메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 46, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 178-194

A review of systemic lupus erythematosus and current treatment options

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIMALARIAL AGENT; AZATHIOPRINE; BELIMUMAB; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYTOTOXIC AGENT; GLUCOCORTICOID; HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; METHOTREXATE; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; STEROID; SUNSCREEN; TACROLIMUS;

EID: 81155132092     PISSN: 1082801X     EISSN: 19381166     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (18)

References (65)
  • 4
    • 34548522473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elderly-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: Prevalence, clinical course and treatment
    • Lazaro D. Elderly-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: prevalence, clinical course and treatment. Drugs Aging. 2007; 24: 701-715.
    • (2007) Drugs Aging , vol.24 , pp. 701-715
    • Lazaro, D.1
  • 5
    • 77649214461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GPs have key role in shared care of patients with SLE
    • Amissah-Arthur MB, Gordon C. GPs have key role in shared care of patients with SLE. Practitioner. 2009;253:19-24.
    • (2009) Practitioner , vol.253 , pp. 19-24
    • Amissah-Arthur, M.B.1    Gordon, C.2
  • 6
    • 0032417067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus in populations of African ancestry: A critical review of the prevalence gradient hypothesis
    • Bae SC, Fraser P, Liang MH. The epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus in populations of African ancestry: a critical review of the "prevalence gradient hypothesis." Arthritis Rheum. 1998;41:2091-2099.
    • (1998) Arthritis Rheum , vol.41 , pp. 2091-2099
    • Bae, S.C.1    Fraser, P.2    Liang, M.H.3
  • 7
    • 70349780867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of race and ethnicity on disease severity in systemic lupus erythematosus
    • Crosslin KL, Wiginton KL. The impact of race and ethnicity on disease severity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ethn Dis. 2009;19:301-307.
    • (2009) Ethn Dis , vol.19 , pp. 301-307
    • Crosslin, K.L.1    Wiginton, K.L.2
  • 8
    • 70349498498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug-induced lupus: An update on its dermatologic aspects
    • Marzano AV, Vezzoli P, Crosti C. Drug-induced lupus: an update on its dermatologic aspects. Lupus. 2009;18:935-940.
    • (2009) Lupus , vol.18 , pp. 935-940
    • Marzano, A.V.1    Vezzoli, P.2    Crosti, C.3
  • 11
    • 41549109044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytokines and their receptors as biomarkers of systemic lupus erythematosus
    • Suh CH, Kim HA. Cytokines and their receptors as biomarkers of systemic lupus erythematosus. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2008;8:189-198.
    • (2008) Expert Rev Mol Diagn , vol.8 , pp. 189-198
    • Suh, C.H.1    Kim, H.A.2
  • 12
    • 0021051368 scopus 로고
    • Aromatic amines and the pathogenesis of lupus erythematosus
    • Reidenberg MM. Aromatic amines and the pathogenesis of lupus erythematosus. Am J Med. 1983;75:1037-1042.
    • (1983) Am J Med , vol.75 , pp. 1037-1042
    • Reidenberg, M.M.1
  • 13
    • 0026718316 scopus 로고
    • Hair product use in systemic lupus erythematosus: A case-control study
    • Petri M, Allbritton J. Hair product use in systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study. Arthritis Rheum. 1992;35:625-629.
    • (1992) Arthritis Rheum , vol.35 , pp. 625-629
    • Petri, M.1    Allbritton, J.2
  • 14
    • 0029117669 scopus 로고
    • Etiology, environmental relationships, epidemiology, and genetics of systemic lupus erythematosus
    • Hess EV, Farhey Y. Etiology, environmental relationships, epidemiology, and genetics of systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 1995;7:371-375.
    • (1995) Curr Opin Rheumatol , vol.7 , pp. 371-375
    • Hess, E.V.1    Farhey, Y.2
  • 15
    • 58949094253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe clinical course of systemic lupus erythematosus in the first year of life
    • Zulian F, Pluchinotta FR, Martini G, Da Dalt L, Zacchello G. Severe clinical course of systemic lupus erythematosus in the first year of life. Lupus. 2008;17:780-786.
    • (2008) Lupus , vol.17 , pp. 780-786
    • Zulian, F.1    Pluchinotta, F.R.2    Martini, G.3    da Dalt, L.4    Zacchello, G.5
  • 16
    • 0034061822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update on the epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus: New spins on old ideas
    • McAlindon T. Update on the epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus: new spins on old ideas. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2000;12:104-112.
