Complementary and alternative medicine in autism: An evidence-based approach to negotiating safe and efficacious interventions with families

Neurotherapeutics

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 307-319

  Akins, R Scott ^a   Angkustsiri, Kathy ^a   Hansen, Robin L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Autism; Chelation; Complementary and alternative medicine; Evidence based medicine; Gluten free casein free diet; Hyperbaric oxygen treatment; Integrative medicine; Melatonin

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ASCORBIC ACID; CARNOSINE; CASEIN; DIMETHYLGLYCINE; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; FLUCONAZOLE; FOLIC ACID; GLUTATHIONE; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; KETOCONAZOLE; LEAD; MAGNESIUM; MECOBALAMIN; MELATONIN; MULTIVITAMIN; NYSTATIN; OXYGEN; PROBIOTIC AGENT; PYRIDOXINE; RETINOL; SECRETIN; VITAMIN D;

ACUPUNCTURE; ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; ARTICLE; AUTISM; BAROTRAUMA; BONE MARROW TOXICITY; CASEIN FREE DIET; CHELATION THERAPY; CHIROPRACTIC; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CLINICAL FEATURE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CRANIOSACRAL THERAPY; DAYTIME SOMNOLENCE; DIET; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG RELEASE; DRUG TOLERABILITY; EARDRUM PERFORATION; ENURESIS; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FATALITY; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GLUTEN FREE DIET; GROUPS BY AGE; HEADACHE; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION; HEART ARREST; HUMAN; HYPERBARIC OXYGEN; HYPOCALCEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIA; IMMUNOTHERAPY; IRON DEFICIENCY; KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION; LIVER TOXICITY; MASSAGE; MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; MUSIC THERAPY; MYOPIA; NEURALGIA; NEUTROPENIA; NONHUMAN; PARESTHESIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUADRIPLEGIA; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEIZURE; SENSORY NEUROPATHY; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN MANIFESTATION; STEVENS JOHNSON SYNDROME; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE; SUDDEN DEATH; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; VERTEBRA DISLOCATION; YOGA; AUTISTIC DISORDER; FAMILY HEALTH; PROCEDURES; TRENDS;

AUTISTIC DISORDER; COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; FAMILY HEALTH; HUMANS;

EID: 77954908044     PISSN: 19337213     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2010.05.002     Document Type: Article

References (143)

1. Hanson E., Kalish L.A., Bunce E., et al. Use of complementary and alternative medicine among children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2007, 37:628-636.
2. Committee on Children with Disabilities. Counseling families who choose complementary and alternative medicine for their child with chronic illness or disability [Erratum in: Pediatrics 2001;108:507]. Pediatrics 2001, 107:598-601. American Academy of Pediatrics.
3. Kemper K.J., Vohra S., Walls R. The use of complementary and alternative medicine in pediatrics. Pediatrics 2008, 122:1374-1386. American Academy of PediatricsTask Force on ComplementaryAlternative Medicine; Provisional Section on Complementary, Holistic, and Integrative Medicine.
4. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders: Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, United States, 2006. MMWR Surveill Summ 2009, 58(10):1-20. Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network Surveillance Year 2006 Principal Investigators; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
5. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR 2000, American Psychiatric Association; Task Force on DSM-IV, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, text revision. 4th ed.
6. Myers S.M., Johnson C.P. Management of children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 2007, 120:1162-1182.
7. Matson J.L., Nebel-Schwalm M.S. Comorbid psychopathology with autism spectrum disorder in children: an overview. Res Dev Disabil 2007, 28:341-352.
8. Posey D.J., Erickson C.A., Stigler K.A., McDougle C.J. The use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in autism and related disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2006, 16:181-186.
9. Wong H.H., Smith R.G. Patterns of complementary and alternative medical therapy use in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2006, 36:901-909.
10. Veenstra-Vanderweele J., Christian S.L., Cook E.H. Autism as a paradigmatic complex genetic disorder. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2004, 5:379-405.
