Thyroid dysfunction from antineoplastic agents

Journal of the National Cancer Institute

Volumn 103, Issue 21, 2011, Pages 1572-1587

  Hamnvik, Ole Petter Riksfjord ^a   Larsen, P Reed ^a   Marqusee, Ellen ^a  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

(3 IODOBENZYL)GUANIDINE I 131; ALEMTUZUMAB; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; AXITINIB; BEVACIZUMAB; BEXAROTENE; CEDIRANIB; DASATINIB; DENILEUKIN DIFTITOX; IMATINIB; IPILIMUMAB; LENALIDOMIDE; LEVOTHYROXINE; LIOTHYRONINE; MOTESANIB; NILOTINIB; RECOMBINANT ALPHA INTERFERON; RECOMBINANT INTERLEUKIN 2; RITUXIMAB; SORAFENIB; SUNITINIB; THALIDOMIDE; THYROTROPIN; THYROXINE; TICILIMUMAB; TOSITUMOMAB;

5Q- SYNDROME; ARTHRITIS; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMOR; CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA; CUTANEOUS T CELL LYMPHOMA; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ENTEROCOLITIS; FREE THYROXINE INDEX; GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMOR; GRAFT VERSUS HOST REACTION; GRAVES DISEASE; HASHIMOTO DISEASE; HEPATITIS; HORMONE RESPONSE; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; HYPOPHYSITIS; HYPOTHYROIDISM; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; IMMUNOTHERAPY; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NEPHRITIS; NONHODGKIN LYMPHOMA; NONHUMAN; PANCREATITIS; PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PREMEDICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SKIN MANIFESTATION; SOLID TUMOR; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THYROID CANCER; THYROID DISEASE; THYROID FUNCTION; THYROID MEDULLARY CARCINOMA; THYROIDECTOMY; THYROIDITIS; THYROTOXICOSIS; THYROTROPIN BLOOD LEVEL; THYROTROPIN RELEASE; UVEITIS;

ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL; ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL, HUMANIZED; ANTIBODIES, NEOPLASM; ANTICARCINOGENIC AGENTS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; DIPHTHERIA TOXIN; HUMANS; HYPERTHYROIDISM; HYPOPITUITARISM; HYPOTHYROIDISM; INTERFERON-ALPHA; INTERLEUKIN-2; IODINE RADIOISOTOPES; MOLECULAR TARGETED THERAPY; NEOPLASMS; PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES; QUALITY OF LIFE; RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY; RECOMBINANT FUSION PROTEINS; RECOMBINANT PROTEINS; TETRAHYDRONAPHTHALENES; THALIDOMIDE; THYROID FUNCTION TESTS; THYROID GLAND; THYROID HORMONES; THYROIDITIS, AUTOIMMUNE;

EID: 80655149496     PISSN: 00278874     EISSN: 14602105     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djr373     Document Type: Review

References (179)

1. van der Molen AJ, Thomsen HS, Morcos SK. Effect of iodinated contrast media on thyroid function in adults. Eur Radiol. 2004;14(5):902-907. (Pubitemid 38678914)
2. Markou K, Georgopoulos N, Kyriazopoulou V, Vagenakis AG. Iodine-induced hypothyroidism. Thyroid. 2001;11(5):501-510. (Pubitemid 32494599)
3. Berger C, Le-Gallo B, Donadieu J, et al. Late thyroid toxicity in 153 long-term survivors of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2005;35(10):991-995. (Pubitemid 40711836)
4. Jereczek-Fossa BA, Alterio D, Jassem J, et al. Radiotherapy-induced thyroid disorders. Cancer Treat Rev. 2004;30(4):369-384. (Pubitemid 38744493)
5. Schneider AB, Sarne DH. Long-term risks for thyroid cancer and other neoplasms after exposure to radiation. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2005;1(2):82-91.
6. Hancock SL, Cox RS, McDougall IR. Thyroid diseases after treatment of Hodgkin's disease. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(9):599-605.
