Bone metastases, general and clinical issues

Quarterly Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging

Volumn 55, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 337-352

  Greco, C ^a   Forte, L ^a   Erba, P ^a   Mariani, G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PISA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Bone and bones; Neoplasm metastasis; Palliative care; Radiotherapy

Indexed keywords

ALENDRONIC ACID; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CALCITONIN; CLODRONIC ACID; CORTICOSTEROID; DEXAMETHASONE; ETIDRONIC ACID; GALLIUM NITRATE; IBANDRONIC ACID; MITHRAMYCIN; PAMIDRONIC ACID; ZOLEDRONIC ACID;

BONE; BONE METASTASIS; BONE PAIN; CLINICAL FEATURE; DECOMPRESSION; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY; FRACTURE; HUMAN; HYPERCALCEMIA; IMAGE GUIDED IRRADIATION; IRRADIATION; NONHUMAN; PALLIATIVE THERAPY; RADIATION DOSE; REVIEW; SPINAL CORD COMPRESSION; TREATMENT PLANNING;

BONE AND BONES; BONE NEOPLASMS; DIPHOSPHONATES; FRACTURES, SPONTANEOUS; HUMANS; HYPERCALCEMIA; PAIN; PALLIATIVE CARE; SPINAL CORD COMPRESSION;

EID: 80755130234     PISSN: 18244785     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Coleman RE. Clinical features of metastatic bone disease and risk of skeletal morbidity. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:6243-49.
2. Joyce JA, Pollard JW. Microenvironmental regulation of metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer 2009;9:239-52.
3. Coleman RE. Management of bone metastases. Oncologist 2000;5:463-70.
4. Coleman RE. Metastatic bone disease: clinical features, pathophysiology and treatment strategies. Cancer Treat Rev 2001;27:165-76. (Pubitemid 32452017)
5. Eccles SA, Welch DR. Metastasis: recent discoveries and novel treatment strategies. Lancet 2007;369:1742-57. (Pubitemid 46755391)
6. Jacobson AF, Shapiro CL, Van den Abbeele AD, Kaplan WD. Prognostic significance of the number of bone scan abnormalities at the time of initial bone metastatic recurrence in breast carcinoma. Cancer 2001;91:17-24. (Pubitemid 32052609)
7. Niikura N, Liu J, Hayashi N, Palla SL, Tokuda Y, Hortobagyi GN et al. Treatment Outcome and Prognostic Factors for Patients with Bone-Only Metastases of Breast Cancer: A Single-Institution Retrospective Analysis. Oncologist 2011;16:155-64.
8. Kang Y, Siegel PM, Shu W, Drobnjak M, Kakonen SM, Cordon-Cardo C et al. A multigenic program mediating breast cancer metastasis to bone. Cancer Cell 2003;3:537-49. (Pubitemid 36808649)
9. Donovan MJ, Costa J, Cordon-Cardo C. Systems pathology: a paradigm shift in the practice of diagnostic and predictive pathology. Cancer 2009;115:3078-84.
10. Kim M, Gans JD, Nogueira C, Wang A, Paik JH, Feng B et al. Comparative oncogenomics identifies NEDD9 as a melanoma metastasis gene. Cell 2006;125:1269-81. (Pubitemid 43949521)
11. van't Veer LJ, Dai H, van de Vijver MJ, He YD, Hart AA, Mao M et al. Gene expression profiling predicts clinical outcome of breast cancer. Nature 2002;415:530-6. (Pubitemid 34130608)
12. Ramaswamy S, Ross KN, Lander ES, Golub TR. A molecular signature of metastasis in primary solid tumors. Nat Genet 2003;33:49-54. (Pubitemid 36068681)
13. Smid M, Wang Y, Klijn JG, Sieuwerts AM, Zhang Y, Atkins D et al. Genes associated with breast cancer metastatic to bone. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:2261-7. (Pubitemid 46630655)
14. Lorusso G, Ruegg C. The tumor microenvironment and its contribution to tumor evolution toward metastasis. Histochem Cell Biol 2008;130:1091-103.
15. Coleman R. On the horizon: can bisphosphonates prevent bone metastases? Breast 2007;16(Suppl 3):S21-7.
16. Moreau JE, Anderson K, Mauney JR, Nguyen T, Kaplan DL, Rosenblatt M. Tissue-engineered bone serves as a target for metastasis of human breast cancer in a mouse model. Cancer Res 2007;67:10304-8. (Pubitemid 350070804)
17. Buijs JT, Petersen M, van der Horst G, van der Pluijm G. Bone morphogenetic proteins and its receptors; therapeutic targets in cancer progression and bone metastasis? Curr Pharm Des 2010;16:1291-300.
