Pulmonary function testing in young children

Current Allergy and Asthma Reports

Volumn 11, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 473-481

  Escobar, Hugo ^a   Carver Jr , Terrence W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI KANSAS CITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Airway resistance; Bronchodilator; Bronchoprovocation; Children; Gas dilution; Impulse oscillometry; Lung clearance index; Lung function; Nitrogen washout; Pediatric; Plethysmography; Pulmonary function testing; Specific airway resistance; Spirometry; Tidal breathing

Indexed keywords

BRONCHODILATING AGENT; LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; MANNITOL; METHACHOLINE; STEROID;

ASTHMA; BREATH ANALYSIS; BREATHING PATTERN; BRONCHOSPASM; BRONCHUS HYPERREACTIVITY; CHILD; CHILD HEALTH CARE; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CLINICAL EVALUATION; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; EXERCISE TEST; EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME; FORCED EXPIRATORY FLOW; FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME; FORCED VITAL CAPACITY; FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY; GAS ANALYSIS; HUMAN; INHALATION TEST; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; LUNG FUNCTION TEST; NON INVASIVE PROCEDURE; OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASE; OSCILLOMETRY; PATIENT ATTITUDE; PLETHYSMOGRAPHY; RESPIRATORY FAILURE; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SPIROMETRY; TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT;

CHILD, PRESCHOOL; HUMANS; LUNG DISEASES; OSCILLOMETRY; PLETHYSMOGRAPHY; RESPIRATION; SPIROMETRY;

EID: 81155149946     PISSN: 15297322     EISSN: 15346315     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11882-011-0220-9     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. RE Kanner MB Schenker A Munoz, et al. 1983 Spirometry in children. Methodology for obtaining optimal results for clinical and epidemiologic studies Am Rev Respir Dis 127 6 720 724 6859655 1:STN:280:DyaL3s3ivFWlsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 13101553)
2. Standardization of Spirometry, 1994 Update. American Thoracic Society. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;152(3):1107-36.
3. N Beydon SD Davis E Lombardi, et al. 2007 An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: pulmonary function testing in preschool children Am J Respir Crit Care Med 175 12 1304 1345 17545458 10.1164/rccm.200605-642ST (Pubitemid 46905757)
4. Lung function testing: selection of reference values and interpretative strategies. American Thoracic Society. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991;144(5):1202-18.
5. R Pellegrino G Viegi V Brusasco, et al. 2005 Interpretative strategies for lung function tests Eur Respir J 26 5 948 968 16264058 10.1183/09031936.05. 00035205 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2MrosFSgtQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 41632054)
6. KC Pike MJ Rose-Zerilli EC Osvald, et al. 2011 The relationship between infant lung function and the risk of wheeze in the preschool years Pediatr Pulmonol 46 1 75 82 20848581 10.1002/ppul.21327 1:STN:280: DC%2BC3M%2FovVSjsg%3D%3D
7. E D'Angelo E Prandi J Milic-Emili 1993 Dependence of maximal flow-volume curves on time course of preceding inspiration J Appl Physiol 75 3 1155 1159 8226524 (Pubitemid 23289603)
8. JK Pfaff WJ Morgan 1994 Pulmonary function in infants and children Pediatr Clin North Am 41 2 401 423 8139882 1:STN:280:DyaK2c7ovVSqsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 24114654)
9. EN Pattishall 1990 Pulmonary function testing reference values and interpretations in pediatric training programs Pediatrics 85 5 768 773 2330239 1:STN:280:DyaK3c3jtFOlug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 20144851)
10. GA Mueller H Eigen 1994 Pulmonary function testing in pediatric practice Pediatr Rev 15 10 403 411 7997445 10.1542/pir.15-10-403 1:STN:280: DyaK2M%2FptVSjsA%3D%3D
11. RO Crapo 1994 Pulmonary-function testing New Engl J Med 331 1 25 30 8202099 10.1056/NEJM199407073310107 1:STN:280:DyaK2c3mtFWgtQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 24195598)
12. DW Dockery CS Berkey JH Ware, et al. 1983 Distribution of forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in one second in children 6 to 11 years of age Am Rev Respir Dis 128 3 405 412 6614634 1:STN:280:DyaL3szgs1Ortg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 13006136)
13. RJ Knudson RC Slatin MD Lebowitz, et al. 1976 The maximal expiratory flow-volume curve. Normal standards, variability, and effects of age Am Rev Respir Dis 113 5 587 600 1267262 1:STN:280:DyaE287ot1Kqtw%3D%3D
14. FD Martinez AL Wright LM Taussig, et al. 1995 Asthma and wheezing in the first six years of life. The Group Health Medical Associates New Engl J Med 332 3 133 138 7800004 10.1056/NEJM199501193320301 1:STN:280:DyaK2M%2FpvVSrtQ%3D%3D