7. Beex L, Ross A, Smals A, Kloppenborg P. 5-fluorouracil-induced increase of total serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Cancer Treat Rep. 1977;61(7):1291-1295. (Pubitemid 8204097)
8. Surks MI, Sievert R. Drugs and thyroid function. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(25):1688-1694. (Pubitemid 126634606)
9. Dong BJ. How medications affect thyroid function. West J Med. 2000;172(2):102-106.
10. Mamby CC, Love RR, Lee KE. Thyroid function test changes with adjuvant tamoxifen therapy in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13(4):854-857.
11. Garnick MB, Larsen PR. Acute deficiency of thyroxine-binding globulin during L-asparaginase therapy. N Engl J Med. 1979;301(5):252-253. (Pubitemid 9234485)
12. Ferster A, Glinoer D, Van Vliet G, Otten J. Thyroid function during L-asparaginase therapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: difference between induction and late intensification. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1992;14(3):192-196.
13. Bartalena L, Martino E, Antonelli A, et al. Effect of the antileukemic agent L-asparaginase on thyroxine-binding globulin and albumin synthesis in cultured human hepatoma (HEP G2) cells. Endocrinology. 1986;119(3):1185-1188. (Pubitemid 16053719)
14. Djurica SN, Plecas V, Milojevic Z, et al. Direct effects of cytostatic therapy on the functional state of the thyroid gland and TBG in serum of patients. Exp Clin Endocrinol. 1990;96(1):57-63. (Pubitemid 20384715)
15. Sutcliffe SB, Chapman R, Wrigley PF. Cyclical combination chemotherapy and thyroid function in patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1981;9(5):439-448. (Pubitemid 12245877)
16. Paulino AC. Hypothyroidism in children with medulloblastoma: a comparison of 3600 and 2340 cGy craniospinal radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;53(3):543-547. (Pubitemid 34626491)
17. Massart C, Le Tellier C, Lucas C, et al. Effects of cisplatin on human thyrocytes in monolayer or follicle culture. J Mol Endocrinol. 1992;8(3):243-248.
18. Hofman M, Ryan JL, Figueroa-Moseley CD, Jean-Pierre P, Morrow GR. Cancer-related fatigue: the scale of the problem. Oncologist. 2007;12(suppl 1):4-10.
19. Thomas J. Cancer-related constipation. Curr Oncol Rep. 2007;9(4):278-284. (Pubitemid 47045162)
20. O'Connor P, Feely J. Clinical pharmacokinetics and endocrine disorders. Therapeutic implications. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1987;13(6):345-364. (Pubitemid 18024722)
21. Chen SY, Kao PC, Lin ZZ, Chiang WC, Fang CC. Sunitinib-induced myxedema coma. Am J Emerg Med. 2009;27(3):370.e1-370.e3.
22. Collinson F, Vasudev N, Berkin L, et al. Sunitinib-induced severe hypothyroidism with cardiac compromise [published online ahead of print November 30, 2010]. Med Oncol. 2010. doi:10.1007/s12032-010-9757-z.
23. Di Lorenzo G, Autorino R, Bruni G, et al. Cardiovascular toxicity following sunitinib therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a multicenter analysis. Ann Oncol. 2009;20(9):1535-1542.
24. Schmidinger M, Vogl UM, Bojic M, et al. Hypothyroidism in patients with renal cell carcinoma: blessing or curse? Cancer. 2011;117(3):534-544.
25. Wolter P, Stefan C, Decallonne B, et al. Evaluation of thyroid dysfunction as a candidate surrogate marker for efficacy of sunitinib in patients (pts) with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(15S):5126.
26. Phan GQ, Attia P, Steinberg SM, White DE, Rosenberg SA. Factors associated with response to high-dose interleukin-2 in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(15):3477-3482. (Pubitemid 32730084)
27. Franzke A, Peest D, Probst-Kepper M, et al. Autoimmunity resulting from cytokine treatment predicts long-term survival in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17(2):529-533. (Pubitemid 29075239)
28. Weijl NI, Van der Harst D, Brand A, et al. Hypothyroidism during immunotherapy with interleukin-2 is associated with antithyroid antibodies and response to treatment. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11(7):1376-1383. (Pubitemid 23199144)
29. Atkins MB, Mier JW, Parkinson DR, et al. Hypothyroidism after treatment with interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells. N Engl J Med. 1988;318(24):1557-1563.