11. Arndt T.L., Stodgell C.J., Rodier P.M. The teratology of autism. Int J Dev Neurosci 2005, 23:189-199.
12. Hertz-Picciotto I., Delwiche L. The rise in autism and the role of age at diagnosis. Epidemiology 2009, 20:84-90.
13. Posey D.J., Erickson C.A., McDougle C.J. Developing drugs for core social and communication impairment in autism. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2008, 17:787-801. viii-ix.
14. King B.H., Hollander E., Sikich L., et al. STAART Psychopharmacology Network. Lack of efficacy of citalopram in children with autism spectrum disorders and high levels of repetitive behavior: citalopram ineffective in children with autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009, 66:583-590.
15. Johnson C.P., Myers S.M. Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 2007, 120:1183-1215.
16. National standards report 2009, National Autism Center, Randolph, MA. http://www.nationalautismcenter.org/.
17. Rogers S.J., Vismara L.A. Evidence-based comprehensive treatments for early autism. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2008, 37:8-38.
18. Owen R., Sikich L., Marcus R.N., et al. Aripiprazole in the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autistic disorder. Pediatrics 2009, 124:1533-1540.
19. Posey D.J., Aman M.G., McCracken J.T., et al. Positive effects of methylphenidate on inattention and hyperactivity in pervasive developmental disorders: an analysis of secondary measures. Biol Psychiatry 2007, 61:538-544.
20. University of Wisconsin-Madison, University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities, National Medical Home Autism Initiative 2008, Medical Home Services for Autism Spectrum Disorders, Waisman Center, Madison, WI. http://www.waisman.wisc.edu/cedd/guidelines/.
21. Levy S.E., Hyman S.L. Use of complementary and alternative treatments for children with autistic spectrum disorders is increasing. Pediatr Ann 2003, 32:685-691.
22. Mandell D.S., Novak M. The role of culture in families' treatment decisions for children with autism spectrum disorders. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2005, 11:110-115.
23. Barnes P.M., Bloom B., Nahin R.L. Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults and children: United States, 2007. Natl Health Stat Report 2008, (10):1-23.
24. Mitzdorf U., Beck K., Horton-Hausknecht J., et al. Why do patients seek treatment in hospitals of complementary medicine?. J Altern Complement Med 1999, 5:463-473.
25. Harrington J.W., Rosen L., Garnecho A., Patrick P.A. Parental perceptions and use of complementary and alternative medicine practices for children with autistic spectrum disorders in private practice. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2006, 27(2 Suppl):S156-S161.
26. Nickel R.E., Gerlach E.K. The use of complementary and alternative therapies by the families of children with chronic conditions and disabilities. Inf Young Children 2001, 14(1):67-78.
27. Kramer L.S. Uncommon voyage: parenting a special needs child in the world of alternative medicine 1996, Faber & Faber, Boston. 1st ed.
28. Mattheis P. Alternative therapies: From a parent's perspective. Down syndrome: a promising future, together 1999, 93-100. Wiley-Liss, New York. T.J. Hassold, D. Patterson (Eds.).
29. Prussing E., Sobo E.J., Walker E., Kurtin P.S. Between 'desperation' and disability rights: a narrative analysis of complementary/alternative medicine use by parents for children with Down syndrome. Soc Sci Med 2005, 60:587-598.
30. McCaffrey A.M., Pugh G.F., O'Connor B.B. Understanding patient preference for integrative medical care: results from patient focus groups. J Gen Intern Med 2007, 22:1500-1505.
31. Simpson N., Roman K. Complementary medicine use in children: extent and reasons. A population-based study. Br J Gen Pract 2001, 51:914-916.
32. Spigelblatt L., Laîné-Ammara G., Pless I.B., Guyver A. The use of alternative medicine by children. Pediatrics 1994, 94:811-814.
33. Periodic survey #49: complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies in pediatric practices, 2001 October 2002, American Academy of Pediatrics; Division of Health Policy Research; Periodic Survey of Fellows, American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, IL. http://www.aap.org/research/periodicsurvey/ps49bexs.htm.
