Growth hormone (GH) treatment acts on the endocrine and autocrine/paracrine GH/IGF-axis and on TNF-α expression in bony fish pituitary and immune organs

Fish and Shellfish Immunology

Volumn 31, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 944-952

  Shved, N ^a   Berishvili, G ^a   Mazel, P ^a   Baroiller, J F ^b   Eppler, Elisabeth ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b CIRAD   (France)

Author keywords

GH receptor; IGF I; IGF II; Neuro endocrine immune interactions; TNF

Indexed keywords

HYPEROGLYPHE POROSA; MAMMALIA; OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS; OSTEICHTHYES;

EID: 81255134331     PISSN: 10504648     EISSN: 10959947     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.08.012     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Clark R. The somatogenic hormones and insulin-like growth factor-1: stimulators of lymphopoiesis and immune function. Endocr Rev 1997, 18:157-179.
2. Hattori N. Expression, regulation and biological actions of growth hormone (GH) and ghrelin in the immune system. Growth Horm IGF Res 2009, 19:187-197.
3. Oberlin D., Fellbaum C., Eppler E. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) mRNA and peptide are expressed in the human lymph node and distinctly defined to subtypes of macrophages, antigen-presenting cells, lymphocytes and endothelial cells. Immunology 2009, 128:342-350.
4. Binz K., Joller P., Froesch P., Binz H., Zapf J., Froesch E.R. Repopulation of the atrophied thymus in diabetic rats by insulin-like growth factor I. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990, 87:3690-3694.
5. Segner H., Eppler E., Reinecke M. The impact of environmental hormonally active substances on the endocrine and immune system of fish. Review. Fish Endocrinology 2006, vol. 2:809-865. Science Publishers, Enfield (NH), Jersey, Plymouth, USA. M. Reinecke, G. Zaccone, B.G. Kapoor (Eds.).
6. Yada T. Growth hormone and fish immune system. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2007, 152:353-358.
7. Napolitano L.A., Schmidt D., Gotway M.B., Ameli N., Filbert E.L., Ng M.M., et al. Growth hormone enhances thymic function in HIV-1-infected adults. J Clin Invest 2008, 118:1085-1098.
8. Bozzola M., De Amici M., Zecca M., Schimpff R.M., Rapaport R. Modulating effects of human growth hormone on tumour necrosis-α and interleukin-1β. Eur J Endocrinol 1998, 138:640-643.
9. Uronen-Hansson H., Allen M.L., Lichtarowicz-Krynska E., Aynsley-Green A., Cole T.J., Höiden-Guthenberg I., et al. Growth hormone enhances proinflammatory cytokine production by monocytes in whole blood. Growth Horm IGF Res 2003, 13:282-286.
10. Onenli-Mungan N., Yildizdas D., Yapicioglu H., Topaloglu A.K., Yüksel B., Ozer G. Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 levels and their relation to survival in children with bacterial sepsis and septic shock. J Paediatr Child Health 2004, 40:221-226.
11. De Groof F., Joosten K.F., Janssen J.A., de Kleijn E.D., Hazelzet J.A., Hop W.C., et al. Acute stress response in children with meningococcal sepsis: important differences in the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor I axis between nonsurvivors and survivors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002, 87:3118-3124.
12. Ohlsson C., Mohan S., Sjögren K., Tivesten A., Isgaard J., Isaksson O., et al. The role of liver-derived insulin-like growth factor-I. Endocr Rev 2009, 30:494-535.
13. Wolf M., Böhm S., Brand M., Kreymann G. Proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibit growth hormone stimulation of insulin-like growth factor I synthesis and growth hormone receptor mRNA levels in cultured rat liver cells. Eur J Endocrinol 1996, 135:729-737.
14. Jones J.I., Clemmons D.R. Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins: biological actions. Endocr Rev 1995, 16:3-34.
15. Reinecke M. Insulin and the insulin-like growth factors. Fish Endocrinology 2006, vol. 1:3-13. Science Publishers, Enfield (NH), Jersey, Plymouth, USA. M. Reinecke, G. Zaccone, B.G. Kapoor (Eds.).
16. Reinecke M. Influences of the environment on the endocrine and paracrine fish growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-I system. J Fish Biol 2010, 76:1233-1254.
17. Wong A.O.L., Zhou H., Jiang Y., Ko W.K.W. Feedback regulation of growth hormone synthesis and secretion in fish and the emerging concept of intrapituitary feedback loop. Comp Biochem Physiol A 2006, 144:284-305.
