Prevalence of complications of open tibial shaft fractures stratified as per the Gustilo-Anderson classification

Injury

Volumn 42, Issue 12, 2011, Pages 1408-1415

  Papakostidis, Costas ^a   Kanakaris, Nikolaos K ^b   Pretel, Juan ^c   Faour, Omar ^c,d   Morell, Daniel Juan ^b   Giannoudis, Peter V ^c  

^a G HATZIKOSTA GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Greece)

^b LEEDS TEACHING HOSPITALS NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^c LEEDS GENERAL INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

^d HOSPITAL CLÍNICO UNIVERSITARIO DE VALLADOLID   (Spain)

Author keywords

Clinical outcome; Compartment syndrome; Gustilo Anderson classification; Infection; Nonunion; Open fracture; Review; Tibia; Union

Indexed keywords

ABSCESS; BONE INFECTION; BONE NAIL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; COMPARTMENT SYNDROME; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; FISTULA; FRACTURE EXTERNAL FIXATION; FRACTURE FIXATION; FRACTURE HEALING; FRACTURE NONUNION; GUSTILO ANDERSON FRACTURE CLASSIFICATION; HUMAN; INTRAMEDULLARY NAILING; LEG AMPUTATION; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; OPEN FRACTURE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REAMED TIBIAL NAILING; REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TIBIA SHAFT FRACTURE; UNREAMED TIBIAL NAILING;

AMPUTATION; BONE NAILS; COMPARTMENT SYNDROMES; FRACTURE FIXATION, INTRAMEDULLARY; FRACTURE HEALING; FRACTURES, OPEN; FRACTURES, UNUNITED; HUMANS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS; TIBIAL FRACTURES; TIME FACTORS; WOUND INFECTION;