34. Pitetti R., Singh S., Hornyak D., Garcia S.E., Herr S. Complementary and alternative medicine use in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 2001, 17:165-169.
35. Kaplan S.H., Greenfield S., Ware J.E. Assessing the effects of physician-patient interactions on the outcomes of chronic disease [Erratum in: Med Care 1989;27:679]. Med Care 1989, 27(3 Suppl):S110-S127.
36. Bayat M. Evidence of resilience in families of children with autism. J Intellect Disabil Res 2007, 51:702-714.
37. Roth R. Medicine's ethical responsibilities. Cross-cultural perspectives in medical ethics: readings 1989, 150-155. Jones & Bartlett, Sudbury, MA. 1st ed. R.M. Veatch (Ed.).
38. Eisenberg D.M. Advising patients who seek alternative medical therapies. Ann Intern Med 1997, 127:61-69.
39. Sugarman J., Burk L. Physicians' ethical obligations regarding alternative medicine. JAMA 1998, 280:1623-1625.
40. Lynöe N. Ethical and professional aspects of the practice of alternative medicine. Scand J Soc Med 1992, 20:217-225.
41. Sackett D., Rosenberg W., Gray J., Haynes R., Richardson W. Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn't. BMJ 1996, 312:71-72.
42. Levy S.E., Hyman S.L. Complementary and alternative medicine treatments for children with autism spectrum disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2008, 17:803-820. ix.
43. Pham B., Klassen T.P., Lawson M.L., Moher D. Language of publication restrictions in systematic reviews gave different results depending on whether the intervention was conventional or complementary [Erratum in: J Clin Epidemiol 2006;59:216]. J Clin Epidemiol 2005, 58:769-776.
44. Klassen T.P., Pham B., Lawson M.L., Moher D. For randomized controlled trials, the quality of reports of complementary and alternative medicine was as good as reports of conventional medicine [Erratum in: J Clin Epidemiol 2006;59:216]. J Clin Epidemiol 2005, 58:763-768.
45. Lawson M.L., Pham B., Klassen T.P., Moher D. Systematic reviews involving complementary and alternative medicine interventions had higher quality of reporting than conventional medicine reviews [Erratum in: J Clin Epidemiol 2006;59:216]. J Clin Epidemiol 2005, 58:777-784.
46. Cohen M.H., Kemper K.J., Stevens L., Hashimoto D., Gilmour J. Pediatric use of complementary therapies: ethical and policy choices. Pediatrics 2005, 116:e568-e575.
47. Gold C., Wigram T., Elefant C. Music therapy for autistic spectrum disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006, (2). CD004381.
48. Kim J., Wigram T., Gold C. The effects of improvisational music therapy on joint attention behaviors in autistic children: a randomized controlled study. J Autism Dev Disord 2008, 38:1758-1766.
49. Kim J., Wigram T., Gold C. Emotional, motivational and interpersonal responsiveness of children with autism in improvisational music therapy. Autism 2009, 13:389-409.
50. Jensen P.S., Kenny D.T. The effects of yoga on the attention and behavior of boys with attention-deficit/disorder (ADHD). J Atten Disord 2004, 7:205-216.
51. Uma K., Nagendra H.R., Nagarathna R., Vaidehi S., Seethalakshmi R. The integrated approach of yoga: a therapeutic tool for mentally retarded children: a one-year controlled study. J Ment Defic Res 1989, 33(Pt 5):415-421.
52. Buscemi N., Vandermeer B., Hooton N., et al. Efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for secondary sleep disorders and sleep disorders accompanying sleep restriction: meta-analysis. BMJ 2006, 332:385-393.
53. El-Sherif Y., Tesoriero J., Hogan M.V., Wieraszko A. Melatonin regulates neuronal plasticity in the hippocampus. J Neurosci Res 2003, 72:454-460.