30. Yang JC, Hughes M, Kammula U, et al. Ipilimumab (anti-CTLA4 antibody) causes regression of metastatic renal cell cancer associated with enteritis and hypophysitis. J Immunother. 2007;30(8):825-830. (Pubitemid 350295361)
31. Kruit WH, Bolhuis RL, Goey SH, et al. Interleukin-2-induced thyroid dysfunction is correlated with treatment duration but not with tumor response. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11(5):921-924. (Pubitemid 23146088)
32. Nelson M, Hercbergs A, Rybicki L, Strome M. Association between development of hypothyroidism and improved survival in patients with head and neck cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;132(10):1041-1046. (Pubitemid 44600780)
33. Hercbergs AA, Goyal LK, Suh JH, et al. Propylthiouracil-induced chemical hypothyroidism with high-dose tamoxifen prolongs survival in recurrent high grade glioma: a phase I/II study. Anticancer Res. 2003;23(1B):617-626. (Pubitemid 36358462)
34. Cristofanilli M, Yamamura Y, Kau SW, et al. Thyroid hormone and breast carcinoma. Primary hypothyroidism is associated with a reduced incidence of primary breast carcinoma. Cancer. 2005;103(6):1122-1128. (Pubitemid 40328081)
35. Davis FB, Tang HY, Shih A, et al. Acting via a cell surface receptor, thyroid hormone is a growth factor for glioma cells. Cancer Res. 2006;66(14):7270-7275. (Pubitemid 44197708)
36. Theodossiou C, Skrepnik N, Robert EG, et al. Propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroidism reduces xenograft tumor growth in athymic nude mice. Cancer. 1999;86(8):1596-1601. (Pubitemid 29489797)
37. Garfield DH, Wolter P, Schoffski P, Hercbergs A, Davis P. Documentation of thyroid function in clinical studies with sunitinib: why does it matter? J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(31):5131-5132.
38. Garfield D, Hercbergs A, Davis P. Unanswered questions regarding the management of sunitinib-induced hypothyroidism. Nat Clin Pract Oncol. 2007;4(12):674.
39. Dentice M, Luongo C, Huang S, et al. Sonic hedgehog-induced type 3 deiodinase blocks thyroid hormone action enhancing proliferation of normal and malignant keratinocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104(36):14466-14471. (Pubitemid 350003284)
40. Larsen PR, Davies TF, Schlumberger MJ, Hay ID. Thyroid physiology and diagnostic evaluation of patients with thyroid disorders. In: Kronenberg H, Williams RH, Polonsky KS, et al, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2008:299-332.
41. Kaplan MM, Larsen PR, Crantz FR, et al. Prevalence of abnormal thyroid function test results in patients with acute medical illnesses. Am J Med. 1982;72(1):9-16. (Pubitemid 12090780)
42. Sarkar SD. Benign thyroid disease: what is the role of nuclear medicine? Semin Nucl Med. 2006;36(3):185-193. (Pubitemid 43817849)
43. Sinclair D. Clinical and laboratory aspects of thyroid autoantibodies. Ann Clin Biochem. 2006;43(pt 3):173-183. (Pubitemid 43668148)
44. Lodish MB, Stratakis CA. Endocrine side effects of broad-acting kinase inhibitors. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2010;17(3):R233-R244.
45. de Groot JW, Zonnenberg BA, Plukker JT, van Der Graaf WT, Links TP. Imatinib induces hypothyroidism in patients receiving levothyroxine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2005;78(4):433-438. (Pubitemid 41393678)
46. Abdulrahman RM, Verloop H, Hoftijzer H, et al. Sorafenib-induced hypothyroidism is associated with increased type 3 deiodination. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(8):3758-3762.
47. Gupta-Abramson V, Troxel AB, Nellore A, et al. Phase II trial of sorafenib in advanced thyroid cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(29):4714-4719.
48. Schlumberger MJ, Elisei R, Bastholt L, et al. Phase II study of safety and efficacy of motesanib in patients with progressive or symptomatic, advanced or metastatic medullary thyroid cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(23):3794-3801.