15. WJ Morgan DA Stern DL Sherrill, et al. 2005 Outcome of asthma and wheezing in the first 6 years of life: follow-up through adolescence Am J Respir Crit Care Med 172 10 1253 1258 16109980 10.1164/rccm.200504-525OC (Pubitemid 43076563)
16. J Britton FD Martinez 1996 The relationship of childhood respiratory infection to growth and decline in lung function Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154 6 Pt 2 S240 S245 8970395 1:STN:280:DyaK2s7isFeitA%3D%3D
17. W Jedrychowski U Maugeri FP Perera, et al. 2010 Early wheeze as reported by mothers and lung function in 4-year-olds. Prospective cohort study in Krakow Pediatr Pulmonol 45 9 919 926 20672363 10.1002/ppul.21273
18. E Goksor M Amark B Alm, et al. 2007 The impact of pre- and post-natal smoke exposure on future asthma and bronchial hyper-responsiveness Acta Paediatr 96 7 1030 1035 17498194 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00296.x (Pubitemid 46934434)
19. MK Hyvarinen A Kotaniemi-Syrjanen TM Reijonen, et al. 2007 Lung function and bronchial hyper-responsiveness 11 years after hospitalization for bronchiolitis Acta Paediatr 96 10 1464 1469 17880415 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007. 00458.x 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2srmt1SktQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 47416432)
20. A Kotaniemi-Syrjanen TM Reijonen K Korhonen, et al. 2008 Wheezing due to rhinovirus infection in infancy: bronchial hyperresponsiveness at school age Pediatr Int 50 4 506 510 19143973 10.1111/j.1442-200X.2008.02620.x
21. DG Cook DP Strachan IM Carey 1998 Health effects of passive smoking. 9. Parental smoking and spirometric indices in children Thorax 53 10 884 893 10193379 10.1136/thx.53.10.884 1:STN:280:DyaK1M3gvFCmuw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 28459549)
22. RT Stein CJ Holberg D Sherrill, et al. 1999 Influence of parental smoking on respiratory symptoms during the first decade of life: the Tucson Children's Respiratory Study Am J Epidemiol 149 11 1030 1037 10355379 1:STN:280: DyaK1M3otFGisg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 29246868)
23. V Aguerre C Castanos HG Pena, et al. 2010 Postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children: clinical and pulmonary function findings Pediatr Pulmonol 45 12 1180 1185 20717912 10.1002/ppul.21304 1:STN:280: DC%2BC3cbot1Ckuw%3D%3D
24. R Mattiello EE Sarria J Mallol, et al. 2010 Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans: can CT scan findings at early age anticipate lung function? Pediatr Pulmonol 45 4 315 319 20205267 10.1002/ppul.21115
25. L Zhang K Irion H Kozakewich, et al. 2000 Clinical course of postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans Pediatr Pulmonol 29 5 341 350 10790245 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0496(200005)29:5<341::AID-PPUL2>3.0.CO;2-4 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c3ltFWmtg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 30230421)
26. S Cazzato V Poletti F Bernardi, et al. 2008 Airway inflammation and lung function decline in childhood post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans Pediatr Pulmonol 43 4 381 390 18302234 10.1002/ppul.20784 (Pubitemid 351544047)
27. M Hack M Schluchter L Andreias, et al. 2011 Change in prevalence of chronic conditions between childhood and adolescence among extremely low-birth-weight children JAMA 306 4 394 401 21791688 10.1001/jama.2011.1025 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXpslWisbs%3D
28. AG Filbrun AP Popova MJ Linn, et al. 2011 Longitudinal measures of lung function in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia Pediatr Pulmonol 46 4 369 375 21438170 10.1002/ppul.21378
29. A Szeinberg JE Marcotte H Roizin, et al. 1987 Normal values of maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures with a portable apparatus in children, adolescents, and young adults Pediatr Pulmonol 3 4 255 258 3658531 10.1002/ppul.1950030411 1:STN:280:DyaL1c%2FhsFeitg%3D%3D
30. EB Brostrom P Thunqvist G Adenfelt, et al. 2010 Obstructive lung disease in children with mild to severe BPD Respir Med 104 3 362 370 19906521 10.1016/j.rmed.2009.10.008
31. WH Kitchen A Olinsky LW Doyle, et al. 1992 Respiratory health and lung function in 8-year-old children of very low birth weight: a cohort study Pediatrics 89 6 Pt 2 1151 1158 1594368 1:STN:280:DyaK383nvV2iuw%3D%3D
32. CL Gangell GL Hall SM Stick, et al. 2010 Lung function testing in preschool-aged children with cystic fibrosis in the clinical setting Pediatr Pulmonol 45 5 419 433 20425849 This article provides a nice review of various PFT techniques used in young cystic fibrosis patients
33. JR Bach Y Ishikawa H Kim 1997 Prevention of pulmonary morbidity for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy Chest 112 4 1024 1028 9377912 10.1378/chest.112.4.1024 1:STN:280:DyaK1c%2Fit1Wgtw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 27446324)