54. Limoges E., Mottron L., Bolduc C., Berthiaume C., Godbout R. Atypical sleep architecture and the autism phenotype. Brain 2005, 128:1049-1061.
55. Melke J., Goubran Botros H., Chaste P., et al. Abnormal melatonin synthesis in autism spectrum disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2008, 13:90-98.
56. Shamseer L., Vohra S. Complementary, holistic, and integrative medicine: melatonin. Pediatr Rev 2009, 30:223-228.
57. Garstang J., Wallis M. Randomized controlled trial of melatonin for children with autistic spectrum disorders and sleep problems. Child Care Health Dev 2006, 32:585-589.
58. Wirojanan J., Jacquemont S., Diaz R., et al. The efficacy of melatonin for sleep problems in children with autism, fragile X syndrome, or autism and fragile X syndrome. J Clin Sleep Med 2009, 5:145-150.
59. Phillips L., Appleton R.E. Systematic review of melatonin treatment in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities and sleep impairment. Dev Med Child Neurol 2004, 46:771-775.
60. Wasdell M.B., Jan J.E., Bomben M.M., et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of controlled release melatonin treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome and impaired sleep maintenance in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities. J Pineal Res 2008, 44:57-64.
61. Andersen I.M., Kaczmarska J., McGrew S.G., Malow B.A. Melatonin for insomnia in children with autism spectrum disorders. J Child Neurol 2008, 23:482-485.
62. Sheldon S.H. Pro-convulsant effects of oral melatonin in neurologically disabled children. Lancet 1998, 351:1254.
63. Peled N., Shorer Z., Peled E., Pillar G. Melatonin effect on seizures in children with severe neurologic deficit disorders. Epilepsia 2001, 42:1208-1210.
64. Dolske M.C., Spollen J., McKay S., Lancashire E., Tolbert L. A preliminary trial of ascorbic acid as supplemental therapy for autism. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1993, 17:765-774.
65. Duggan C.P., Westra S.J., Rosenberg A.E. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 23-2007: a 9-year-old boy with bone pain, rash, and gingival hypertrophy. N Engl J Med 2007, 357:392-400.
66. Arnold G.L., Hyman S.L., Mooney R.A., Kirby R.S. Plasma amino acids profiles in children with autism: potential risk of nutritional deficiencies. J Autism Dev Disord 2003, 33:449-454.
67. Clark J.H., Rhoden D.K., Turner D.S. Symptomatic vitamin A and D deficiencies in an eight-year-old with autism. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1993, 17:284-286.
68. Penniston K.L., Tanumihardjo S.A. The acute and chronic toxic effects of vitamin A. Am J Clin Nutr 2006, 83:191-201.
69. Evans C.D., Lacey J.H. Toxicity of vitamins: complications of a health movement. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986, 292:509-510.
70. Israngkun P.P., Newman H.A., Patel S.T., Duruibe V.A., Abou-Issa H. Potential biochemical markers for infantile autism. Neurochem Pathol 1986, 5:51-70.
71. Reichelt K.L., Hole K., Hamberger A., et al. Biologically active peptide-containing fractions in schizophrenia and childhood autism. Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol 1981, 28:627-643.
72. Knivsberg A.M., Reichelt K.L., Hoien T., Nodland M. A randomised, controlled study of dietary intervention in autistic syndromes. Nutr Neurosci 2002, 5:251-261.
73. Millward C., Ferriter M., Calver S., Connell-Jones G. Gluten- and casein-free diets for autistic spectrum disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008, (2). CD003498.
74. Elder J., Shankar M., Shuster J., Theriaque D., Burns S., Sherrill L. The gluten-free, casein-free diet in autism: results of a preliminary double blind clinical trial. J Autism Dev Disord 2006, 36:413-420.
75. McCarthy D.M., Coleman M. Response of intestinal mucosa to gluten challenge in autistic subjects. Lancet 1979, 2(8148):877-878.