49. Sherman SI, Wirth LJ, Droz JP, et al. Motesanib diphosphate in progressive differentiated thyroid cancer. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(1):31-42. (Pubitemid 351931094)
50. Dora JM, Leie MA, Netto B, et al. Lack of imatinib-induced thyroid dysfunction in a cohort of non-thyroidectomized patients. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008;158(5):771-772. (Pubitemid 351639617)
51. Desai J, Yassa L, Marqusee E, et al. Hypothyroidism after sunitinib treatment for patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145(9):660-664. (Pubitemid 46768841)
52. Wolter P, Stefan C, Decallonne B, et al. The clinical implications of sunitinib-induced hypothyroidism: a prospective evaluation. Br J Cancer. 2008;99(3):448-454.
53. Wong E, Rosen LS, Mulay M, et al. Sunitinib induces hypothyroidism in advanced cancer patients and may inhibit thyroid peroxidase activity. Thyroid. 2007;17(4):351-355. (Pubitemid 46776140)
54. Grossmann M, Premaratne E, Desai J, Davis ID. Thyrotoxicosis during sunitinib treatment for renal cell carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2008;69(4):669-672.
55. Rini BI, Tamaskar I, Shaheen P, et al. Hypothyroidism in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99(1):81-83.
56. Mannavola D, Coco P, Vannucchi G, et al. A novel tyrosine-kinase selective inhibitor, sunitinib, induces transient hypothyroidism by blocking iodine uptake. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(9):3531-3534. (Pubitemid 47435331)
57. Tamaskar I, Bukowski R, Elson P, et al. Thyroid function test abnormalities in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with sorafenib. Ann Oncol. 2008;19(2):265-268. (Pubitemid 351201706)
58. Miyake H, Kurahashi T, Yamanaka K, et al. Abnormalities of thyroid function in Japanese patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with sorafenib: a prospective evaluation. Urol Oncol. 2010;28(5):515-519.
59. Kim TD, Schwarz M, Nogai H, et al. Thyroid dysfunction caused by second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors in Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia. Thyroid. 2010;20(11):1209-1214.
60. Mukohara T, Nakajima H, Mukai H, et al. Effect of axitinib (AG-013736) on fatigue, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and biomarkers: a phase I study in Japanese patients. Cancer Sci. 2010;101(4):963-968.
61. Goss GD, Arnold A, Shepherd FA, et al. Randomized, double-blind trial of carboplatin and paclitaxel with either daily oral cediranib or placebo in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: NCIC clinical trials group BR24 study. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(1):49-55.
62. Pinar D, Boix E, Meana JA, Herrero J. Sunitinib-induced thyrotoxicosis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2009;32(11):941-942.
63. Faris JE, Moore AF, Daniels GH. Sunitinib (sutent)-induced thyrotoxicosis due to destructive thyroiditis: a case report. Thyroid. 2007;17(11):1147-1149. (Pubitemid 350207759)
64. Iavarone M, Perrino M, Vigano M, Beck-Peccoz P, Fugazzola L. Sorafenib-induced destructive thyroiditis. Thyroid. 2010;20(9):1043-1044.
65. Barbaro D. Sorafenib and thyrotoxicosis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2010;33(6):436.
66. Alexandrescu DT, Popoveniuc G, Farzanmehr H, et al. Sunitinib-associated lymphocytic thyroiditis without circulating antithyroid antibodies. Thyroid. 2008;18(7):809-812. (Pubitemid 352009925)
67. Kamba T, Tam BY, Hashizume H, et al. VEGF-dependent plasticity of fenestrated capillaries in the normal adult microvasculature. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006;290(2):H560-H576.
68. Makita N, Miyakawa M, Fujita T, Iiri T. Sunitinib induces hypothyroidism with a markedly reduced vascularity. Thyroid. 2010;20(3):323-326.
69. Rogiers A, Wolter P, Op de Beeck K, et al. Shrinkage of thyroid volume in sunitinib-treated patients with renal-cell carcinoma: a potential marker of irreversible thyroid dysfunction? Thyroid. 2010;20(3):317-322.
