of word-onset consonants in speech production planning: New evidence from speech error patterns. In: Memory and sensory processes of language, ed. E. Keller & M. Gopnik. Erlbaum. [aWJML]
311. (1992) The role of word structure in segmental serial ordering. Cognition 42:213-59. [aWJML]
312. Shattuck-Hufnagel, S. & Klatt, D. H. (1979) The limited use of distinctive features and markedness in speech production: Evidence from speech error data. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 18:41-55. [aWJML]
313. Sherman, D. (1975) Noun-verb stress alternation: An example of lexical diffusion of sound change. Linguistics 159:43-71. [MHK]
314. Slobin, D. I. (1987) Thinking for speaking. In: Berkeley Linguistics Society: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Meeting, ed. J. Aske, N. Beery, L. Michaelis & H. Filip. Berkeley Linguistics Society. [arWJML]
315. (1996) From "thought and language" to "thinking for speaking." In: Rethinking linguistics relativity, ed., J. J. Gumperz & S. C. Levinson. Cambridge University Press. [rWJML]
316. (1998) Verbalized events: A dynamic approach to linguistic relativity and determinism. Proceedings of the LAUD-Symposium, Duisburg. [rWJML]
317. Snodgrass, J. C. & Yuditsky, T. (1996) Naming times for the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures. Behavioral Research Methods, Instruments and Computers 28:516-36. [aWJML]
318. Sptizer, M., Kwong, K. K., Kennedy, W., Rosen, B. R. & Belliveau, J. W. (1995) Category-specific brain activation in fMRI during picture naming. NeuroReport 6:2109-112. [HMM]
319. Starreveld, P. A. & La Heij, W. (1995) Semantic interference, orthographic facilitation and their interaction in naming tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory, and Cognition 21:686-98. [arWJML, PAS]
320. (1996a) The locus of orthographic-phonological facilitation: A reply to Roelofs, Meyer, and Levelt (1996). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 22:252-55. [aWJML]
321. (1996b) Time-course analysis of semantic and orthographic context effects in picture naming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 22:896-918. [rWJML, PAS]
322. Stede, M. (1996) Lexical paraphrases in multilingual sentence generation. Machine Translation 11:75-107. [GH]
323. Stemberger, J. P. (1983) Speech errors and theoretical phonology: A review. Indiana University Linguistics Club. [aWJML]
324. (1985) An interactive activation model of language production. In Progress in the psychology of language, vol. 1, ed. A. W. Ellis. Erlbaum. [LF, aWJML, LRW]
325. (1990) Wordshape errors in language production. Cognition 35:123-57. [aWJML]
326. (1991a) Radical underspecification in language production. Phonology 8:73-112. [aWJML]
327. (1991b) Apparent anti-frequency effects in language production: The addition bias and phonological underspecification. Journal of Memory and Language 30:161-85. [aWJML]
328. Stemberger, J. P. & MacWhitney, B. (1986) Form-oriented inflectional errors in language processing. Cognitive Psychology 18:329-54. [aWJML]
329. Stemberger, J. P. & Stoel-Gammon, C. (1991) The underspecification of coronals: Evidence from language acquisition and performance errors. Phonetics and Phonology 2:181-99. [aWJML]
330. Sternberg, S. (1969) The discovery of processing stages: Extensions of Donders' method. Attention and Performance II, ed. W. G. Koster. Acta Psychologica 30:276-315. [aWJML]
331. Thorpe, S., Fize, D. & Marlot, C. (1996) Speed of processing in the human visual system. Nature 381:520-22. [aWJML]
332. Touretzky, D. S. & Hinton, G. E. (1988) A distributed connectionist production system. Cognitive Science 12:423-66. [rWJML]
333. Treisman, A. M. & Gelade, G. (1980) A feature integration theory of attention. Cognitive Psychology 12:97-136. [GSD]
334. Turvey, M. T. (1990) Coordination. American Psychologist 45:938-53. [aWJML]