76. Ashwood P., Anthony A., Pellicer A.A., Torrente F., Walker-Smith J.A., Wakefield A.J. Intestinal lymphocyte populations in children with regressive autism: evidence for extensive mucosal immunopathology. J Clin Immunol 2003, 23:504-517.
77. Cass H., Gringras P., March J., et al. Absence of urinary opioid peptides in children with autism. Arch Dis Child 2008, 93:745-750.
78. Dettmer K., Hanna D., Whetstone P., Hansen R., Hammock B.D. Autism and urinary exogenous neuropeptides: development of an on-line SPE-HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry method to test the opioid excess theory. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007, 388:1643-1651.
79. Hediger M.L., England L.J., Molloy C.A., Yu K.F., Manning-Courtney P., Mills J.L. Reduced bone cortical thickness in boys with autism or autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2008, 38:848-856.
80. Marcason W. What is the current status of research concerning use of a gluten-free, casein-free diet for children diagnosed with autism?. J Am Diet Assoc 2009, 109:572.
81. Bernard S., Enayati A., Redwood L., Roger H., Binstock T. Autism: a novel form of mercury poisoning. Med Hypotheses 2001, 56:462-471.
82. Geier D.A., Geier M.R. A case series of children with apparent mercury toxic encephalopathies manifesting with clinical symptoms of regressive autistic disorders. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2007, 70:837-851.
83. Rogan W.J., Dietrich K.N., Ware J.H., et al. The effect of chelation therapy with succimer on neuropsychological development in children exposed to lead. N Engl J Med 2001, 344:1421-1426.
84. Gracia R.C., Snodgrass W.R. Lead toxicity and chelation therapy. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2007, 64:45-53.
85. Thompson W.W., Price C., Goodson B., et al. Vaccine Safety Datalink Team. Early thimerosal exposure and neuropsychological outcomes at 7 to 10 years. N Engl J Med 2007, 357:1281-1292.
86. Gerber J.S., Offit P.A. Vaccines and autism: a tale of shifting hypotheses. Clin Infect Dis 2009, 48:456-461.
87. Hertz-Picciotto I., Green P.G., Delwiche L., Hansen R., Walker C., Pessah I.N. Blood mercury concentrations in CHARGE Study children with and without autism. Environ Health Perspect 2010, 118:161-166.
88. Ng D.K., Chan C.H., Soo M.T., Lee R.S. Low-level chronic mercury exposure in children and adolescents: meta-analysis. Pediatr Int 2007, 49:80-87.
89. Deaths associated with hypocalcemia from chelation therapy: Texas, Pennsylvania, and Oregon, 2003-2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2006, 55:204-207. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
90. Mitka M. Chelation therapy trials halted. JAMA 2008, 300:2236.
91. Stangle D.E., Smith D.R., Beaudin S.A., Strawderman M.S., Levitsky D.A., Strupp B.J. Succimer chelation improves learning, attention, and arousal regulation in lead-exposed rats but produces lasting cognitive impairment in the absence of lead exposure. Environ Health Perspect 2007, 115:201-209.
92. Tsouderos T., Callahan P. Autism's risky experiments Nov. 22, 2009, 1. Chicago Tribune.
93. Levy S.E., Hyman S.L. Novel treatments for autistic spectrum disorders. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2005, 11:131-142.
94. Williams K.W., Wray J.J., Wheeler D.M. Intravenous secretin for autism spectrum disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005, (3). CD003495.
95. Crook W.G. The yeast connection: a medical breakthrough 1983, Professional Books, Jackson, TN. 1st ed.
96. Autism Research Institute, Page title [Internet], Accessed Feb. 25, 2010. http://legacy.autism.com/ARI/editorials/ed_candida.htm.
97. Shaw W., Kassen E., Chaves E. Increased urinary excretion of analogs of Krebs cycle metabolites and arabinose in two brothers with autistic features. Clin Chem 1995, 41:1094-1104.