70. Salem AK, Fenton MS, Marion KM, Hershman JM. Effect of sunitinib on growth and function of FRTL-5 thyroid cells. Thyroid. 2008;18(6):631-635. (Pubitemid 351918450)
71. Reismuller B, Azizi AA, Peyrl A, et al. Feasibility and tolerability of bevacizumab in children with primary CNS tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;54(5):681-686.
72. Torino F, Corsello SM, Longo R, Barnabei A, Gasparini G. Hypothyroidism related to tyrosine kinase inhibitors: an emerging toxic effect of targeted therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2009;6(4):219-228.
73. Kliewer SA, Umesono K, Mangelsdorf DJ, Evans RM. Retinoid X receptor interacts with nuclear receptors in retinoic acid, thyroid hormone and vitamin D3 signalling. Nature. 1992;355(6359):446-449.
74. Keller H, Dreyer C, Medin J, et al. Fatty acids and retinoids control lipid metabolism through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-retinoid X receptor heterodimers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1993;90(6):2160-2164. (Pubitemid 23078585)
75. Duvic M, Hymes K, Heald P, et al. Bexarotene is effective and safe for treatment of refractory advanced-stage cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: multinational phase II-III trial results. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(9):2456-2471. (Pubitemid 32391217)
76. Haugen BR. Drugs that suppress TSH or cause central hypothyroidism. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;23(6):793-800.
77. Sherman SI, Gopal J, Haugen BR, et al. Central hypothyroidism associated with retinoid X receptor-selective ligands. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(14):1075- 1079. (Pubitemid 29162512)
78. Duvic M, Martin AG, Kim Y, et al. Phase 2 and 3 clinical trial of oral bexarotene (Targretin capsules) for the treatment of refractory or persistent early-stage cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137(5):581-593. (Pubitemid 32458440)
79. Golden WM, Weber KB, Hernandez TL, et al. Single-dose rexinoid rapidly and specifically suppresses serum thyrotropin in normal subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(1):124-130. (Pubitemid 46067519)
80. Liu S, Ogilvie KM, Klausing K, et al. Mechanism of selective retinoid X receptor agonist-induced hypothyroidism in the rat. Endocrinology. 2002;143(8):2880-2885. (Pubitemid 34809858)
81. Sharma V, Hays WR, Wood WM, et al. Effects of rexinoids on thyrotrope function and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Endocrinology. 2006;147(3):1438-1451. (Pubitemid 43244378)
82. Smit JW, Stokkel MP, Pereira AM, Romijn JA, Visser TJ. Bexarotene-induced hypothyroidism: bexarotene stimulates the peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(7):2496-2499. (Pubitemid 47037348)
83. Howell SR, Shirley MA, Ulm EH. Effects of retinoid treatment of rats on hepatic microsomal metabolism and cytochromes P450. Correlation between retinoic acid receptor/retinoid x receptor selectivity and effects on metabolic enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos. 1998;26(3):234-239. (Pubitemid 28182399)
84. Assaf C, Bagot M, Dummer R, et al. Minimizing adverse side-effects of oral bexarotene in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: an expert opinion. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155(2):261-266. (Pubitemid 44050557)
85. Sherman SI. Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment recommendations for central hypothyroidism associated with bexarotene therapy for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Clin Lymphoma. 2003;3(4):249-252. (Pubitemid 36416851)
86. Gopal AK, Rajendran JG, Gooley TA, et al. High-dose [131I]tositumomab (anti-CD20) radioimmunotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for adults 〉 or = 60 years old with relapsed or refractory B-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(11):1396-1402. (Pubitemid 46706888)
87. Press OW, Unger JM, Braziel RM, et al. Phase II trial of CHOP chemotherapy followed by tositumomab/iodine I-131 tositumomab for previously untreated follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: five-year follow-up of Southwest Oncology Group Protocol S9911. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(25):4143-4149. (Pubitemid 46622291)
88. Kaminski MS, Tuck M, Estes J, et al. 131I-tositumomab therapy as initial treatment for follicular lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(5):441-449. (Pubitemid 40175970)
89. Leahy MF, Turner JH. Radioimmunotherapy of relapsed indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma with 131I-rituximab in routine clinical practice: 10-year single-institution experience of 142 consecutive patients. Blood. 2011;117(1):45-52.