335. Valdes-Sosa, M., Bobes, M. A., Rodriguez, V. & Pinilla, T. (1998) Switching attention without shifting the spotlight: Object-based attentional modulation of brain potentials. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 10:137-51. [THC]
336. Van Berkum, J. J. A. (1996) The psycholinguistics of grammatical gender: Studies in language comprehension and production. Unpublished dissertation. Nijmegen University. [aWJML]
337. (1997) Syntactic processes in speech production: The retrieval of grammatical gender. Cognition 64:115-52. [aWJML]
338. Van Gelder, T. (1990) Compositionality: A connectionist variation on a classical theme, Cognitive Science 14:355-84. [aWJML]
339. Vanier, M. & Caplan, D. (1990) CT-scan correlates of agrammatism. In: Agrammatic aphasia. A cross-language narrative sourcebook, vol. 1, ed. L. Menn & L. K. Obler. John Benjamins. [FP]
340. Van Turennout, M., Hagoort, P. & Brown, C. M. (1997) Electrophysiological evidence on the time course of semantic and phonological processes in speech production. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 23:787-806. [aWJML]
341. (1998) Brain activity during speaking: From syntax to phonology in 40 msec. Science 280:572-74. [arWJML]
342. Venneman, T. (1988) Preference laws for syllable structure and the explanation of sound change. With special reference to German. Germanic, Italian, and Latin. Mouton de Gruyter. [aWJML]
343. Vigliocco, G., Antonini, T. & Garrett, M. F. (1997) Grammatical gender is on the tip of Italian tongues. Psychological Science 8:314-17. [TAH, aWJML]
344. Warrington, E. K. & McCarthy, R. A. (1987) Categories of knowledge: Further fractionations and an attempted integration. Brain 110:1273-96.[FP]
345. Weiss, S. & Rappelsberger, P. (1996) EEG coherence within the 13-18 Hz band as a correlate of a distinct lexical organization of concrete and abstract nouns in humans. Neuroscience Letters 209:17-20. [HMM]
346. Weiss, S., Müller, H. M. & Rappelsberger, P. (1998) Left frontal EEG coherence reflects modality independent language processes. Brain Topography 11(1). (in press). [HMM]
347. (in press) EEG-coherence analysis of spoken names and nouns processing. Abstract of the 27th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience. [HMM]
348. Wheeldon, L. R. (submitted) Inhihitory form priming of spoken word production. [LRW]
349. Wheeldon, L. R. & Lahiri, A. (1997) Prosodic units in speech production. Journal of Memory andl Language 37:356-81. [aWJML]
350. Wheeldon, L. R. & Levelt, W. J. M. (1995) Monitoring the time course of phonological encoding. Journal of Memory and Language 34:311-34. [aWJML]
351. Wheeldon, L. R. & Monsell, S. (1994) Inhibition of spoken word production by priming a semantic competitor. Journal of Memory and Language 33:332-36. [LF, LRW]
352. Wickelgren, W. A. (1969) Context-sensitive coding, associative memory, and serial order in (speech) behavior. Psychological Review 76:1-15. [FP]
353. Wiekens, J. R. (1993) A theory of the striatum. Pergamon Press. [FP]
354. Wingfield, A. (1968) Effects of frequency on identification and naming of objects. American Journal of Psychology 81:226-34. [aWJML]
355. Yaniv, I., Meyer, D. E., Gordon, P. C., Huff, C. A. & Sevald, C. A. (1990) Vowel similarity, connectionist models, and syllable structure in motor programming of speech. Journal of Memory and Language 29:1-26. [LRW]
356. Zingeser, L. B. & Berndt, R. S. (1990) Retrieval of nouns and verbs in agrammatism and anomia. Brain and Language 39:14-32. [CS]
357. Zorzi, M., Houghton, G. & Butterworth, B. (1998) Two routes or one in reading aloud? A connectionist dual-process model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 24:1131-61. [MZ]
358. Zwitserlood, P. (1989) The effects of sentential-semantic context in spoken-word processing. Cognition 32:25-64. [aWJML]
359. (1994) Access to phonological-form representations in language comprehension and production. In: Perspectives on sentence processing, ed. C. Clifton, Jr., L. Frazier & K. Rayner. Erlbaum. [PAS]