    • (2000) Curr Opin Rheumatol , vol.12 , pp. 104-112
    • McAlindon, T.1
  • 18
    • 11844260072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High prevalence of immunoglobulin A antibody against EpsteinBarr virus capsid antigen in adult patient with lupus with disease fiare: Case control studies
    • Chen CJ, Lin KH, Lin SC, et al. High prevalence of immunoglobulin A antibody against EpsteinBarr virus capsid antigen in adult patient with lupus with disease fiare: case control studies. J Rheumatol. 2005;32:44-47.
    • (2005) J Rheumatol , vol.32 , pp. 44-47
    • Chen, C.J.1    Lin, K.H.2    Lin, S.C.3
  • 19
    • 34447505845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autoimmune diseases induced by TNF-targeted therapies: Analysis of 233 cases
    • Ramos-Casals M, Brito-Zerón P, Munoz S, et al. Autoimmune diseases induced by TNF-targeted therapies: analysis of 233 cases. Medicine. 2007;86:242-251.
    • (2007) Medicine , vol.86 , pp. 242-251
    • Ramos-Casals, M.1    Brito-Zerón, P.2    Munoz, S.3
  • 20
    • 0032758601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classiflcation of systemic lupus erythematosus: Strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities for improvement
    • Smith EL, Shmerling RH. The American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classiflcation of systemic lupus erythematosus: strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities for improvement. Lupus. 1999;8:586-595.
    • (1999) Lupus , vol.8 , pp. 586-595
    • Smith, E.L.1    Shmerling, R.H.2
  • 21
    • 0942265440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On behalf of the International Society of Nephrology and Renal Pathology Society Working Group on the Classiflcation of Lupus Nephritis. The classiflcation of glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus revisited
    • Weening JJ, D'Agati VD, Schwartz MM, et al, on behalf of the International Society of Nephrology and Renal Pathology Society Working Group on the Classiflcation of Lupus Nephritis. The classiflcation of glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus revisited. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15:241-250.
    • (2004) J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.15 , pp. 241-250
    • Weening, J.J.1    D'Agati, V.D.2    Schwartz, M.M.3
  • 22
    • 0034078514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus
    • Aranow C, Ginzler EM. Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2000;9:166-169.
    • (2000) Lupus , vol.9 , pp. 166-169
    • Aranow, C.1    Ginzler, E.M.2
  • 23
    • 85068448646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic lupus erythematosus
    • Madhok R, Wu O. Systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Evid. 2009;7:1123.
    • (2009) Clin Evid , vol.7 , pp. 1123
    • Madhok, R.1    Wu, O.2
  • 24
    • 0013374274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for referral and management of systemic lupus erythematosus in adults
    • American College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Guidelines
    • Gladman D, Urowitz M. American College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Guidelines. Guidelines for referral and management of systemic lupus erythematosus in adults. Arthritis Rheum.1999;42:1785-1796.
    • (1999) Arthritis Rheum , vol.42 , pp. 1785-1796
    • Gladman, D.1    Urowitz, M.2
  • 25
    • 38749089852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus. Report of a Task Force of the EULAR Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics
    • Bertsias G, Ioannidis JPA, Boletis J, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus. Report of a Task Force of the EULAR Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67:195-205.
    • (2008) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.67 , pp. 195-205
    • Bertsias, G.1    Ioannidis, J.P.A.2    Boletis, J.3
  • 26
    • 0036527331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How does one assess and monitor patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in daily clinical practice?
    • Haq I, Isenberg DA. How does one assess and monitor patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in daily clinical practice? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2002;16:181-194.
    • (2002) Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol , vol.16 , pp. 181-194
    • Haq, I.1    Isenberg, D.A.2
  • 27
    • 34547485022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monitoring systemic lupus erythematosus in standard clinical care
    • Petri M. Monitoring systemic lupus erythematosus in standard clinical care. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2007;21:687-697.
    • (2007) Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol , vol.21 , pp. 687-697
    • Petri, M.1
  • 28
    • 0037981295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus
    • Ghaussy NO, Sibbitt W, Bankhurst AD, Qualls CR. Cigarette smoking and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2003;30:1215-1221.
    • (2003) J Rheumatol , vol.30 , pp. 1215-1221
    • Ghaussy, N.O.1    Sibbitt, W.2    Bankhurst, A.D.3    Qualls, C.R.4
  • 29
    • 81155128781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ® [prescribing information], Human Genome Sciences, Inc., March 2011. Available at:, Accessed March 29, 2011
    • ® [prescribing information]. Rockville, MD: Human Genome Sciences, Inc., March 2011. Available at: http://www.hgsi.com/images/Benlysta/pdf/benlysta_pi.pdf. Accessed March 29, 2011.
