Medical treatment overview: Traditional and novel psycho-pharmacological and complementary and alternative medications

Current Opinion in Pediatrics

Volumn 23, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 621-627

  Anagnostou, Evdokia ^a,b   Hansen, Robin ^c,d  

^a University of Toronto   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c MIND RESEARCH NETWORK   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

autism; complementary and alternative medicine; medication; pharmacology

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; AMANTADINE; ARIPIPRAZOLE; ASCORBIC ACID; ATOMOXETINE; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; CARNOSINE; CITALOPRAM; CLONIDINE; DEXTROMETHORPHAN; ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID; ETIRACETAM; GLUTAMIC ACID; LAMOTRIGINE; MAGNESIUM; MECOBALAMIN; MELATONIN; MEMANTINE; METHYLPHENIDATE; MULTIVITAMIN; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; OXYTOCIN; PLACEBO; PSYCHOSTIMULANT AGENT; PYRIDOXINE; RISPERIDONE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALPROIC ACID; VITAMIN;

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; AUTISM; CHELATION THERAPY; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; GENOMICS; HUMAN; HYPERACTIVITY; HYPERBARIC OXYGEN; IRRITABILITY; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY; REVIEW;

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTS; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE; COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES; HUMANS; PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 80955168686     PISSN: 10408703     EISSN: 1531698X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MOP.0b013e32834cba3e     Document Type: Review

References (65)