18. Reddi AH, Reddi A. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs): from morphogens to metabologens. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2009;20:341-2.
19. Reddi AH, Roodman D, Freeman C, Mohla S. Mechanisms of tumor metastasis to the bone: challenges and opportunities. J Bone Miner Res 2003;18:190-4. (Pubitemid 36125910)
20. Rybak LD, Rosenthal DI. Radiological imaging for the diagnosis of bone metastases. Q J Nucl Med 2001;45:53-64. (Pubitemid 32586342)
21. Morote J, Morin JP, Orsola A, Abascal JM, Salvador C, Trilla E et al. Prevalence of osteoporosis during long-term androgen deprivation therapy in patients with prostate cancer. Urology 2007;69:500-4. (Pubitemid 46428384)
22. Camacho PM, Dayal AS, Diaz JL, Nabhan FA, Agarwal M, Norton JG et al. Prevalence of secondary causes of bone loss among breast cancer patients with osteopenia and osteoporosis. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:5380-5.
23. Taoka T, Mayr NA, Lee HJ, Yuh WT, Simonson TM, Rezai K et al. Factors influencing visualization of vertebral metastases on MR imaging versus bone scintigraphy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001;176:1525-30. (Pubitemid 32510275)
24. Gosfield E, 3rd, Alavi A, Kneeland B. Comparison of radionuclide bone scans and magnetic resonance imaging in detecting spinal metastases. J Nucl Med. 1993;34:2191-8. (Pubitemid 24002966)
25. Messiou C, Cook G, deSouza NM. Imaging metastatic bone disease from carcinoma of the prostate. Br J Cancer 2009;101:1225-32.
26. Lecouvet FE, Geukens D, Stainier A, Jamar F, Jamart J, d'Othee BJ et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the axial skeleton for detecting bone metastases in patients with high-risk prostate cancer: diagnostic and cost-effectiveness and comparison with current detection strategies. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:3281-7. (Pubitemid 47325613)
27. Cascini G, Falcone C, Greco C, Bertucci B, Cipullo S, Tamburrini O. Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging for detecting bone metastases: comparison with bone scintigraphy. Radiol Med 2008;113:1157-70.
28. Yilmaz MH, Ozguroglu M, Mert D, Turna H, Demir G, Adaletli I et al. Diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging and scintigraphy in patients with metastatic breast cancer of the axial skeleton: a comparative study. Med Oncol 2008;25:257-63.
29. Taira AV, Herfkens RJ, Gambhir SS, Quon A. Detection of bone metastases: assessment of integrated FDG PET/CT imaging. Radiology 2007;243:204-11. (Pubitemid 46579712)
30. Ozulker T, Kucukoz Uzun A, Ozulker F, Ozpacac T Comparison of (18)F-FDG-PET/CT with (99m)Tc-MDP bone scintigraphy for the detection of bone metastases in cancer patients. Nucl Med Commun 2010;31:597-603.
31. Song JW, Oh YM, Shim TS, Kim WS, Ryu JS, Choi CM. Efficacy comparison between (18)F-FDG PET/CT and bone scintigraphy in detecting bony metastases of non-small-cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2009:65:333-8.
32. Smith MR, Cook RJ, Coleman R, Brown J, Lipton A, Major P et al. Predictors of skeletal complications in men with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer. Urology 2007;70:315-9. (Pubitemid 47362256)
33. Brown JE, Cook RJ, Major P, Lipton A, Saad F, Smith M et al. Bone turnover markers as predictors of skeletal complications in prostate cancer, lung cancer, and other solid tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005;97:59-69.
34. Brown JE, Thomson CS, Ellis SP, Gutcher SA, Purohit OP, Coleman RE. Bone resorption predicts for skeletal complications in metastatic bone disease. Br J Cancer 2003;89:2031-7. (Pubitemid 38030899)
35. Demers LM. Bone markers in the management of patients with skeletal metastases. Cancer 2003;97:874-9. (Pubitemid 36125826)
36. Demers LM, Costa L, Lipton A. Biochemical markers and skeletal metastases. Cancer 2000;88:2919-26. (Pubitemid 30413174)
37. Weinfurt KP, Li Y, Castel LD, Saad F, Timbie JW, Glendenning GA et al. The significance of skeletal-related events for the health-related quality of life of patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Ann Oncol 2005;16:579-84. (Pubitemid 40613323)
38. Major PP, Cook RJ, Lipton A, Smith MR, Terpos E, Coleman RE. Natural history of malignant bone disease in breast cancer and the use of cumulative mean functions to measure skeletal morbidity. BMC Cancer 2009;9:272.