    • Rockville, M.D.1
  • 30
    • 56749183852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ACCF/ACG/AHA 2008 expert consensus document on reducing the gastrointestinal risks of antiplatelet therapy and NSAID use: A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents
    • Bhatt DL, Scheiman J, Abraham NS, et al. ACCF/ACG/AHA 2008 expert consensus document on reducing the gastrointestinal risks of antiplatelet therapy and NSAID use: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents. Circulation. 2008;118:1894-1909.
    • (2008) Circulation , vol.118 , pp. 1894-1909
    • Bhatt, D.L.1    Scheiman, J.2    Abraham, N.S.3
  • 31
    • 34548190213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of hydroxychloroquine on the survival of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Data from LUMINA, a multiethnic US cohort (LUMINA L)
    • for the LUMINA Study Group
    • Alarcon GS, McGwin G, Bertoli AM, et al, for the LUMINA Study Group. Effect of hydroxychloroquine on the survival of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: data from LUMINA, a multiethnic US cohort (LUMINA L). Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66:1168-1172.
    • (2007) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.66 , pp. 1168-1172
    • Alarcon, G.S.1    McGwin, G.2    Bertoli, A.M.3
  • 32
    • 33750499270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of antimalarials on thrombosis and survival in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
    • Ruiz-Irastorza G, Egurbide MV, Pijoan JI, et al. Effects of antimalarials on thrombosis and survival in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2006;15:577-583.
    • (2006) Lupus , vol.15 , pp. 577-583
    • Ruiz-Irastorza, G.1    Egurbide, M.V.2    Pijoan, J.I.3
  • 33
    • 0003255277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemotherapy of protozoal infections
    • In: Brunton L, Lazo J, Parker K, eds., 11th edition. New York: McGraw Hill
    • Shapiro T, Goldberg D. Chemotherapy of protozoal infections. In: Brunton L, Lazo J, Parker K, eds. Goodman & Gillman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 11th edition. New York: McGraw Hill, 2006:1032-1041.
    • (2006) Goodman & Gillman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics , pp. 1032-1041
    • Shapiro, T.1    Goldberg, D.2
  • 34
    • 0036288931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy: A report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology
    • Marmor MF, Carr RE, Easterbrook M, Farjo AA, Mieler WF, for the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2002;109:1377-1382.
    • (2002) Ophthalmology , vol.109 , pp. 1377-1382
    • Marmor, M.F.1    Carr, R.E.2    Easterbrook, M.3    Farjo, A.A.4    Mieler, W.F.5
  • 35
    • 34547195897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High dose methylprednisolone therapy for the treatment of severe systemic lupus erythematosus
    • Parker BJ, Bruce IN. High dose methylprednisolone therapy for the treatment of severe systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2007;16:387-393.
    • (2007) Lupus , vol.16 , pp. 387-393
    • Parker, B.J.1    Bruce, I.N.2
  • 36
    • 33749143155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic options for resistant lupus nephritis
    • Mok CC. Therapeutic options for resistant lupus nephritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2006;36:71-81.
    • (2006) Semin Arthritis Rheum , vol.36 , pp. 71-81
    • Mok, C.C.1
  • 37
    • 0030940420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of lupus nephritis: A meta-analysis of clinical trials
    • Bansal VK, Beto JA. Treatment of lupus nephritis: a meta-analysis of clinical trials. Am J Kidney Dis. 1997;29:193-199.
    • (1997) Am J Kidney Dis , vol.29 , pp. 193-199
    • Bansal, V.K.1    Beto, J.A.2
  • 38
    • 33947731195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thirty years of cyclophosphamide: Assessing the evidence
    • Houssiau F. Thirty years of cyclophosphamide: assessing the evidence. Lupus. 2007;16:212-216.
    • (2007) Lupus , vol.16 , pp. 212-216
    • Houssiau, F.1
  • 39
    • 0037247281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Newer drugs for the treatment of lupus nephritis
    • Kuiper-Geertsma DG, Derksen RHWM. Newer drugs for the treatment of lupus nephritis. Drugs. 2003;63:167-180.
    • (2003) Drugs , vol.63 , pp. 167-180
    • Kuiper-Geertsma, D.G.1    Derksen, R.H.W.M.2
  • 40
    • 53649095941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment options for proliferative lupus nephritis: An update of clinical trial evidence
    • Navaneethan SD, Viswanathan G, Strippoli GFM. Treatment options for proliferative lupus nephritis: an update of clinical trial evidence. Drugs. 2008;68:2095-2104.