18. Eppler E., Shved N., Moret O., Reinecke M. IGF-I is distinctly located in the bony fish pituitary as revealed for Oreochromis niloticus, the Nile tilapia, using real-time RT-PCR, in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2007, 150:87-95.
19. Eppler E. The insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) within the bony fish pituitary: new morphofunctional and phylogenetic aspects. In: 'Paracrine processes in the pituitary gland'. The Open Neuroendocrinol J 2011, 4:43-50.
20. Mori T., Devlin R.H. Transgenic and host growth hormone expression in pituitary and nonpituitary tissues of normal and growth hormone transgenic salmon. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1999, 149:129-139.
21. Caelers A., Maclean N., Hwang G., Eppler E., Reinecke M. Expression of endogenous and exogenous growth hormone (GH) messenger (m) RNA in a GH-transgenic tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Transgenic Res 2005, 14:95-104.
22. Eppler E., Berishvili G., Mazel P., Caelers A., Hwang G., Maclean N., et al. Distinct organ-specific up- and downregulation of IGF-I and IGF-II mRNA in various organs of a GH-overexpressing transgenic Nile tilapia. Transgen Res 2010, 19:231-240.
23. Kajita Y., Sakai M., Kobayashi M., Kawauchi H. Enhancement of non-specific cytotoxic activity of leucocytes in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss injected with growth hormone. Fish Shellfish Immunol 1992, 2:155-157.
24. Sakai M., Kobayashi M., Kawauchi H. Enhancement of chemoluminiscent responses of phagocytic cells from rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, by injection of growth hormone. Fish Shellfish Immunol 1995, 5:375-379.
25. Sakai M., Kobayashi M., Kawauchi H. In vitro activation of fish phagocytic cells by GH, prolactin and somatolactin. J Endocrinol 1996, 151:113-158.
26. Calduch-Giner J.A., Sitjà-Bobadilla A., Alvarez-Pellitero P., Pérez-Sánchez J. Growth hormone is a phagocyte-activating factor in the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Cell Tissue Res 1997, 287:535-540.
27. Sakai M., Kajita Y., Kobayashi M., Kawauchi H. Immunostimulating effect of growth hormone: in-vivo administration of growth hormone in rainbow trout enhances resistance to Vibrio anguillarum infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1997, 57:147-152.
28. Kitlen J.W., Hejbol E.K., Zinck T., Varming K., Byatt J.C., McLean E. Growth performance and respiratory burst activity in rainbow trout treated with growth hormone and vaccine. Fish Shellfish Immunol 1997, 7:297-304.
29. Yada T., Azuma T., Takagi Y. Stimulation of non-specific immune functions in seawater-acclimated rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, with reference to the role of growth hormone. Comp Biochem Physiol B 2001, 129:695-701.
30. Peterson B.C., Small B.C., Bilodeau L. Effects of GH on immune and endocrine responses of channel catfish challenged with Edwardsiella ictaluri. Comp Biochem Physiol A 2007, 146:47-53.
31. Reinecke M., Schmid A., Ermatinger R., Loffing-Cueni D. Insulin-like growth factor I in the teleost Oreochromis mossambicus, the tilapia: gene sequence, tissue expression, and cellular localization. Endocrinology 1997, 138:3613-3619.
32. Yada T., Uchida K., Kajimura S., Azuma T., Hirano T., Grau E.G. Immunomodulatory effects of prolactin and growth hormone in the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. J Endocrinol 2002, 173:483-492.
33. Caelers A., Berishvili G., Meli M.L., Eppler E., Reinecke M. Establishment of a real-time RT-PCR for the determination of absolute amounts of IGF-I and IGF-II gene expression in liver and extrahepatic sites of the tilapia. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2004, 137:196-204.
34. Biga P.R., Schelling G.T., Hardy R.W., Cain K.D., Overturf K., Ott T.L. The effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) on tissue IGF-I, IGF-I receptor, and GH mRNA levels in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2004, 135:324-333.
35. Shved N., Berishvili G., Häusermann E., D'Cotta H., Baroiller J.-F., Eppler E. Challenge with EE2 during early development persistently impairs growth and differentiation of immune organs in bony fish. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2009, 26:524-530.
36. Deane E.E., Woo N.Y.S. Modulation of beta-actin, insulin-like growth factor 1 and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene expression during vibriosis of sea bream, Sparus (=Rhabdosargus) sarba Forsskål. J Fish Dis 2005, 28:593-601.