90. Leahy MF, Seymour JF, Hicks RJ, Turner JH. Multicenter phase II clinical study of iodine-131-rituximab radioimmunotherapy in relapsed or refractory indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(27):4418-4425. (Pubitemid 46646247)
91. Quach A, Ji L, Mishra V, et al. Thyroid and hepatic function after high-dose 131 I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (131 I-MIBG) therapy for neuroblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2011;56(2):191-201.
92. de Kraker J, Hoefnagel KA, Verschuur AC, et al. Iodine-131- metaiodobenzylguanidine as initial induction therapy in stage 4 neuroblastoma patients over 1 year of age. Eur J Cancer. 2008;44(4):551-556.
93. van Santen HM, de Kraker J, van Eck BL, de Vijlder JJ, Vulsma T. High incidence of thyroid dysfunction despite prophylaxis with potassium iodide during (131)I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine treatment in children with neuroblastoma. Cancer. 2002;94(7):2081-2089. (Pubitemid 34270064)
94. Gonias S, Goldsby R, Matthay KK, et al. Phase II study of high-dose [131I]metaiodobenzylguanidine therapy for patients with metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(25):4162-4168.
95. Ho VT, Zahrieh D, Hochberg E, et al. Safety and efficacy of denileukin diftitox in patients with steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2004;104(4):1224-1226. (Pubitemid 39038048)
96. Olsen E, Duvic M, Frankel A, et al. Pivotal phase III trial of two dose levels of denileukin diftitox for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(2):376-388. (Pubitemid 32112849)
97. Ghori F, Polder KD, Pinter-Brown LC, et al. Thyrotoxicosis after denileukin diftitox therapy in patients with mycosis fungoides. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(6):2205-2208. (Pubitemid 43855006)
98. Lockwood CM, Hale G, Waldman H, Jayne DR. Remission induction in Behcet's disease following lymphocyte depletion by the anti-CD52 antibody CAMPATH 1-H. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003;42(12):1539-1544. (Pubitemid 37508929)
99. Campath Product Label. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda-docs/ label/2007/103948s5070lbl.pdf. Accessed September 13, 2011.
100. Coles AJ, Compston DA, Selmaj KW, et al. Alemtuzumab vs. interferon beta-1a in early multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(17):1786-1801.
101. Shaw BE, Apperley JF, Russell NH, et al. Unrelated donor peripheral blood stem cell transplants incorporating pre-transplant in-vivo Alemtuzumab are not associated with any increased risk of significant acute or chronic graft-versus-host disease [published online ahead of print March 8, 2011]. Br J Haematol. 2011. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08615.x.
102. Kanda J, Lopez RD, Rizzieri DA. Alemtuzumab for the prevention and treatment of graft-versus-host disease. Int J Hematol. 2011;93(5):586-593.
103. Coles AJ, Wing M, Smith S, et al. Pulsed monoclonal antibody treatment and autoimmune thyroid disease in multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 1999;354(9191):1691-1695. (Pubitemid 29533060)
104. Walsh M, Chaudhry A, Jayne D. Long-term follow-up of relapsing/refractory anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody associated vasculitis treated with the lymphocyte depleting antibody alemtuzumab (CAMPATH-1H). Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67(9):1322-1327.
105. Kirk AD, Hale DA, Swanson SJ, Mannon RB. Autoimmune thyroid disease after renal transplantation using depletional induction with alemtuzumab. Am J Transplant. 2006;6(5, pt 1):1084-1085. (Pubitemid 44356662)
106. Weetman A. Immune reconstitution syndrome and the thyroid. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;23(6):693-702.