EID: 80755136546     PISSN: 00201383     EISSN: 18790267     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2011.10.015     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. R.J. Weiss, S.M. Montgomery, A. Ehlin, Z. Al Dabbagh, A. Stark, and K.A. Jansson Decreasing incidence of tibial shaft fractures between 1998 and 2004: information based on 10,627 Swedish inpatients Acta Orthop 79 2008 526 533
2. C.M. Court-Brown, and B. Caesar Epidemiology of adult fractures: a review Injury 37 2006 691 697 (Pubitemid 44066989)
3. C.M. Court-Brown, S. Rimmer, U. Prakash, and M.M. McQueen The epidemiology of open long bone fractures Injury 29 1998 529 534 (Pubitemid 28423369)
4. C. Gaebler, U. Berger, P. Schandelmaier, M. Greitbauer, H.H. Schauwecker, and B. Applegate Rates and odds ratios for complications in closed and open tibial fractures treated with unreamed, small diameter tibial nails: a multicenter analysis of 467 cases J Orthop Trauma 15 2001 415 423 (Pubitemid 33130620)
5. M. Bhandari, G.H. Guyatt, D. Tong, A. Adili, and S.G. Shaughnessy Reamed versus nonreamed intramedullary nailing of lower extremity long bone fractures: a systematic overview and meta-analysis J Orthop Trauma 14 2000 2 9
6. H. Kai, K. Yokoyama, M. Shindo, and M. Itoman Problems of various fixation methods for open tibia fractures: experience in a Japanese level I trauma center Am J Orthop 27 1998 631 636
7. K.P. Veliskakis Primary internal fixation in open fractures of the tibal shaft; the problem of wound healing J Bone Joint Surg Br 41 1959 342 354
8. R.B. Gustilo, and J.T. Anderson Prevention of infection in the treatment of one thousand and twenty-five open fractures of long bones: retrospective and prospective analyses J Bone Joint Surg Am 58 1976 453 458
9. R.B. Gustilo, R.M. Mendoza, and D.N. Williams Problems in the management of type III (severe) open fractures: a new classification of type III open fractures J Trauma 24 1984 742 746 (Pubitemid 14069063)
10. S. Rajasekaran, J. Naresh Babu, J. Dheenadhayalan, A.P. Shetty, S.R. Sundararajan, and M. Kumar A score for predicting salvage and outcome in Gustilo type-IIIA and type-IIIB open tibial fractures J Bone Joint Surg Br 88 2006 1351 1360 (Pubitemid 44613152)
11. R.J. Brumback, and A.L. Jones Interobserver agreement in the classification of open fractures of the tibia. The results of a survey of two hundred and forty-five orthopaedic surgeons J Bone Joint Surg Am 76 1994 1162 1166 (Pubitemid 24282190)
12. B.D. Horn, and M.E. Rettig Interobserver reliability in the Gustilo and Anderson classification of open fractures J Orthop Trauma 7 1993 357 360
13. B.J. Harley, L.A. Beaupre, C.A. Jones, S.K. Dulai, and D.W. Weber The effect of time to definitive treatment on the rate of nonunion and infection in open fractures J Orthop Trauma 16 2002 484 490
14. J.D. Cole, L.J. Ansel, and R. Schwartzberg A sequential protocol for management of severe open tibial fractures Clin Orthop Relat Res 315 1995 84 103
15. M.D. Fischer, R.B. Gustilo, and T.F. Varecka The timing of flap coverage, bone-grafting, and intramedullary nailing in patients who have a fracture of the tibial shaft with extensive soft-tissue injury J Bone Joint Surg Am 73 1991 1316 1322
16. D.J. Crowley, N.K. Kanakaris, and P.V. Giannoudis Irrigation of the wounds in open fractures J Bone Joint Surg Br 89 2007 580 585 (Pubitemid 46958762)
17. D.J. Crowley, N.K. Kanakaris, and P.V. Giannoudis Debridement and wound closure of open fractures: the impact of the time factor on infection rates Injury 38 2007 879 889 (Pubitemid 47058487)
18. G.G. Russell, R. Henderson, and G. Arnett Primary or delayed closure for open tibial fractures J Bone Joint Surg Br 72 1990 125 128 (Pubitemid 20035832)
19. K. Yokoyama, M. Itoman, M. Uchino, K. Fukushima, H. Nitta, and Y. Kojima Immediate versus delayed intramedullary nailing for open fractures of the tibial shaft: a multivariate analysis of factors affecting deep infection and fracture healing Indian J Orthop 42 2008 410 419
20. S. Gopal, S. Majumder, A.G. Batchelor, S.L. Knight, P. De Boer, and R.M. Smith Fix and flap: the radical orthopaedic and plastic treatment of severe open fractures of the tibia J Bone Joint Surg Br 82 2000 959 966
21. M. Bhandari, and P.V. Giannoudis Evidence-based medicine: what it is and what it is not Injury 37 2006 302 306 (Pubitemid 43363513)
22. W. Cochran The combination of estimates from different experiments Biometrics 10 1954 101 129
23. J.P. Higgins, S.G. Thompson, J.J. Deeks, and D.G. Altman Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses BMJ 327 2003 557 560 (Pubitemid 37088507)