37. Sitjà-Bobadilla A., Calduch-Giner J., Saera-Vila A., Palenzuela O., Álvarez-Pellitero P., Pérez-Sanchez J. Chronic exposure to the parasite Enteromyxum leei (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) modulates the immune response and the expression of growth, redox and immune relevant genes in gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata L. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2008, 24:610-619.
38. Sarea-Vila A., Calduch-Giner J.A., Prunet P., Pérez-Sanchez J. Dynamics of liver GH/IGF axis and selected stress markers in juvenile gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) exposed to acute confinement differential stress response of growth hormone receptors. Comp Biochem Physiol A 2009, 154:197-203.
39. Reinecke M., Collet C. The phylogeny of the insulin-like growth factors. Int Rev Cytol 1998, 183:1-94.
40. Montserrat N., Gabillard J.C., Capilla E., Navarro M.I., Gutiérrez J. Role of insulin, insulin-like growth factors, and muscle regulatory factors in the compensatory growth of the trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2007, 150:462-472.
41. Noble P.W., Lake F.R., Henson P.M., Riches D.W.H. Hyaluronate activation of CD44 induces insulin-like growth factor-1 expression by a tumor necrosis factor-alpha dependent mechanism in murine macrophages. J Clin Invest 1993, 91:2368-2377.
42. Fournier T., Riches D.W., Winston B.W., Rose D.M., Young S.K., Noble P.W., et al. Divergence in macrophage insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) synthesis induced by TNF-alpha and prostaglandin E2. J Immunol 1995, 155:2123-2133.
43. Renier G., Clément I., Desfaits A.-C., Lambert A. Direct stimulatory effect of insulin-like growth factor-I on monocyte and macrophage tumor necrosis factor-α production. Endocrinology 1996, 137:4611-4619.
44. Ross R.L., Jones K.D., Bennett R.M., Ward R.L., Druker B.J., Wood L.J. Preliminary evidence of increased pain and elevated cytokines in fibromyalgia patients with defective growth hormone response to exercise. Open Immunol J 2010, 3:9-18.
45. Palin K., Bluthé R.M., McCusker R.H., Moos F., Dantzer R., Kelley K.W. TNFalpha-induced sickness behavior in mice with functional 55 kDTNF receptors is blocked by central IGF-I. J Neuroimmunol 2007, 187:55-60.
46. Park S.-E., Dantzer R., Kelley K.W., McCusker R.H. Central administration of insulin-like growth factor I decreases depressive-like behavior and brain cytokine expression in mice. J Neuroinflammat 2011, 8:12.
47. Gaillard R.C., Turnill D., Sappino P., Muller A.F. Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibits the hormonal response of the pituitary gland to hypothalamic releasing factors. Endocrinology 1990, 127:101-106.
48. Haedo M.R., Gerez J., Fuertes M., Giacomini D., Páez-Pereda M., Labeur M., et al. Regulation of pituitary function by cytokines. Horm Res 2009, 72:266-274.
49. Green V.L., Atkin S.L., Speirs V., Jeffreys R.V., Landolt A.M., Mathew B., et al. Cytokine expression in human anterior pituitary adenomas. ClinEndocrinol (Oxf) 1996, 45:179-185.
50. Elsaesser T.H., Caperna T.J., Fayer R. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha affects growth hormone secretion by a direct pituitary interaction. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1991, 198:547-554.
51. Bowden T.J. Modulation of the immune system of fish by their environment. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2008, 25:373-383.
52. Secombes C. Will advances in fish immunology change vaccination strategies?. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2008, 25:409-416.
53. Secombes C.J., Wang T., Hong S., Peddie S., Crampe M., Laing K.J., et al. Cytokines and innate immunity of fish. Dev Comp Immunol 2001, 25:713-723.
54. Goetz F.W., Planas J.V., MacKenzie S. Tumor necrosis factors. Dev Comp Immunol 2004, 28:487-497.
55. Nam B.-H., Moon J.-Y., Kim Y.-O., Kong H.J., Kim W.-J., Kim K.-K., et al. Molecular and functional analyses of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) from olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Comp Biochem Physiol B 2011, 159:84-91.
56. Berishvili G., Baroiller J.-F., Eppler E., Reinecke M. Insulin-like growth factor-3 (IGF-3) in male and female gonads of the tilapia: development and regulation of gene expression by growth hormone (GH) and 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010, 167:128-134.
57. Jevdjovic T., Maake C., Zwimpfer C., Krey G., Eppler E., Zapf J., et al. The effect of hypophysectomy on pancreatic islet hormone and insulin-like growth factor I content and mRNA expression in the rat. Histochem Cell Biol 2005, 123:179-188.