39. Lipton A, Theriault RL, Hortobagyi GN, Simeone J, Knight RD, Mellars K et al. Pamidronate prevents skeletal complications and is effective palliative treatment in women with breast carcinoma and osteolytic bone metastases: long term follow-up of two randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Cancer 2000;88:1082-90. (Pubitemid 30127670)
40. Rosen LS, Gordon D, Tchekmedyian NS, Yanagihara R, Hirsh V, Krzakowski M et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of zoledronic acid in the treatment of skeletal metastases in patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma and other solid tumors: a randomized, Phase III, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Cancer 2004:100:2613-21. (Pubitemid 38715767)
41. Ripamonti C, Fulfaro F. Malignant bone pain: pathophysiology and treatments. Curr Rev Pain 2000;4:187-96.
42. Goblirsch MJ, Zwolak PP, Clohisy DR. Biology of bone cancer pain. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:6231s-35s. (Pubitemid 44703795)
43. Clohisy DR, Mantyh PW Bone cancer pain. Cancer 2003;97:866-73. (Pubitemid 36125825)
44. Tong D, Gillick L, Hendrickson FR. The palliation of symptomatic osseous metastases: final results of the Study by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. Cancer 1982;50:893-9. (Pubitemid 12047122)
45. Culleton S, Kwok S, Chow E. Radiotherapy for Pain. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2010 [Epub ahead of print).
46. Hoskin PJ, Stratford MR, Folkes LK, Regan J, Yarnold JR. Effect of local radiotherapy for bone pain on urinary markers of osteoclast activity. Lancet 2000;355:1428-9. (Pubitemid 30215968)
47. Goblirsch M, Lynch C, Mathews W, Manivel JC, Mantyh PW, Clohisy DR. Radiation treatment decreases bone cancer pain through direct effect on tumor cells. Radiat Res 2005;164:400-8. (Pubitemid 41368948)
48. Hird A, Chow E, Zhang L, Wong R, Wu J, Sinclair E et al. Determining the incidence of pain flare following palliative radiotherapy for symptomatic bone metastases: results from three Canadian cancer centers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009;75:193-7.
49. Lutz S, Berk L, Chang E, Chow E, Hahn C, Hoskin P et al. Palliative Radiotherapy for Bone Metastases: An ASTRO Evidence-Based Guideline. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011.
50. Fairchild A, Barnes E, Ghosh S, Ben-Josef E, Roos D, Hartsell W et al. International patterns of practice in palliative radiotherapy for painful bone metastases: evidence-based practice? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009;75:1501-10.
51. Wu JS, Wong R, Johnston M, Bezjak A, Whelan T. Meta-analysis of dose-fractionation radiotherapy trials for the palliation of painful bone metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003;55:594-605. (Pubitemid 36170000)
52. Chow E, Harris K, Fan G, Tsao M, Sze WM. Palliative radiotherapy trials for bone metastases: a systematic review. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:1423-36. (Pubitemid 46706892)
53. McQuay HJ, Carroll D, Moore RA. Radiotherapy for painful bone metastases: a systematic review. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 1997;9:150-4. (Pubitemid 27379961)
54. Sze WM, Shelley MD, Held I, Wilt TJ, Mason MD. Palliation of metastatic bone pain: single fraction versus multifraction radiotherapy-a systematic review of randomised trials. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2003;15:345-52. (Pubitemid 37069647)
55. Steenland E, Leer JW, van Houwelingen H, Post WJ, van den Hout WB, Kievit J et al. The effect of a single fraction compared to multiple fractions on painful bone metastases: a global analysis of the Dutch Bone Metastasis Study. Radiother Oncol 1999;52:101-9. (Pubitemid 29461077)
56. Greco C, Clifton Ling C. Broadening the scope of image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT). Acta Oncol 2008;47:1193-200.
57. Greco C, Zelefsky MJ, Lovelock M, Fuks Z, Hunt M, Rosenzweig K et al. Predictors of Local Control After Single-Dose Stereotactic Image-Guided Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy for Extracranial Metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010.
58. Yamada Y, Lovelock DM, Bilsky MH. A review of image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy for spinal tumors. Neurosurgery 2007;61:226-35; discussion 35.
59. Lovelock DM, Zhang Z, Jackson A, Keam J, Bekelman J, Bilsky M et al. Correlation of local failure with measures of dose insufficiency in the high-dose single-fraction treatment of bony metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010;77:1282-7.