    • (2008) Drugs , vol.68 , pp. 2095-2104
    • Navaneethan, S.D.1    Viswanathan, G.2    Strippoli, G.F.M.3
  • 41
    • 44849116038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical trials in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): Lessons from the past as we proceed to the future-the EULAR recommendations for the management of SLE and the use of end-points in clinical trials
    • Bertsias G, Gordon C, Boumpas DT. Clinical trials in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): lessons from the past as we proceed to the future-the EULAR recommendations for the management of SLE and the use of end-points in clinical trials. Lupus. 2008;17:437-442.
    • (2008) Lupus , vol.17 , pp. 437-442
    • Bertsias, G.1    Gordon, C.2    Boumpas, D.T.3
  • 42
    • 49449092839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of plasma B lymphocyte stimulator levels and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus
    • Petri M, Stohl W, Chatham W, et al. Association of plasma B lymphocyte stimulator levels and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2008:58:2453-2459.
    • (2008) Arthritis Rheum , vol.58 , pp. 2453-2459
    • Petri, M.1    Stohl, W.2    Chatham, W.3
  • 43
    • 69749120918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study of belimumab in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus
    • Wallace DJ, Stohl W, Furie RA, et al. A phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study of belimumab in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2009:61:1168-1178.
    • (2009) Arthritis Rheum , vol.61 , pp. 1168-1178
    • Wallace, D.J.1    Stohl, W.2    Furie, R.A.3
  • 44
    • 69749096135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel evidence-based systemic lupus erythematosus responder index
    • Furie RA, Petri MA, Wallace DJ, et al. Novel evidence-based systemic lupus erythematosus responder index. Arthritis Rheum. 2009:61:1143-1151.
    • (2009) Arthritis Rheum , vol.61 , pp. 1143-1151
    • Furie, R.A.1    Petri, M.A.2    Wallace, D.J.3
  • 45
    • 79952070370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BLISS-52 Study Group. Efflcacy and safety of belimumab in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus: A randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial
    • Navarra SV, Guzmán RM, Gallagher AE, et al; BLISS-52 Study Group. Efflcacy and safety of belimumab in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2001;377:721-731.
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.377 , pp. 721-731
    • Navarra, S.V.1    Guzmán, R.M.2    Gallagher, A.E.3
  • 48
    • 81155143748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rheumatrex [prescribing information]. Fort Lee, NJ: DAVA Pharmaceuticals, July 2009. Available at:, Accessed July 20
    • Rheumatrex [prescribing information]. Fort Lee, NJ: DAVA Pharmaceuticals, July 2009. Available at: http://www.rheumatrex.info/pdf/RheumatrexPackageInsert.pdf. Accessed July 20, 2010.
    • (2010)
  • 49
    • 81155128780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CellCept [prescribing information]. South San Francisco, CA: Genentech, February 2010. Available at:, Accessed July 20
    • CellCept [prescribing information]. South San Francisco, CA: Genentech, February 2010. Available at: http://www.gene.com/gene/products/information/cellcept/pdf/pi.pdf. Accessed July 20, 2010.
    • (2010)
  • 50
    • 81155137063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imuran [prescribing information]. San Diego, CA: Prometheus Laboratories, April 2009. Available at:, Accessed July 20
    • Imuran [prescribing information]. San Diego, CA: Prometheus Laboratories, April 2009. Available at: http://www.prometheuslabs.com/products_therapeutics_imuran.asp. Accessed July 20, 2010.
    • (2010)
  • 52
    • 34547830199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mycophenolate mofetil in induction and maintenance therapy of severe lupus nephritis: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    • Zhu B, Chen N, Lin Y, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil in induction and maintenance therapy of severe lupus nephritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22:1933-1942.
    • (2007) Nephrol Dial Transplant , vol.22 , pp. 1933-1942
    • Zhu, B.1    Chen, N.2    Lin, Y.3
  • 53
    • 77954719024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efflcacy and adverse events of mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclophosphamide for induction therapy of lupus nephritis: Systematic review and metaanalysis
    • Kamanamool N, McEvoy M, Attia J, Ingsathit A, Ngamjanyaporn P, Thakkinstian A. Efflcacy and adverse events of mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclophosphamide for induction therapy of lupus nephritis: systematic review and metaanalysis. Medicine. 2010;89:227-235.