24. J. Lau, J.P. Ioannidis, and C.H. Schmid Quantitative synthesis in systematic reviews Ann Intern Med 127 1997 820 826 (Pubitemid 27465551)
25. A. Agresti, and B.A. Coul Approximate is better than exact for interval estimations of binomial proportions Am Stat 52 1998 119 126
26. J.P. Stannard, C.G. Finkemeier, J. Lee, and P.J. Kregor Utilization of the less-invasive stabilization system internal fixator for open fractures of the proximal tibia: a multi-center evaluation Indian J Orthop 42 2008 426 430
27. J.Y. Jenny, G. Jenny, and I. Kempf Infection after reamed intramedullary nailing of lower limb fractures. A review of 1,464 cases over 15 years Acta Orthop Scand 65 1994 94 96 (Pubitemid 24101921)
28. T. Bonatus, S.A. Olson, S. Lee, and M.W. Chapman Nonreamed locking intramedullary nailing for open fractures of the tibia Clin Orthop Relat Res 339 1997 58 64 (Pubitemid 27250714)
29. A. Barquet, J. Massaferro, A. Dubra, C. Milans, and O. Castiglioni The dynamic ASIF-BM tubular external fixator in the treatment of open fractures of the shaft of the tibia Injury 23 1992 461 466
30. G. Kaltenecker, O. Wruhs, and S. Quaicoe Lower infection rate after interlocking nailing in open fractures of femur and tibia J Trauma 30 1990 474 479 (Pubitemid 20152119)
31. S. Kakar, and P. Tornetta 3rd. Segmental tibia fractures: a prospective evaluation Clin Orthop Relat Res 460 2007 196 201 (Pubitemid 47056498)
32. M. Inan, M. Halici, I. Ayan, M. Tuncel, and S. Karaoglu Treatment of type IIIA open fractures of tibial shaft with Ilizarov external fixator versus unreamed tibial nailing Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 127 2007 617 623 (Pubitemid 47304816)
33. D. Joshi, A. Ahmed, L. Krishna, and Y. Lal Unreamed interlocking nailing in open fractures of tibia J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 12 2004 216 221
34. K.P. Yakuboff, P.J. Stern, and H.W. Neale Technical successes and functional failures after free tissue transfer to the tibia Microsurgery 11 1990 59 62 (Pubitemid 20278281)
35. B.H. Ziran, M. Darowish, B.A. Klatt, J.F. Agudelo, and W.R. Smith Intramedullary nailing in open tibia fractures: a comparison of two techniques Int Orthop 28 2004 235 238 (Pubitemid 39150321)
36. E.J. Harvey, J. Agel, H.S. Selznick, J.R. Chapman, and M.B. Henley Deleterious effect of smoking on healing of open tibia-shaft fractures Am J Orthop 31 2002 518 521
37. H.A. Vallier, T.T. Le, and A. Bedi Radiographic and clinical comparisons of distal tibia shaft fractures (4 to 11 cm proximal to the plafond): plating versus intramedullary nailing J Orthop Trauma 22 2008 307 311 (Pubitemid 351630243)
38. K. Tripuraneni, S. Ganga, R. Quinn, and R. Gehlert The effect of time delay to surgical debridement of open tibia shaft fractures on infection rate Orthopedics 2008 31
39. R. Sanders, I. Jersinovich, J. Anglen, T. DiPasquale, and D. Herscovici Jr. The treatment of open tibial shaft fractures using an interlocked intramedullary nail without reaming J Orthop Trauma 8 1994 504 510
40. J.F. Keating, P.I. O'Brien, P.A. Blachut, R.N. Meek, and H.M. Broekhuyse Reamed interlocking intramedullary nailing of open fractures of the tibia Clin Orthop Relat Res 338 1997 182 191 (Pubitemid 27203463)
41. S. Kakar, and P. Tornetta 3rd. Open fractures of the tibia treated by immediate intramedullary tibial nail insertion without reaming: a prospective study J Orthop Trauma 21 2007 153 157 (Pubitemid 46673834)
42. C.M. Court-Brown, J.F. Keating, and M.M. McQueen Infection after intramedullary nailing of the tibia. Incidence and protocol for management J Bone Joint Surg Br 74 1992 770 774
43. R.C. Castillo, M.J. Bosse, E.J. MacKenzie, and B.M. Patterson Impact of smoking on fracture healing and risk of complications in limb-threatening open tibia fractures J Orthop Trauma 19 2005 151 157 (Pubitemid 40458334)
44. A.P. Whittle, T.A. Russell, J.C. Taylor, and D.G. Lavelle Treatment of open fractures of the tibial shaft with the use of interlocking nailing without reaming J Bone Joint Surg Am 74 1992 1162 1171
45. L.X. Webb, M.J. Bosse, R.C. Castillo, and E.J. MacKenzie Analysis of surgeon-controlled variables in the treatment of limb-threatening type-III open tibial diaphyseal fractures J Bone Joint Surg Am 89 2007 923 928 (Pubitemid 46724579)
46. L. Tielinen, J.E. Lindahl, and E.J. Tukiainen Acute unreamed intramedullary nailing and soft tissue reconstruction with muscle flaps for the treatment of severe open tibial shaft fractures Injury 38 2007 906 912 (Pubitemid 47058491)