60. Yamada Y, Bilsky MH, Lovelock DM, Venkatraman ES, Toner S, Johnson J et al. High-dose, single-fraction image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy for metastatic spinal lesions. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008;71:484-90.
61. Mirels H. Metastatic disease in long bones: A proposed scoring system for diagnosing impending pathologic fractures 1989. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2003:S4-13.
62. van der Linden YM, Kroon HM, Dijkstra SP, Lok JJ, Noordijk EM, Leer JW et al. Simple radiographic parameter predicts fracturing in metastatic femoral bone lesions: results from a randomised trial. Radiother Oncol 2003:69:21-31. (Pubitemid 37346185)
63. Greenburg EJ, Chu FC, Dwyer AJ, Ziminski EM, Dimich AB, Laughlin JS. Effects of radiation therapy on bone lesions as measured by 47 Ca and 85 Sr local kinetics. J Nucl Med 1972;13:747-51.
64. Koswig S, Budach V. [Remineralization and pain relief in bone metastases after after different radiotherapy fractions (10 times 3 Gy vs 1 time 8 Gy). A prospective study). Strahlenther Onkol 1999;175:500-8.
65. Loblaw DA, Laperriere NJ, Mackillop WJ. A population-based study of malignant spinal cord compression in Ontario. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2003:15:211-7. (Pubitemid 36722768)
66. Jung HS, Jee WH, McCauley TR, Ha KY, Choi KH. Discrimination of metastatic from acute osteoporotic compression spinal fractures with MR imaging. Radiographics 2003;23:179-87. (Pubitemid 37421448)
67. Bilsky MH, Laufer I, Fourney DR, Groff M, Schmidt MH, Varga PP et al. Reliability analysis of the epidural spinal cord compression scale. J Neurosurg Spine 2010;13:324-8.
68. Cole JS, Patchell RA. Metastatic epidural spinal cord compression. Lancet Neurol 2008;7:459-66. (Pubitemid 351508481)
69. Byrne TN, Borges LF, Loeffler JS. Metastatic epidural spinal cord compression: update on management. Semin Oncol 2006;33:307-11. (Pubitemid 43849925)
70. Graham PH, Capp A, Delaney G, Goozee G, Hickey B, Turner S et al. A pilot randomised comparison of dexamethasone 96 mg vs 16 mg per day for malignant spinal-cord compression treated by radiotherapy: TROG 01.05 Superdex study. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2006;18:70-6. (Pubitemid 43056700)
71. Delattre JY, Arbit E, Thaler HT, Rosenblum MK, Posner JB. A dose-response study of dexamethasone in a model of spinal cord compression caused by epidural tumor. J Neurosurg 1989;70:920-5. (Pubitemid 19150512)
72. Vecht CJ, Haaxma-Reiche H, van Putten WL, de Visser M, Vries EP, Twijnstra A. Initial bolus of conventional versus high-dose dexamethasone in metastatic spinal cord compression. Neurology 1989;39:1255-7. (Pubitemid 19239735)
73. Heimdal K, Hirschberg H, Slettebo H, Watne K, Nome O. High incidence of serious side effects of high-dose dexamethasone treatment in patients with epidural spinal cord compression. J Neurooncol 1992;12:141-4.
74. Sorensen S, Helweg-Larsen S, Mouridsen H, Hansen HH. Effect of high-dose dexamethasone in carcinomatous metastatic spinal cord compression treated with radiotherapy: a randomised trial. Eur J Cancer 1994;30A:22-7. (Pubitemid 24058082)
75. Rades D, Abrahm JL. The role of radiotherapy for metastatic epidural spinal cord compression. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2010;7:590-8.
76. Rades D, Heidenreich F, Karstens JH. Final results of a prospective study of the prognostic value of the time to develop motor deficits before irradiation in metastatic spinal cord compression. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002;53:975-9. (Pubitemid 34722644)
77. Rades D, Stalpers LJ, Hulshof MC, Borgmann K, Karstens JH, Koning CC et al. Comparison of 1 x 8 Gy and 10 x 3 Gy for functional outcome in patients with metastatic spinal cord compression. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005;62:514-8. (Pubitemid 40704470)
78. Helweg-Larsen S, Sorensen PS, Kreiner S. Prognostic factors in metastatic spinal cord compression: a prospective study using multivariate analysis of variables influencing survival and gait function in 153 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000;46:1163-9. (Pubitemid 30139426)
79. Rades D, Stalpers LJ, Veninga T, Schulte R, Hoskin PJ, Obralic N et al. Evaluation of five radiation schedules and prognostic factors for metastatic spinal cord compression. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:3366-75.
