Debridement and wound closure of open fractures: The impact of the time factor on infection rates

Injury

Volumn 38, Issue 8, 2007, Pages 879-889

  Crowley, D J ^a   Kanakaris, N K ^a   Giannoudis, P V ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

"Six hour rule"; Infection rates; Open fractures; Review; Time; Timing; Wound closure; Wound debridement

Indexed keywords

DEBRIDEMENT; EMERGENCY WARD; HUMAN; INFECTION RISK; LEG INJURY; MEDLINE; NONHUMAN; OPEN FRACTURE; ORTHOPEDICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; WOUND CLOSURE;

ANIMALS; DEBRIDEMENT; FRACTURES, OPEN; HUMANS; TIME FACTORS; WOUND INFECTION;

EID: 34447319621     PISSN: 00201383     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2007.01.012     Document Type: Review

References (45)

1. American College of Surgeons, ACS. ATLS, Advanced Trauma Life Support, student course manual. 7th edition, 2002.
2. Ashford R.U., Mehta J.A., and Cripps R. Delayed presentation is no barrier to satisfactory outcome in the management of open tibial fractures. Injury 35 (2004) 411-416
3. Bednar D.A., and Parikh J. Effect of time delay from injury to primary management on the incidence of deep infection after open fractures of the lower extremities caused by blunt trauma in adults. J Orthop Trauma 7 (1993) 532-535
4. Benson D.R., Riggins R.S., Lawrence R.M., et al. Treatment of open fractures: a prospective study. J Trauma 23 (1983) 25-30
5. Bosse M.J., MacKenzie E.J., Kellam J.F., et al. An analysis of outcomes of reconstruction or amputation of leg-threatening injuries. NEJM 347 (2002) 1924-1931
6. British Orthopaedic Association and British Association of Plastic Surgeons. A working party report: The management of open tibial fractures. September 1997. http://www.boa.uk (accessed October 20, 2006).
7. Brown P.W., and Kinman P.B. Gas gangrene in a metropolitan community. J Bone Joint Surg Am 56 (1974) 1445-1451
8. Buckley S.L., Smith G., Sponseller P.D., et al. Open fractures of the tibia in children. J Bone Joint Surg Am 72 (1990) 1462-1469
9. Burke M, Callu K, Gray A, et al. Changing the way we operate. National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death, 2001. http://www.ncepod.org.uk/2001.htm. (accessed October 20, 2006).
10. Caudle R.J., and Stern P.J. Severe open fractures of the tibia. J Bone Joint Surg Am 69 (1987) 801-807
11. Clancey G.J., and Hansen Jr. S.T. Open fractures of the tibia: a review of one hundred and two cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am 60 (1978) 118-122
12. Cullen M.C., Roy D.R., Crawford A.H., et al. Open fracture of the tibia in children. J Bone Joint Surg Am 78 (1996) 1039-1047
13. DeLong Jr. W.G., Born C.T., Wei S.Y., et al. Aggressive treatment of 119 open fracture wounds. J Trauma 46 (1999) 1049-1054
14. Delpech J.M. Mémoire sur la complication des palies et des ulcères, connue sous le nom de pourriture d'hôpital (1815), Mequignon-Marvis, Paris
15. Edlich R.F., Rogers W., Kasper G., et al. Studies in the management of the contaminated wound. I. Optimal time for closure of contaminated open wounds. II. Comparison of resistance to infection of open and closed wounds during healing. Am J Surg 117 (1969) 323-329
16. Faisham W.I., Nordin S., and Aidura M. Bacteriological study and its role in the management of open tibial fracture. Med J Malaysia 56 (2001) 201-206
17. Giannoudis P.V., Papakostidis C., and Roberts C. A review of the management of open fractures of the tibia and femur. J Bone Joint Surg Br 88 (2006) 281-289
18. Godina M. Early microsurgical reconstruction of complex trauma of the extremities. Plast Reconstr Surg 78 (1986) 285-292
19. Gopal S., Majumder S., Batchelor A.G., et al. Fix and flap: the radical orthopaedic and plastic treatment of severe open fractures of the tibia. J Bone Joint Surg Br 82 (2000) 959-966
20. Gustilo R.B., and Anderson J.T. Prevention of infection in the treatment of 1025 open fractures of long bones: retrospective and prospective analyses. J Bone Joint Surg Am 58 (1976) 453-458