58. Eppler E., Caelers A., Shved N., Hwang G., Rahman A.M., Maclean N., et al. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in a growth-enhanced transgenic (GH-overexpressing) bony fish, the tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): indication for a higher impact of autocrine/paracrine than of endocrine IGF-I. Transgenic Res 2007, 16:479-489.
59. Shved N., Berishvili G., Baroiller J.-F., Segner H., Eppler E., Reinecke M. Ethinylestradiol differentially interferes with the IGF-I system in the tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. J Endocrinol 2007, 195:513-523.
60. Schmid A.C., Naef E., Kloas W., Reinecke M. IGF-II and IGF-II in the ovary of a bony fish Oreochromis mossambicus, the tilapia: in situ hybridisation, immunohistochemical localisation, Northern Blot and cDNA sequences. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1999, 156:141-149.
61. Berishvili G., D'Cotta H., Baroiller J.-F., Segner H., Reinecke M. Differential expression of IGF-I mRNA and peptide in the male and female gonad during early development of a bony fish, the tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2006, 146:204-210.
62. Livak K.J., Schmittgen T.D. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta DeltaC(T)) Method. Methods 2001, 25:402-408.
63. Duan C., Duguay S.J., Plisetskaya E.M. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) mRNA expression in coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutsch: tissue distribution and effects of growth hormone/prolactin family proteins. Fish Physiol Biochem 1993, 11:371-379.
64. Moriyama S. Increased plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) following oral and intraperitoneal administration of growth hormone to rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Growth Regul 1995, 5:164-167.
65. Shamblott M.J., Cheng C.M., Bolt D., Chen T.T. Appearance of insulin-like growth factor mRNA in the liver and pyloric caeca of a teleost in response to exogenous growth hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995, 92:6943-6949.
66. Duguay S.J., Lai-Zhang J., Steiner D.F., Funkenstein B., Chan S.J. Developmental and tissue regulated expression of IGF-I and IGF-II mRNAs in Sparus aurata. J Mol Endocrinol 1996, 16:123-132.
67. Guillén I., Lleonart R., Agramonte A., Morales R., Morales A., Hernández C.A., et al. Physiological changes in the juvenile euryhaline teleost, the tilapia Oreochromis hornorum, injected with E. coli-derived homologous growth hormone. J Mar Biotechnol 1998, 6:142-145.
68. Kajimura S., Uchida K., Yada T., Riley L.G., Byatt J.C., Collier R.J., et al. Stimulation of insulin-like growth factor-I production by recombinant bovine growth hormone in Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. Fish Physiol Biochem 2001, 25:221-230.
69. Vong Q.P., Chan K.M., Cheng C.H. Quantification of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) IGF-I and IGF-II mRNA by real-time PCR: differential regulation of expression by GH. J Endocrinol 2003, 178:513-521.
70. Gahr S.A., Vallejo R.L., Weber G.M., Shepherd B.S., Silverstein J.T., Rexroad C.E. Effects of short-term growth hormone treatment on liver and muscle transcriptomes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Physiol Genomics 2008, 32:380-392.
71. Reindl K.M., Kittilson J.D., Bergan H.E., Sheridan M.A. Growth hormone-stimulated insulin-like growth factor-1 expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes is mediated by ERK, PI3K-AKT, and JAK-STAT. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011, 301:R236-R243.
72. Schmid A.C., Reinecke M., Kloas W. Primary cultured hepatocytes of the bony fish, Oreochromis mossambicus, the tilapia: a valid tool for physiological studies on IGF-I expression in liver. J Endocrinol 2000, 166:265-273.
73. Schmid A.C., Lutz I., Kloas W., Reinecke M. Thyroid hormone stimulates hepatic IGF-I mRNA expression in a bony fish, the tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus, in vitro and in vivo. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2003, 130:129-134.
74. Leung L.Y., Kwong A.K., Man A.K., Woo N.Y. Direct actions of cortisol, thyroxine and growth hormone on IGF-I mRNA expression in sea bream hepatocytes. Comp Biochem Physiol A 2008, 151:705-710.
75. Moriyama S., Yamaguchi K., Takasawa T., Chiba H., Kawauchi H. Identification of two insulin-like growth factor IIs in the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica: cloning, tissue distribution, and expression after growth hormone treatment and seawater acclimation. Comp Biochem Physiol B 2008, 149:47-57.