107. Coles AJ, Cox A, Le Page E, et al. The window of therapeutic opportunity in multiple sclerosis: evidence from monoclonal antibody therapy. J Neurol. 2006;253(1):98-108. (Pubitemid 43157395)
108. Jonasch E, Haluska FG. Interferon in oncological practice: review of interferon biology, clinical applications, and toxicities. Oncologist. 2001;6(1):34-55. (Pubitemid 32155814)
109. Tomer Y, Blackard JT, Akeno N. Interferon alpha treatment and thyroid dysfunction. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2007;36(4):1051-1066; x-xi. (Pubitemid 350026253)
110. Kakizaki S, Takagi H, Murakami M, Takayama H, Mori M. HLA antigens in patients with interferon-alpha-induced autoimmune thyroid disorders in chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol. 1999;30(5):794-800. (Pubitemid 29248978)
111. Dumoulin FL, Leifeld L, Sauerbruch T, Spengler U. Autoimmunity induced by interferon-alpha therapy for chronic viral hepatitis. Biomed Pharmacother. 1999;53(5-6):242-254.
112. Marcellin P, Pouteau M, Benhamou JP. Hepatitis C virus infection, alpha interferon therapy and thyroid dysfunction. J Hepatol. 1995;22(3):364-369.
113. Koh LK, Greenspan FS, Yeo PP. Interferon-alpha induced thyroid dysfunction: three clinical presentations and a review of the literature. Thyroid. 1997;7(6):891-896. (Pubitemid 28041664)
114. Okanoue T, Sakamoto S, Itoh Y, et al. Side effects of high-dose interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol. 1996;25(3):283-291. (Pubitemid 26323465)
115. Wong V, Fu AX, George J, Cheung NW. Thyrotoxicosis induced by alpha-interferon therapy in chronic viral hepatitis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2002;56(6):793-798. (Pubitemid 34785912)
116. Gisslinger H, Gilly B, Woloszczuk W, et al. Thyroid autoimmunity and hypothyroidism during long-term treatment with recombinant interferon-alpha. Clin Exp Immunol. 1992;90(3):363-367. (Pubitemid 23001801)
117. Scalzo S, Gengaro A, Boccoli G, et al. Primary hypothyroidism associated with interleukin-2 and interferon alpha-2 therapy of melanoma and renal carcinoma. Eur J Cancer. 1990;26(11-12):1152-1156.
118. Marazuela M, Garcia-Buey L, Gonzalez-Fernandez B, et al. Thyroid autoimmune disorders in patients with chronic hepatitis C before and during interferon-alpha therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1996;44(6):635-642. (Pubitemid 26225178)
119. Deutsch M, Dourakis S, Manesis EK, et al. Thyroid abnormalities in chronic viral hepatitis and their relationship to interferon alfa therapy. Hepatology. 1997;26(1):206-210. (Pubitemid 27280326)
120. Roti E, Minelli R, Giuberti T, et al. Multiple changes in thyroid function in patients with chronic active HCV hepatitis treated with recombinant interferon-alpha. Am J Med. 1996;101(5):482-487. (Pubitemid 126335968)
121. Fattovich G, Giustina G, Favarato S, Ruol A. A survey of adverse events in 11,241 patients with chronic viral hepatitis treated with alfa interferon. J Hepatol. 1996;24(1):38-47.
122. Tran HA, Jones TL, Ianna EA, Reeves GE. The natural history of interferon-alpha induced thyroiditis in chronic hepatitis C patients: a long term study. Thyroid Res. 2011;4(1):2.