34. S Mehta 2006 Neuromuscular disease causing acute respiratory failure Respir Care 51 9 1016 1021 16934165 discussion 1021-3 (Pubitemid 44870532)
35. WJ O'Donohue Jr JP Baker GM Bell, et al. 1976 Respiratory failure in neuromuscular disease. Management in a respiratory intensive care unit JAMA 235 7 733 735 946292 10.1001/jama.235.7.733
36. C Dohna-Schwake R Ragette H Teschler, et al. 2006 Predictors of severe chest infections in pediatric neuromuscular disorders Neuromuscul Disord 16 5 325 328 16621559 10.1016/j.nmd.2006.02.003 1:STN:280:DC%2BD283lsV2rtQ%3D%3D
37. A Szeinberg E Tabachnik N Rashed, et al. 1988 Cough capacity in patients with muscular dystrophy Chest 94 6 1232 1235 3191765 10.1378/chest.94.6.1232 1:STN:280:DyaL1M%2Flt1emtg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 19002785)
38. D Spathopoulos E Paraskakis G Trypsianis, et al. 2009 The effect of obesity on pulmonary lung function of school aged children in Greece Pediatr Pulmonol 44 3 273 280 19208374 10.1002/ppul.20995
39. Sidoroff V, Hyvarinen M, Piippo-Savolainen E, et al. Lung function and overweight in school aged children after early childhood wheezing. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010, Dec 30 (Epub ahead of print).
40. BZ Garty BH Athreya R Wilmott, et al. 1991 Pulmonary functions in children with progressive systemic sclerosis Pediatrics 88 6 1161 1167 1956732 1:STN:280:DyaK38%2Fms1CisA%3D%3D
41. AB Dubois AW Brody DH Lewis, et al. 1956 Oscillation mechanics of lungs and chest in man J Appl Physiol 8 6 587 594 13331841 1:STN:280: DyaG28%2FosVCntQ%3D%3D
42. KG Nielsen H Bisgaard 2001 Discriminative capacity of bronchodilator response measured with three different lung function techniques in asthmatic and healthy children aged 2 to 5 years Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164 4 554 559 11520714 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3Mvns1yrsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32801655)
43. HY Kim YH Shin W da Jung, et al. 2009 Resistance and reactance in oscillation lung function reflect basal lung function and bronchial hyperresponsiveness respectively Respirology 14 7 1035 1041 19740263 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2009.01605.x
44. J Hellinckx K De Boeck J Bande-Knops, et al. 1998 Bronchodilator response in 3-6.5 years old healthy and stable asthmatic children Eur Respir J 12 2 438 443 9727798 10.1183/09031936.98.12020438 1:STN:280:DyaK1czpsVOrsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 28389542)
45. JM Olaguibel MJ Alvarez-Puebla M Anda, et al. 2005 Comparative analysis of the bronchodilator response measured by impulse oscillometry (IOS), spirometry and body plethysmography in asthmatic children J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 15 2 102 106 16047709 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2MzovFWgug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 41020170)
46. J Harrison AM Gibson K Johnson, et al. 2010 Lung function in preschool children with a history of wheezing measured by forced oscillation and plethysmographic specific airway resistance Pediatr Pulmonol 45 11 1049 1056 20848582 10.1002/ppul.21223
47. A Marotta MD Klinnert MR Price, et al. 2003 Impulse oscillometry provides an effective measure of lung dysfunction in 4-year-old children at risk for persistent asthma J Allergy Clin Immunol 112 2 317 322 12897737 10.1067/mai.2003.1627 (Pubitemid 36981371)
48. TW Song KW Kim ES Kim, et al. 2008 Utility of impulse oscillometry in young children with asthma Pediatr Allergy Immunol 19 8 763 768 18331417 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2008.00734.x
49. EJ Weersink FJ vd Elshout CV van Herwaarden, et al. 1995 Bronchial responsiveness to histamine and methacholine measured with forced expirations and with the forced oscillation technique Respir Med 89 5 351 356 7638370 10.1016/0954-6111(95)90007-1 1:STN:280:DyaK2MzmsFGnuw%3D%3D
50. ME Broeders J Molema WC Hop, et al. 2005 Bronchial challenge, assessed with forced expiratory manoeuvres and airway impedance Respir Med 99 8 1046 1052 15950147 10.1016/j.rmed.2005.01.006 (Pubitemid 40796549)
51. EJ Duiverman HJ Neijens M Van der Snee-van Smaalen, et al. 1986 Comparison of forced oscillometry and forced expirations for measuring dose-related responses to inhaled methacholine in asthmatic children Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir 22 5 433 436 3542087 1:STN:280:DyaL2s7gtFGqsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 17173904)
52. NM Wilson P Bridge SB Phagoo, et al. 1995 The measurement of methacholine responsiveness in 5 year old children: three methods compared Eur Respir J 8 3 364 370 7789478 10.1183/09031936.95.08030364 1:STN:280:DyaK2MzgvFeltg%3D%3D
53. Bailly C, Crenesse D, Albertini M. Evaluation of impulse oscillometry during bronchial challenge testing in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2011.