98. Undersea & Hyperbaric Medical Society [Internet], Accessed 25 Feb., 2010. http://www.uhms.org.
99. Gill A.L., Bell C.N. Hyperbaric oxygen: its uses, mechanisms of action and outcomes. QJM 2004, 97:385-395.
100. Bennett M., Heard R. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004, (1). CD003057.
101. Bennett M.H., Wasiak J., Schnabel A., Kranke P., French C. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005, (3). CD004954.
102. Bennett M., Newton H. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and cerebral palsy: where to now?. Undersea Hyperb Med 2007, 34:69-74.
103. McDonagh M.S., Morgan D., Carson S., Russman B.S. Systematic review of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for cerebral palsy: the state of the evidence. Dev Med Child Neurol 2007, 49:942-947.
104. Plafki C., Peters P., Almeling M., Welslau W., Busch R. Complications and side effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Aviat Space Environ Med 2000, 71:119-124.
105. Rossignol D.A., Rossignol L.W. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy may improve symptoms in autistic children. Med Hypotheses 2006, 67:216-228.
106. Rossignol D.A., Rossignol L.W., James S.J., Melnyk S., Mumper E. The effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on oxidative stress, inflammation, and symptoms in children with autism: an open-label pilot study. BMC Pediatr 2007, 7:36.
107. Rossignol D.A., Rossignol L.W., Smith S., et al. Hyperbaric treatment for children with autism: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. BMC Pediatr 2009, 9:21.
108. Bennett M., Hart B. UHMS position paper: The treatment of autism spectrum disorder with hyperbaric oxygen therapy [Internet] Dec. 5, 2009. http://www.uhms.org/portals/0/pdf/autism_position_paper.pdf.
109. Collet J.P., Vanasse M., Marois P., et al. ; HBO-CP Research Group. Hyperbaric oxygen for children with cerebral palsy: a randomised multicentre trial. Lancet 2001, 357:582-586.
110. Nye C, Brice A. Combined vitamin B6-magnesium treatment in autism spectrum disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005 Oct 19;(4):CD003497.
111. Tolbert L., Haigler T., Waits M., Dennis T. Brief report: lack of response in an autistic population to a low dose clinical trial of pyridoxine plus magnesium. J Autism Dev Disord 1993, 23:193-199.
112. Findling R.L., Maxwell K., Scotese-Wojtila L., Huang J., Yamashita T., Wiznitzer M. High-dose pyridoxine and magnesium administration in children with autistic disorder: an absence of salutary effects in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Autism Dev Disord 1997, 27:467-478.
113. Kuriyama S., Kamiyama M., Watanabe M., et al. Pyridoxine treatment in a subgroup of children with pervasive developmental disorders. Dev Med Child Neurol 2002, 44:284-286.
114. Rimland B. Controversies in the treatment of autistic children: vitamin and drug therapy. J Child Neurol 1988, (3 Suppl):S68-S72.
115. Chez M.G., Buchanan C.P., Aimonovitch M.C., et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of l-carnosine supplementation in children with autistic spectrum disorders. J Child Neurol 2002, 17:833.
116. Gilliam J.E. Gilliam Autism Rating Scale: GARS 1995, Pro-Ed, Austin, TX. 1st ed.
117. Filipek P.A., Juranek J., Nguyen M.T., Cummings C., Gargus J.J. Relative carnitine deficiency in autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2004, 34:615-623.
118. Gupta S. Immunological treatments for autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2000, 30:475-479.
119. Schneider C., Melmed R., Barstow L., Enriquez F., Ranger-Moore J., Ostrem J. Oral human immunoglobulin for children with autism and gastrointestinal dysfunction: a prospective, open-label study. J Autism Dev Disord 2006, 36:1053-1064.
120. Wakefield A.J. The gut-brain axis in childhood developmental disorders. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002, 34(Suppl 1):S14-S17.
121. Feasby T., Banwell B., Benstead T., et al. ; IVIG Hematology and Neurology Expert Panels. Guidelines on the use of intravenous immune globulin for neurologic conditions. Transfus Med Rev 2007, 21(2 Suppl 1):S57-S107.