76. Ponce M., Infante C., Funes V., Manchado M. Molecular characterization and gene expression analysis of insulin-like growth factors I and II in the redbanded sea bream, Pagrus auriga: transcriptional regulation by growth hormone. Comp Biochem Physiol B 2008, 150:418-426.
77. Gray E.S., Kelley K.M. Growth regulation in the gobiid teleost, Gillichthys mirabilis: roles of growth hormone, hepatic growth hormone receptors and insulin-like growth factor-I. J Endocrinol 1991, 131:57-66.
78. Duguay S.J., Swanson P., Dickhoff W.W. Differential expression and hormonal regulation of alternatively spliced IGF-I mRNA transcripts in salmon. J Mol Endocrinol 1994, 12:25-37.
79. Otteson D.C., Cirenza P.F., Hitchcock P.F. Persistent neurogenesis in the teleost retina: evidence for regulation by the growth-hormone/insulin-like growth factor-I axis. Mech Dev 2002, 117:137-149.
80. Tse M.C., Vong Q.P., Cheng C.H., Chan K.M. PCR-cloning and gene expression studies in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) insulin-like growth factor-II. Biochim Biophys Acta 2002, 1575:63-74.
81. Eppler E., Jevdjovic T., Maake C., Reinecke M. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and its receptor (IGF-1R) in the rat anterior pituitary. Eur J Neurosci 2007, 25:191-200.
82. Jevdjovic T., Bernays R.L., Eppler E. Insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA and peptide in the human anterior pituitary. J Neuroendocrinol 2007, 19:335-341.
83. Gabillard J.-C., Weil C., Rescan P.-Y., Navarro I., Gutiérrez J., Le Bail P.-Y. Effects of environmental temperature on IGF1, IGF2 and IGF type I receptor expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2003, 133:233-242.
84. Gabillard J.-C., Kamangar B.B., Montserrat N. Coordinated regulation of the GH/IGF system genes during refeeding in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Endocrinol 2006, 191:15-24.
85. Milenkovic L., Rettori V., Snyder G.D., Beutler B., McCann S.M. Cachectin alters anterior pituitary hormone release by a direct action in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989, 86:2418-2422.
86. Harel G., Shamoun D.S., Kane J.P., Magner J.A., Szabo M. Prolonged effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on anterior pituitary hormone release. Peptides 1995, 16:641-645.
87. Calduch-Giner J.A., Pérez-Sánchez J. Expression of growth hormone gene in the head kidney of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). J Exp Zool 1999, 283:326-330.
88. Lam F.W.-S., Wu S.-Y., Lin S.-J., Lin C.-C., Chen Y.-M., Wang H.-C., et al. The expression of two novel orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) TNF genes in peripheral blood leukocytes, various organs, and fish larvae. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2011, 30:618-629.
89. Laing K.J., Wang T., Zou J., Holland J., Hong S., Bols N., et al. Cloning and expression analysis of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Eur J Biochem 2001, 268:1315-1322.
90. Morrison R.N., Zou J., Secombes C.J., Scapigliati G., Adams M.B., Nowak B.F. Molecular cloning and expression analysis of tumour necrosis factor-α in amoebic gill disease (AGD)-affected Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2007, 23:1015-1031.
91. Zou J., Secombes C.J., Long S., Miller N., Clem L.W., Chinchar V.G. Molecular identification and expression analysis of tumor necrosis factor in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Dev Comp Immunol 2003, 27:845-858.
92. Praveen K., Evans D.L., Jaso-Friedmann L. Constitutive expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in cytotoxic cells of teleosts and its role in regulation of cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Mol Immunol 2006, 43:279-291.
93. Covello J.M., Bird S., Morrison R.N., Battaglene S.C., Secombes C.J., Nowak B.F. Cloning and expression analysis of three striped trumpeter (Latris lineata) pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-8, in response to infection by the ectoparasitic, Chondracanthus goldsmidi. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2009, 26:773-786.
94. Raida M.K., Holten-Andersen L., Buchmann K. Association between Yersinia ruckeri infection, cytokine expression and survival in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2011, 30:1257-1264.
95. García-Castillo J., Pelegrín P., Mulero V., Meseguer J. Molecular cloning and expression analysis of tumor necrosis factor α from a marine fish reveal its constitutive expression and uniquitous nature. Immunogenetics 2002, 54:200-207.
96. Serri O., St-Jacques P., Sartiprour M., Renier G. Alterations of monocyte function in patients with growth hormone (GH) deficiency: effect of substitutive GH therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1999, 84:58-63.