1. Rosenberg RE, Mandell DS, Farmer JE, et al. Psychotropic medication use among children with autism spectrum disorders enrolled in a national registry, 2007-2008. J Autism Dev Disord 2010; 40:342-351.
2. Hanson E, Kalish LA, Bunce E, et al. Use of complementary and alternative medicine among children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2007; 37:628-636. (Pubitemid 46571719)
3. Wong HH, Smith RG. Patterns of complementary and alternative medical therapy use in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2006; 36:901-909. (Pubitemid 44440109)
4. McPheeters ML, Warren Z, Sathe N, et al. A systematic review of medical treatments for children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 2011; 127:e131 2-e1321.
5. McCracken JT, McGough J, Shah B, et al. Risperidone in children with autism and serious behavioral problems. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:314-321. (Pubitemid 34815353)
6. Pandina GJ, Bossie CA, Youssef E, et al. Risperidone improves behavioral symptoms in children with autism in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Autism Dev Disord 2007; 37:367-373.
7. Shea S, Turgay A, Carroll A, et al. Risperidone in the treatment of disruptive behavioral symptoms in children with autistic and other pervasive developmental disorders. Pediatrics 2004; 114:e634-e641. (Pubitemid 41647671)
8. Nagaraj R, Singhi P, Malhi P. Risperidone in children with autism: randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. J Child Neurol 2006; 21:450-455. (Pubitemid 44069792)
9. Owen R, Sikich L, Marcus RN, et al. Aripiprazole in the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autistic disorder. Pediatrics 2009; 124: 1533-1540.
10. Marcus RN, Owen R, Kamen L, et al. A placebo-controlled, fixed-dose study of aripiprazole in children and adolescents with irritability associated with autistic disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009; 48:1110-1119.
11. Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Autism Network. Randomized, controlled, crossover trial of methylphenidate in pervasive developmental disorders with hyperactivity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62:1266-1274.
12. Hollander E, Phillips A, Chaplin W, et al. A placebo controlled crossover trial of liquid fluoxetine on repetitive behaviors in childhood and adolescent autism. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30:582-589. (Pubitemid 40271160)
13. King BH, Hollander E, Sikich L, et al. Lack of efficacy of citalopram in children with autism spectrum disorders and high levels of repetitive behavior: citalopram ineffective in children with autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009; 66:583-590.
14. Arnold LE, Aman MG, Cook AM, et al. Atomoxetine for hyperactivity in autism spectrum disorders: placebo-controlled crossover pilot trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006; 45:1196-1205. (Pubitemid 44465640)
15. Hollander E, Chaplin W, Soorya L, et al. Divalproex sodium vs. placebo for the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:990-998.
16. Hellings JA, Weckbaugh M, Nickel EJ, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of valproate for aggression in youth with pervasive developmental disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2005; 15:682-692. (Pubitemid 41434372)
17. Wasserman S, Iyengar R, Chaplin WF, et al. Levetiracetam versus placebo in childhood and adolescent autism: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2006; 21:363-367. (Pubitemid 44498278)
18. Belsito KM, Law PA, Kirk KS, et al. Lamotrigine therapy for autistic disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Autism Dev Disord 2001; 31:175-181. (Pubitemid 37490163)
19. Jaselskis CA, Cook EH Jr, Fletcher KE, Leventhal BL. Clonidine treatment of hyperactive and impulsive children with autistic disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1992; 12:322-327.
20. Fankhauser MP, Karumanchi VC, German ML, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of transdermal clonidine in autism. J Clin Psychiatry 1992; 53:77-82.
21. Handen BL, Sahl R, Hardan AY. Guanfacine in children with autism and/or intellectual disabilities. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2008; 29:303-308.
22. Pinto D, Pagnamenta AT, Klei L, et al. Functional impact of global rare copy number variation in autism spectrum disorders. Nature 2010; 466:368-372.
23. Aldred S, Moore KM, Fitzgerald M, Waring RH. Plasma amino acid levels in children with autism and their families. J Autism Dev Disord 2003; 33:93-97. (Pubitemid 36323144)
24. Shinohe A, Hashimoto K, Nakamura K, et al. Increased serum levels of glutamate in adult patients with autism. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006; 30: 1472-1477. (Pubitemid 44634960)
25. Kelleher RJ 3rd, Bear MF. The autistic neuron: troubled translation? Cell 2008; 135:401-406.
26. Fatemi SH. The role of Reelin in pathology of autism. Molec Psychiatry 2002; 7:919-920. (Pubitemid 35333041)
27. Purcell AE, Jeon OH, Zimmerman AW, et al. Postmortem brain abnormalities of the glutamate neurotransmitter system in autism. Neurology 2001; 57:1618-1628. (Pubitemid 33055480)
28. King BH, Wright DM, Handen BL, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of amantadine hydrochloride in the treatment of children with autistic disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001; 40:658-665. (Pubitemid 32473379)
29. Woodard C, Groden J, Goodwin M, et al. The treatment of the behavioral sequelae of autism with dextromethorphan: a case report. J Autism Dev Disord 2005; 35:515-518. (Pubitemid 41216437)
30. Welch L, Sovner R. The treatment of a chronic organic mental disorder with dextromethorphan in a man with severe mental retardation. Br J Psychiatry 1992; 161:118-120.
31. Woodard C, Groden J, Goodwin M, Bodfish J. A placebo double-blind pilot study of dextromethorphan for problematic behaviors in children with autism. Autism 2007; 11:29-41. (Pubitemid 44911684)
32. Owley T, Salt J, Guter S, et al. A prospective open label trial of memantine in the treatment of cognitive, behavioral and memory dysfunction in PDD. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2006; 16:517-524. (Pubitemid 44737207)
33. Chez M, Burton Q, Dowling T, et al. Memantine as adjunctive therapy in children diagnosed with ASD. J Child Neurol 2007; 22:574-579.