    • (2010) Medicine , vol.89 , pp. 227-235
    • Kamanamool, N.1    McEvoy, M.2    Attia, J.3    Ingsathit, A.4    Ngamjanyaporn, P.5    Thakkinstian, A.6
  • 54
    • 70149115258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mycophenolate mofetil is as efflcacious as, but safer than, cyclophosphamide in the treatment of proliferative lupus nephritis: A meta-analysis and meta-regression
    • Mak A, Cheak AAC, Tan JYS, Su HC, Ho RCM, Lau CS. Mycophenolate mofetil is as efflcacious as, but safer than, cyclophosphamide in the treatment of proliferative lupus nephritis: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Rheumatology. 2009;48:944-952.
    • (2009) Rheumatology , vol.48 , pp. 944-952
    • Mak, A.1    Cheak, A.A.C.2    Tan, J.Y.S.3    Su, H.C.4    Ho, R.C.M.5    Lau, C.S.6
  • 55
    • 77950204511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction and maintenance therapy for lupus nephritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Lee YH, Woo JH, Choi SJ, Ji JD, Song GG. Induction and maintenance therapy for lupus nephritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lupus. 2010;19:703-710.
    • (2010) Lupus , vol.19 , pp. 703-710
    • Lee, Y.H.1    Woo, J.H.2    Choi, S.J.3    Ji, J.D.4    Song, G.G.5
  • 56
    • 78649751475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sangle S, et al; the MAINTAIN Nephritis Trial Group. Azathioprine versus mycophenolate mofetil for longterm immunosuppression in lupus nephritis: Results from the MAINTAIN Nephritis Trial
    • Houssiau FA, Cruz DD, Sangle S, et al; the MAINTAIN Nephritis Trial Group. Azathioprine versus mycophenolate mofetil for longterm immunosuppression in lupus nephritis: results from the MAINTAIN Nephritis Trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:2083-2089.
    • (2010) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.69 , pp. 2083-2089
    • Houssiau, F.A.1    Cruz, D.D.2
  • 57
    • 15844431966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines of care for cutaneous lupus erythematosus: American Academy of Dermatology
    • Drake LA, Dinehart SM, Farmer ER, et al. Guidelines of care for cutaneous lupus erythematosus: American Academy of Dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;34(5 Pt 1):830-836.
    • (1996) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.34 , Issue.5 Pt 1 , pp. 830-836
    • Drake, L.A.1    Dinehart, S.M.2    Farmer, E.R.3
  • 58
    • 8344253557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update on the management of cutaneous lupus erythematosus
    • Callen JP. Update on the management of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol. 2004;151:731-736.
    • (2004) Br J Dermatol , vol.151 , pp. 731-736
    • Callen, J.P.1
  • 59
    • 40049095697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topical tacrolimus and pimecrolimus in the treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus: An evidence-based evaluation
    • Tzellos TG, Kouvelas D. Topical tacrolimus and pimecrolimus in the treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus: an evidence-based evaluation. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;64:337-341.
    • (2008) Eur J Clin Pharmacol , vol.64 , pp. 337-341
    • Tzellos, T.G.1    Kouvelas, D.2
  • 60
    • 0036676931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychiatric involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus
    • Hermosillo-Romo D, Brey RL. Neuropsychiatric involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2002;4:337-344.
    • (2002) Curr Rheumatol Rep , vol.4 , pp. 337-344
    • Hermosillo-Romo, D.1    Brey, R.L.2
  • 61
    • 67650606765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rituximab in systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review of off-label use in 188 cases
    • Ramos-Casals M, Soto MJ, Cuadrado MJ, Khamashta MA. Rituximab in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review of off-label use in 188 cases. Lupus. 2009;18:767-776.
    • (2009) Lupus , vol.18 , pp. 767-776
    • Ramos-Casals, M.1    Soto, M.J.2    Cuadrado, M.J.3    Khamashta, M.A.4
  • 63
    • 69049101170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The efflcacy and safety of lefiunomide therapy in lupus nephritis by repeat kidney biopsy
    • Zhang FS, Nie YK, Jin XM, Yu HM, Li YN, Sun Y. The efflcacy and safety of lefiunomide therapy in lupus nephritis by repeat kidney biopsy. Rheumatol Int. 2009;29:1331-1335.
    • (2009) Rheumatol Int , vol.29 , pp. 1331-1335
    • Zhang, F.S.1    Nie, Y.K.2    Jin, X.M.3    Yu, H.M.4    Li, Y.N.5    Sun, Y.6
  • 64
    • 4344658032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study of lefiunomide in systemic lupus erythematosus
    • Tam LS, Li EK, Wong CK, Lam CWK, Szeto CC. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study of lefiunomide in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2004;13:601-604.
    • (2004) Lupus , vol.13 , pp. 601-604
    • Tam, L.S.1    Li, E.K.2    Wong, C.K.3    Lam, C.W.K.4    Szeto, C.C.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.