80. Rades D, Freundt K, Meyners T, Bajrovic A, Basic H, Karstens JH et al.. Dose Escalation for Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression in Patients with Relatively Radioresistant Tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010.
81. Maranzano E, Bellavita R, Rossi R, De Angelis V, Frattegiani A, Bagnoli R et al. Short-course versus split-course radiotherapy in metastatic spinal cord compression: results of a phase III, randomized, multicenter trial. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:3358-65.
82. Maranzano E, Trippa F, Casale M, Costantini S, Lupattelli M, Bellavita R et al. 8Gy single-dose radiotherapy is effective in metastatic spinal cord compression: results of a phase III randomized multicentre Italian trial. Radiother Oncol 2009;93:174-9.
83. Body JJ. Bone metastases and tumor-induced hypercalcemia. Curr Opin Oncol 1992;4:624-31.
84. Grill V, Ho P, Body JJ, Johanson N, Lee SC, Kukreja SC et al. Parathyroid hormone-related protein: elevated levels in both humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy and hypercalcemia complicating metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;73:1309-15. (Pubitemid 121000708)
85. Lumachi F, Brunello A, Roma A, Basso U. Cancer-induced hypercalcemia. Anticancer Res 2009;29:1551-5.
86. Holen I, Coleman RE. Bisphosphonates as treatment of bone metastases. Curr Pharm Des 2010;16:1262-71.
87. Major P, Lortholary A, Hon J, Abdi E, Mills G, Menssen HD et al. Zoledronic acid is superior to Pamidronate in the treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy: a pooled analysis of two randomized, controlled clinical trials. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:558-67. (Pubitemid 32112871)
88. Coleman R, Cook R, Hirsh V, Major P, Lipton A. Zoledronic acid use in cancer patients: more than just supportive care? Cancer 2011;117:11-23.
89. Ottewell PD, Lefley DV, Cross SS, Evans CA, Coleman RE, Holen I. Sustained inhibition of tumor growth and prolonged survival following sequential administration of doxorubicin and zoledronic acid in a breast cancer model. Int J Cancer 2010;126:522-32.
90. McKeage K, Plosker GL. Zoledronic acid: a pharmacoeconomic review of its use in the management of bone metastases. Pharmacoeconomics 2008;26:251-68. (Pubitemid 351271381)
91. Vassiliou V, Kalogeropoulou C, Christopoulos C, Solomou E, Leotsinides M, Kardamakis D. Combination ibandronate and radiotherapy for the treatment of bone metastases: clinical evaluation and radiologic assessment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007;67:264-72. (Pubitemid 44959485)
92. Hellman S, Weichselbaum RR. Oligometastases. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:8-10.
93. Salama JK, Chmura SJ, Mehta N, Yenice KM, Stadler WM, Vokes EE et al. An initial report of a radiation dose-escalation trial in patients with one to five sites of metastatic disease. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14:5255-9.
94. Milano MT, Katz AW, Okunieff P. Patterns of recurrence after curative-intent radiation for oligometastases confined to one organ. Am J Clin Oncol 2010;33:157-63.
95. Nguyen QN, Shiu AS, Rhines LD, Wang H, Allen PK, Wang XS et al. Management of spinal metastases from renal cell carcinoma using stereotactic body radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010;76:1185-92.
96. Garcia-Barros M, Thin TH, Maj J, Cordon-Cardo C, Haimovitz-Friedman A, Fuks Z et al. Impact of stromal sensitivity on radiation response of tumors implanted in SCID hosts revisited. Cancer Res 2010;70:8179-86.
97. Scarantino CW, Caplan R, Rotman M, Coughlin C, Demas W, Delrowe J. A phase I/II study to evaluate the effect of fractionated hemibody irradiation in the treatment of osseous metastases - RTOG 88-22. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1996;36:37-48. (Pubitemid 26314150)
98. Dearnaley DP, Bayly RJ, A'Hern RP, Gadd J, Zivanovic MM, Lewington VJ. Palliation of bone metastases in prostate cancer. Hemibody irradiation or strontium-89? Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 1992:4:101-7.
99. Dolezal J, Vizda J, Odrazka K. Prospective evaluation of samarium-153-EDTMP radionuclide treatment for bone metastases in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Urol Int 2007;78:50-7. (Pubitemid 46034186)
100. Ricci S, Boni G, Pastina I, Genovesi D, Cianci C, Chiacchio S et al. Clinical benefit of bone-targeted radiometabolic therapy with 153Sm-EDTMP combined with chemotherapy in patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007;34:1023-30. (Pubitemid 46919554)