47. S.B. Naique, M. Pearse, and J. Nanchahal Management of severe open tibial fractures: the need for combined orthopaedic and plastic surgical treatment in specialist centres J Bone Joint Surg Br 88 2006 351 357
48. J.F. Keating, P.J. O'Brien, P.A. Blachut, R.N. Meek, and H.M. Broekhuyse Locking intramedullary nailing with and without reaming for open fractures of the tibial shaft. A prospective, randomized study J Bone Joint Surg Am 79 1997 334 341 (Pubitemid 27136641)
49. B.T. Dedmond, B. Kortesis, K. Punger, J. Simpson, J. Argenta, and B. Kulp The use of negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in the temporary treatment of soft-tissue injuries associated with high-energy open tibial shaft fractures J Orthop Trauma 21 2007 11 17 (Pubitemid 46071955)
50. C.M. Court-Brown, E.F. Wheelwright, J. Christie, and M.M. McQueen External fixation for type III open tibial fractures J Bone Joint Surg Br 72 1990 801 804 (Pubitemid 20286015)
51. F. Sala, D. Capitani, F. Castelli, G.A. La Maida, G. Lovisetti, and S. Singh Alternative fixation method for open femoral fractures from a damage control orthopaedics perspective Injury 41 February (2) 2010 161 168
52. J.E. Schroeder, Y.A. Weil, A. Khoury, M. Liebergall, and R. Mosheiff Thermal tibial osteonecrosis: a diagnostic challenge and review of the literature Injury 41 February (2) 2010 235 238
53. C.H. Ma, C.H. Wu, S.W. Yu, C.Y. Yen, and Y.K. Tu Staged external and internal less-invasive stabilisation system plating for open proximal tibial fractures Injury 41 February (2) 2010 190 196
54. C. Garnavos, G. Mouzopoulos, and E. Morakis Fixed intramedullary nailing and percutaneous autologous concentrated bone-marrow grafting can promote bone healing in humeral-shaft fractures with delayed union Injury 41 June (6) 2010 563 567
55. S.W. Lam, M. Teraa, L.P. Leenen, and G.J. van der Heijden Systematic review shows lowered risk of nonunion after reamed nailing in patients with closed tibial shaft fractures Injury 41 July (7) 2010 671 675
56. A. Gahukamble, M. Nithyananth, K. Venkatesh, R. Amritanand, and V.M. Cherian Open intramedullary nailing in neglected femoral diaphyseal fractures Injury 40 February (2) 2009 209 212
57. P.V. Giannoudis, C. Tzioupis, and H.C. Pape Early diagnosis of tibial compartment syndrome: continuous pressure measurement or not? Injury 40 April (4) 2009 341 342
58. C.A. Mueller, V. Schlegel, F. Hoegel, C. Eckhardt, U. Schlegel, and B.A. Rahn Cortical perfusion and local fat occlusion after intramedullary nailing of the ovine tibia - comparison of different surgical procedures Injury 40 July (7) 2009 760 766
59. P.V. Giannoudis, P.J. Harwood, G. Kontakis, M. Allami, D. Macdonald, and S.P. Kay Long-term quality of life in trauma patients following the full spectrum of tibial injury (fasciotomy, closed fracture, grade IIIB/IIIC open fracture and amputation) Injury 40 February (2) 2009 213 219
60. S.W. Lam, M. Teraa, L.P. Leenen, and G.J. van der Heijden Systematic review shows lowered risk of nonunion after reamed nailing in patients with closed tibial shaft fractures Injury 41 2010 671 675
61. K. Sarahrudi, A. Thomas, T. Heinz, A. Krumbock, V. Vecsei, and S. Aharinejad Growth factor release in extra- and intramedullary osteosynthesis following tibial fracture Injury 42 2010 772 777
62. G. Cox, S. Jones, V.S. Nikolaou, G. Kontakis, and P.V. Giannoudis Elderly tibial shaft fractures: open fractures are not associated with increased mortality rates Injury 41 2010 620 623
63. The British Association of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons (BAPRAS) and the British Orthopaedic Association (BOA) Standards for the management of open fractures of the lower limb 2009 BAPRAS/BOA London
64. T. Noumi, K. Yokoyama, H. Ohtsuka, K. Nakamura, and M. Itoman Intramedullary nailing for open fractures of the femoral shaft: evaluation of contributing factors on deep infection and nonunion using multivariate analysis Injury 36 2005 1085 1093 (Pubitemid 41132802)
65. K.B. Alemdarolu, U. Tiftiki, S. Iltar, N.H. Aydoan, T. Kara, and D. Atlihan Factors affecting the fracture healing in treatment of tibial shaft fractures with circular external fixator Injury 40 November (11) 2009 1151 1156
66. C.H. Ma, C.H. Wu, S.W. Yu, C.Y. Yen, and Y.K. Tu Staged external and internal less-invasive stabilisation system plating for open proximal tibial fractures Injury 41 2009 190 196
67. T.R. Bowen, and J.C. Widmaier Host classification predicts infection after open fracture Clin Orthop Relat Res 2005 205 211 (Pubitemid 40489271)
68. Orthopaedic Trauma Association: Open Fracture Study Group A new classification scheme for open fractures J Orthop Trauma 24 2010 457 464