54. B Klug H Bisgaard 1996 Measurement of lung function in awake 2-4-year-old asthmatic children during methacholine challenge and acute asthma: a comparison of the impulse oscillation technique, the interrupter technique, and transcutaneous measurement of oxygen versus whole-body plethysmography Pediatr Pulmonol 21 5 290 300 8726154 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0496(199605)21:5<290::AID- PPUL4>3.0.CO;2-R 1:STN:280:DyaK28zksVaqug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 26159825)
55. KD Fitch M Sue-Chu SD Anderson, et al. 2008 Asthma and the elite athlete: summary of the International Olympic Committee's consensus conference, Lausanne, Switzerland, January 22-24, 2008 J Allergy Clin Immunol 122 2 254 260 18678340 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.07.003 260 e1-7
56. CA Thompson 2010 FDA approves mannitol bronchial-challenge test kit Am J Health Syst Pharm 67 22 1886 21048202 10.2146/news100074
57. TA Horsman RK Duke PW Davenport 2009 Airway response to mannitol challenge in asthmatic children using impulse oscillometry J Asthma 46 6 600 603 19657902 10.1080/02770900903006265 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXps1Krs7c%3D
58. West JB. Respiratory physiology: the essentials. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008. ix, 186 p.
59. MG Morris P Gustafsson R Tepper, et al. 2001 The bias flow nitrogen washout technique for measuring the functional residual capacity in infants. ERS/ATS Task Force on Standards for Infant Respiratory Function Testing Eur Respir J 17 3 529 536 11405534 10.1183/09031936.01.17305290 1:STN:280: DC%2BD38%2Fht1Kgtg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32600624)
60. PM Gustafsson HJ Johansson GO Dahlback 1994 Pneumotachographic nitrogen washout method for measurement of the volume of trapped gas in the lungs Pediatr Pulmonol 17 4 258 268 8208598 10.1002/ppul.1950170410 1:STN:280: DyaK2c3mvVyqtw%3D%3D
61. B Yuksel A Greenough 1994 Airways resistance and lung volume before and after bronchodilator therapy in symptomatic preterm infants Respir Med 88 4 281 286 8036290 10.1016/0954-6111(94)90057-4 1:STN:280:DyaK2czhtVaitA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 24157702)
62. LC Kao DJ Durand RC McCrea, et al. 1994 Randomized trial of long-term diuretic therapy for infants with oxygen-dependent bronchopulmonary dysplasia J Pediatr 124 5 Pt 1 772 781 8176568 1:STN:280:DyaK2c3jtFersA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 24161472)
63. U Merz T Peschgens G Kusenbach, et al. 1999 Early versus late dexamethasone treatment in preterm infants at risk for chronic lung disease: a randomized pilot study Eur J Pediatr 158 4 318 322 10206132 10.1007/ s004310051081 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXjtFOqu7Y%3D (Pubitemid 29183710)
64. SI Fuchs J Eder H Ellemunter, et al. 2009 Lung clearance index: normal values, repeatability, and reproducibility in healthy children and adolescents Pediatr Pulmonol 44 12 1180 1185 19911370 10.1002/ppul.21093 The authors presented normal values and specific data on LCI for healthy children
65. PD Robinson MD Goldman PM Gustafsson 2009 Inert gas washout: theoretical background and clinical utility in respiratory disease Respiration 78 3 339 355 19521061 10.1159/000225373 This is an excellent review about the general principles of the gas dilution technique
66. P Aurora A Bush P Gustafsson, et al. 2005 Multiple-breath washout as a marker of lung disease in preschool children with cystic fibrosis Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171 3 249 256 15516530 10.1164/rccm.200407-895OC
67. PM Gustafsson PA De Jong HA Tiddens, et al. 2008 Multiple-breath inert gas washout and spirometry versus structural lung disease in cystic fibrosis Thorax 63 2 129 134 17675316 10.1136/thx.2007.077784 1:STN:280: DC%2BD1c%2FnsV2jsg%3D%3D