34. Niederhofer H. Glutamate antagonists seem to be slightly effective in psychopharmacologic treatment of autism. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007; 27:317-318. (Pubitemid 46763326)
35. Erickson CA, Posey DJ, Stigler KA, et al. A retrospective study of memantine in children and adolescents with PDD. Psychopharmacology 2007; 191: 141-147. (Pubitemid 46294942)
36. Modahl C, Green L, Fein D, et al. Plasma oxytocin levels in autistic children. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 43:270-277. (Pubitemid 28085673)
37. Green L, Fein D, Modahl C, et al. Oxytocin and autistic disorder: alterations in peptide forms. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 50:609-613. (Pubitemid 33022646)
38. Wu S, Jia M, Ruan Y, et al. Positive association of the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) with autism in the Chinese Han population. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 58:74-77. (Pubitemid 40909939)
39. Ylisaukkooja T, Alarcon M, Cantor RM, et al. Search for autism loci by combined analysis of Autism Genetic Resource Exchange and Finnish families. Ann Neurol 2006; 59:145-155. (Pubitemid 43042881)
40. Jacob S, Brune CW, Carter CS, et al. Association of the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) in Caucasian children and adolescents with autism. Neurosci Lett 2007; 417:6-9. (Pubitemid 46517832)
41. Hollander E, Bartz J, Chaplin W, et al. Oxytocin increases retention of social cognition in autism. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 61:498-503. (Pubitemid 46185336)
42. Vargas DL, Nascimbene C, Krishnan C, et al. Neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain of patients with autism. Ann Neurol 2005; 57:67-81. (Pubitemid 40053317)
43. Zimmerman A, Connors SL, Pardo-Villamizar CA. Neuroimmunology and neurotransmitters in autism. In: Tuchman R, Rapin I, editors. Autism: a neurological disorder of early brain development. London: MacKeith; 2006. pp. 141-159.
44. Zimmerman AW, Jyonouchi H, Comi AM, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum markers of inflammation in autism. Pediatr Neurol 2005; 33:195-201. (Pubitemid 41558217)
45. Pardo CA, Vargas DL, Zimmerman AW. Immunity, neuroglia and neuroinflammation in autism. Int Rev Psychiatry 2005; 17:485-495. (Pubitemid 43086675)
46. Pitetti R, Singh S, Hornyak D, et al. Complementary and alternative medicine use in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 2001; 17:165-169. (Pubitemid 32567851)
47. Huffman LC, Sutcliffe TL, Tanner ISD, Feldman HM. Management of symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorders: a comprehensive review of pharmacologic and complementary-alternative medicine treatments. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2011; 32:56-68.
48. Kemper K, Cohen M. Ethics meet complementary and alternative medicine: new light on old principles. Contemp Pediatr 2004; 21:61-72.
49. Akins RS, Angkustsiri K, Hansen RL. Complementary and alternative medicine in autism: an evidence-based approach to negotiating safe and efficacious interventions with families. Neurotherapeutics 2010; 7:307-319.
50. Garstang J, Wallis M. Randomized controlled trial of melatonin for children with autistic spectrum disorders and sleep problems. Child Care Health Dev 2006; 32:585-589. (Pubitemid 44210097)
51. Wirojanan J, Jacquemont S, Diaz R, et al. The efficacy of melatonin for sleep problems in children with autism, fragile X syndrome or autism and fragile X syndrome. J Clin Sleep Med 2009; 5:145-150.
52. Dolske MC, Spollen J, McKay S, et al. A preliminary trial of ascorbic acid as supplemental therapy for autism. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1993; 17:765-774. (Pubitemid 23280951)
53. Millward C, Ferriter M, Calver S, Connell-Jones G. Gluten and casein-free diets for autisticspectrum disorder. Cochrane Database SystRev 2008:CD003498.
54. Nye C, Brice A. Combined vitamin B6-magnesium treatment in autism spectrum disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005:CD003497.
55. Chez MG, Buchanan CP, Aimonovitch MC, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of L-carnosine supplementation in children with autistic spectrum disorders. J Child Neurol 2002; 17:833-837. (Pubitemid 36193075)
56. Amminger GP, Berger GI, Schafer MR, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in children with autism: a double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 61:551-553. (Pubitemid 46185334)
57. Bent S, Bertoglio K, Ashwood P, et al. A pilot randomized controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids for autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2011; 41:545-554.
58. Krishnaswami S, McPheeters ML, Veenstra-Vanderweele J. A systematic review of secretin for children with autism spectrum disorders [review]. Pediatrics 2011; 127:e1322-e1325.
59. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Deaths associated with hypocalcemia from chelation therapy: Texas, Pennsylvania and Oregon 2003-2005. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006;55, 204-207.
60. Tsouderos T, Callahan P. Autism's risky experiments. Chicago Tribune 22 November 2009.
61. Rossignol DA, Rossignol LW, Smith S, et al. Hyperbaric treatment for children with autism: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. BMC Pediatr 2009; 9:21.
62. Bennett M, Hart B. UHMS positions paper: the treatment of autism spectrum disorder with hyperbaric oxygen therapy [Internet]. http://uhms.org/portals/0/ pdf/autism-position-paper.pdf. [Accessed 5 December 2009]
63. Niederhofer H, Staffen W, Mair A. Immunoglobulins as an alternative strategy of psychopharmacological treatment of children with autistic disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28:1014-1015.
64. Handen Bl, Melmed RD, Hansen RL, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral human immunoglobulin for gastrointestinal dysfunction in children with autistic disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2009; 39:796-805.
65. Freasby T, Banwell B, Bensteat T, et al. IVIG hematology and Neurology Expert Panels. Guidelines on the use of intravenous immune globulin for neurologic conditions. Transfus Med Rev 2007; 21 (2 Suppl 1): S57-S107. (Pubitemid 46509469)