122. Niederhofer H., Staffen W., Mair A. Immunoglobulins as an alternative strategy of psychopharmacological treatment of children with autistic disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003, 28:1014-1015.
123. Handen B.L., Melmed R.D., Hansen R.L., et al. A Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral human immunoglobulin for gastrointestinal dysfunction in children with autistic disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2009, 39:796-805.
124. Amminger G.P., Berger G.E., Schäfer M.R., Klier C., Friedrich M.H., Feucht M. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in children with autism: a double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. Biol Psychiatry 2007, 61:551-553.
125. Bent S., Bertoglio K., Hendren R.L. Omega-3 fatty acids for autistic spectrum disorder: a systematic review. J Autism Dev Disord 2009, 39:1145-1154.
126. Kern J.K., Jones A.M. Evidence of toxicity, oxidative stress, and neuronal insult in autism. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2006, 9:485-499.
127. James S.J., Cutler P., Melnyk S., et al. Metabolic biomarkers of increased oxidative stress and impaired methylation capacity in children with autism. Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 80:1611-1617.
128. James S.J., Melnyk S., Jernigan S., et al. Metabolic endophenotype and related genotypes are associated with oxidative stress in children with autism. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2006, 141B:947-956.
129. James S.J., Melnyk S., Fuchs G., et al. Efficacy of methylcobalamin and folinic acid treatment on glutathione redox status in children with autism. Am J Clin Nutr 2009, 89:425-430.
130. Bolman W.M., Richmond J.A. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover pilot trial of low dose dimethylglycine in patients with autistic disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 1999, 29:191-194.
131. Kern J.K., Miller V.S., Cauller P.L., Kendall P.R., Mehta P.J., Dodd M. Effectiveness of N,N-dimethylglycine in autism and pervasive developmental disorder. J Child Neurol 2001, 16:169-173.
132. Khorshid K.A., Sweat R.W., Zemba D.A., Zemba B.N. Clinical efficacy of upper cervical versus full spine chiropractic care on children with autism: a randomized clinical trial. J Vertebral Subluxation Res 2006, 1-7.
133. Vohra S., Johnston B., Cramer K., Humphreys K. Adverse events associated with pediatric spinal manipulation: a systematic review. Pediatrics 2007, 119:e275-e283.
134. Greenman P.E. Principles of manipulation of the cervical spine. J Manual Med 1991, 6:106-113.
135. Green C., Martin C., Bassett K., Kazanjian A. A systematic review of craniosacral therapy: biological plausibility, assessment reliability and clinical effectiveness. Complement Ther Med 1999, 7:201-207.
136. Silva L.M., Cignolini A., Warren R., Budden S., Skowron-Gooch A. Improvement in sensory impairment and social interaction in young children with autism following treatment with an original Qigong massage methodology. Am J Chin Med 2007, 35:393-406.
137. Escalona A., Field T., Singer-Strunck R., Cullen C., Hartshorn K. Brief report: Improvements in the behavior of children with autism following massage therapy. J Autism Dev Disord 2001, 31:513-516.
138. Furlan A., van Tulder M., Cherkin D., et al. Acupuncture and dry-needling for low back pain: an updated systematic review within the framework of the Cochrane collaboration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2005, 30:944-963.
139. Mamtani R., Cimino A. A primer of complementary and alternative medicine and its relevance in the treatment of mental health problems. Psychiatr Q 2002, 73:367-381.
140. Sandler A. Placebo effects in developmental disabilities: implications for research and practice. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2005, 11:164-170.
141. Liptak G.S. Complementary and alternative therapies for cerebral palsy. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2005, 11:156-163.
142. Carbone P.S., Behl D.D., Azor V., Murphy N.A. The medical home for children with autism spectrum disorders: parent and pediatrician perspectives. J Autism Dev Disord 2010, 40:317-324.
143. Golnik A.E., Ireland M. Complementary alternative medicine for children with autism: a physician survey. J Autism Dev Disord 2009, 39:996-1005.