68. S Sonnappa CM Bastardo A Wade, et al. 2010 Symptom-pattern phenotype and pulmonary function in preschool wheezers J Allergy Clin Immunol 126 3 519 26 e1-7 20579717 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.04.018
69. J Panickar M Lakhanpaul PC Lambert, et al. 2009 Oral prednisolone for preschool children with acute virus-induced wheezing New Engl J Med 360 4 329 338 19164186 10.1056/NEJMoa0804897 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtVSlsLs%3D
70. B Klug H Bisgaard 1998 Specific airway resistance, interrupter resistance, and respiratory impedance in healthy children aged 2-7 years Pediatr Pulmonol 25 5 322 331 9635934 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0496(199805)25:5<322::AID- PPUL6>3.0.CO;2-K 1:STN:280:DyaK1c3pslymtQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 28262172)
71. J Wanger JL Clausen A Coates, et al. 2005 Standardisation of the measurement of lung volumes Eur Respir J 26 3 511 522 16135736 10.1183/09031936.05.00035005 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2MvmslKmsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 41264217)
72. AB Dubois SY Botelho JH Comroe Jr 1956 A new method for measuring airway resistance in man using a body plethysmograph: values in normal subjects and in patients with respiratory disease J Clin Invest 35 3 327 335 13295397 10.1172/JCI103282 1:STN:280:DyaG28%2FkslKrsQ%3D%3D
73. H Bisgaard KG Nielsen 2005 Plethysmographic measurements of specific airway resistance in young children Chest 128 1 355 362 16002957 10.1378/chest.128.1.355 (Pubitemid 40994495)
74. L Lowe CS Murray A Custovic, et al. 2002 Specific airway resistance in 3-year-old children: a prospective cohort study Lancet 359 9321 1904 1908 12057553 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08781-0 (Pubitemid 34615769)
75. LA Lowe A Simpson A Woodcock, et al. 2005 Wheeze phenotypes and lung function in preschool children Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171 3 231 237 15502115 10.1164/rccm.200406-695OC
76. RF Lemanske Jr DJ Jackson RE Gangnon, et al. 2005 Rhinovirus illnesses during infancy predict subsequent childhood wheezing J Allergy Clin Immunol 116 3 571 577 16159626 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.06.024 (Pubitemid 41267130)
77. K Malmstrom A Pitkaranta O Carpen, et al. 2006 Human rhinovirus in bronchial epithelium of infants with recurrent respiratory symptoms J Allergy Clin Immunol 118 3 591 596 16950276 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.04.032 (Pubitemid 44301384)
78. H Bisgaard KG Nielsen 2000 Bronchoprotection with a leukotriene receptor antagonist in asthmatic preschool children Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162 1 187 190 10903240 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvisFersQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 30469818)
79. J Boyer N Amin R Taddonio, et al. 1996 Evidence of airway obstruction in children with idiopathic scoliosis Chest 109 6 1532 1535 8769506 10.1378/chest.109.6.1532 1:STN:280:DyaK28zmsFehuw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 26193380)
80. R Mattiello J Mallol GB Fischer, et al. 2010 Pulmonary function in children and adolescents with postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans J Bras Pneumol 36 4 453 459 20835592 10.1590/S1806-37132010000400010 This article presented lung function findings of the largest sample of patients with postinfectious BO
81. CK van der Ent HJ Brackel J van der Laag, et al. 1996 Tidal breathing analysis as a measure of airway obstruction in children three years of age and older Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153 4 Pt 1 1253 1258 8616550 (Pubitemid 26112587)
82. PC Seddon GM Davis AL Coates 1996 Do tidal expiratory flow patterns reflect lung mechanics in infants? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153 4 Pt 1 1248 1252 8616549 1:STN:280:DyaK287pslalsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 26112586)