21. Harley B.J., Beaupre L.A., Jones C.A., et al. The effect of time to definitive treatment on the rate of nonunion and infection in open fractures. J Orthop Trauma 16 (2002) 484-490
22. Heaton L.D., Hughes C.W., Rosegay H., et al. Military surgical practices of the United States Army in Viet Nam. Curr Probl Surg (1966) 1-59
23. Henley M.B., Chapman J.R., Agel J., et al. Treatment of type II, IIIA, and IIIB open fractures of the tibial shaft: a prospective comparison of unreamed interlocking intramedullary nails and half-pin external fixators. J Orthop Trauma 12 (1998) 1-7
24. Hohmann E., Tetsworth K., Radziejowski M.J., and Wiesniewski T.F. Comparison of delayed and primary wound closure in the treatment of open tibial fractures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg (2006)
25. Hope P.G., and Cole W.G. Open fractures of the tibia in children. J Bone Joint Surg Br 74 (1992) 546-553
26. Khatod M., Botte M.J., Hoyt D.B., et al. Outcomes in open tibia fractures: relationship between delay in treatment and infection. J Trauma 55 (2003) 949-954
27. Kindsfater K., and Jonassen E.A. Osteomyelitis in grade II and III open tibia fractures with late debridement. J Orthop Trauma 9 (1995) 121-127
28. Kirk NT. U.S. War Department. Army Service Forces. Office of the Surgeon General. Circular Letter No 91, April 26, 1943.
29. Kreder H.J., and Armstrong P. A review of open tibia fractures in children. J Pediatr Orthop 15 (1995) 482-488
30. Merritt K. Factors increasing the risk of infection in patients with open fractures. J Trauma 28 (1988) 823-827
31. Naique S.B., Pearse M., and Nanchahal J. Management of severe open tibial fractures: the need for combined orthopaedic and plastic surgical treatment in specialist centres. J Bone Joint Surg Br 88 (2006) 351-357
32. Ostermann P.A., Henry S.L., and Seligson D. Timing of wound closure in severe compound fractures. Orthopedics 17 (1994) 397-399
33. Patzakis M.J., Dorr L.D., Hammond W., and Ivler D. The effect of antibiotics, primary and secondary closure on clostridial contaminated open fracture wounds in rats. J Trauma 18 (1978) 34-37
34. Patzakis M.J., and Wilkins J. Factors influencing infection rate in open fracture wounds. Clin Orthop Relat Res (1989) 36-40
35. Patzakis M.J., Wilkins J., and Moore T.M. Considerations in reducing the infection rate in open tibial fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res (1983) 36-41
36. Ponteau C. Oevres posthmes (1783), Pierres, Paris
37. Sanders R., Swiontkowski M., Nunley J., and Spiegel P. The management of fractures with soft-tissue disruptions. J Bone Joint Surg Am 75 (1993) 778-789
38. Skaggs D.L., Friend L., Alman B., et al. The effect of surgical delay on acute infection following 554 open fractures in children. J Bone Joint Surg Am 87 (2005) 8-12
39. Skaggs D.L., Kautz S.M., Kay R.M., and Tolo V.T. Effect of delay of surgical treatment on rate of infection in open fractures in children. J Pediatr Orthop 20 (2000) 19-22
40. Spencer J., Smith A., and Woods D. The effect of time delay on infection in open long-bone fractures: a 5-year prospective audit from a district general hospital. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 86 (2004) 108-112
41. Trueta L. "Closed" treatment of war fractures. Lancet 1 (1939) 1462
42. Veliskakis K.P. Primary internal fixation in open fractures of the tibial shaft; the problem of wound healing. J Bone Joint Surg Br 41 (1959) 342-354
43. Wangensteen O.H., and Wangensteen S.D. Carl Reyher (1846-1890), great Russian military surgeon: his demonstration of the role of debridement in gunshot wounds and fractures. Surgery 74 (1973) 641-649
44. Wangensteen OH, Wangensteen SD. The rise of surgery from empiric craft to scientific discipline. University of Minnesota Press e. Skeletal Trauma. Philadelphia: WB Saunders 1992.
45. Witschi T.H., and Omer Jr. G.E. The treatment of open tibial shaft fractures from Vietnam War. J Trauma 10 (1970) 105-111