123. Yue SJ, Enomoto T, Matsumoto Y, Kawai K, Volpe R. Thyrocyte class I and class II upregulation is a secondary phenomenon and does not contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease. Thyroid. 1998;8(9):755-763. (Pubitemid 28535684)
124. Corssmit EP, de Metz J, Sauerwein HP, Romijn JA. Biologic responses to IFN-alpha administration in humans. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2000;20(12):1039-1047. (Pubitemid 32015242)
125. Caraccio N, Giannini R, Cuccato S, et al. Type I interferons modulate the expression of thyroid peroxidase, sodium/iodide symporter, and thyroglobulin genes in primary human thyrocyte cultures. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(2):1156-1162. (Pubitemid 40279248)
126. Ward DL, Bing-You RG. Autoimmune thyroid dysfunction induced by interferon-alpha treatment for chronic hepatitis C: screening and monitoring recommendations. Endocr Pract. 2001;7(1):52-58. (Pubitemid 32834247)
127. Fraenkel PG, Rutkove SB, Matheson JK, et al. Induction of myasthenia gravis, myositis, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus by high-dose interleukin-2 in a patient with renal cell cancer. J Immunother. 2002;25(4):373-378. (Pubitemid 34857292)
128. Krouse RS, Royal RE, Heywood G, et al. Thyroid dysfunction in 281 patients with metastatic melanoma or renal carcinoma treated with interleukin-2 alone. J Immunother Emphasis Tumor Immunol. 1995;18(4):272-278. (Pubitemid 26089626)
129. Vialettes B, Guillerand MA, Viens P, et al. Incidence rate and risk factors for thyroid dysfunction during recombinant interleukin-2 therapy in advanced malignancies. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1993;129(1):31-38. (Pubitemid 23225788)
130. Schwartzentruber DJ, White DE, Zweig MH, Weintraub BD, Rosenberg SA. Thyroid dysfunction associated with immunotherapy for patients with cancer. Cancer. 1991;68(11):2384-2390.
131. Jacobs EL, Clare-Salzler MJ, Chopra IJ, Figlin RA. Thyroid function abnormalities associated with the chronic outpatient administration of recombinant interleukin-2 and recombinant interferon-alpha. J Immunother. 1991;10(6):448-455.
132. Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Sella A, Dexeus FH, Theriault RL, Pololoff DA. Acute thyroid dysfunction (thyroiditis) after therapy with interleukin-2. Horm Metab Res. 1992;24(9):434-438.
133. Sauter NP, Atkins MB, Mier JW, Lechan RM. Transient thyrotoxicosis and persistent hypothyroidism due to acute autoimmune thyroiditis after interleukin-2 and interferon-alpha therapy for metastatic carcinoma: a case report. Am J Med. 1992;92(4):441-444.
134. Pichert G, Jost LM, Zobeli L, et al. Thyroiditis after treatment with interleukin-2 and interferon alpha-2a. Br J Cancer. 1990;62(1):100-104. (Pubitemid 20226454)
135. Kragel AH, Travis WD, Feinberg L, et al. Pathologic findings associated with interleukin-2-based immunotherapy for cancer: a postmortem study of 19 patients. Hum Pathol. 1990;21(5):493-502. (Pubitemid 20165142)
136. Gemlo BT, Palladino MAJr., Jaffe HS, Espevik TP, Rayner AA. Circulating cytokines in patients with metastatic cancer treated with recombinant interleukin 2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells. Cancer Res. 1988;48(20):5864-5867.
137. Pang XP, Hershman JM, Chung M, Pekary AE. Characterization of tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptors in human and rat thyroid cells and regulation of the receptors by thyrotropin. Endocrinology. 1989;125(4):1783-1788. (Pubitemid 19258610)
138. Pang XP, Hershman JM, Mirell CJ, Pekary AE. Impairment of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid function in rats treated with human recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha (cachectin). Endocrinology. 1989;125(1):76-84. (Pubitemid 19182644)
139. Ribas A, Camacho LH, Lopez-Berestein G, et al. Antitumor activity in melanoma and anti-self responses in a phase I trial with the anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 monoclonal antibody CP-675,206. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(35):8968-8977. (Pubitemid 46217464)
140. Ledford H. Melanoma drug wins US approval. Nature. 2011;471(7340):561.
141. Lang JM, Staab MJ, Liu G, Wilding G, McNeel DG. Phase I dose-escalation trial of tremelimumab in combination with bicalutamide in patients with recurrent prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(suppl 7) Abstract 174.
142. Royal RE, Levy C, Turner K, et al. Phase 2 trial of single agent Ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4) for locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Immunother. 2010;33(8):828-833.
143. Ansell SM, Hurvitz SA, Koenig PA, et al. Phase I study of ipilimumab, an anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody, in patients with relapsed and refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15(20):6446-6453.
144. Di Giacomo AM, Biagioli M, Maio M. The emerging toxicity profiles of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies across clinical indications. Semin Oncol. 2010;37(5):499-507.
145. Hodi FS, O'Day SJ, McDermott DF, et al. Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(8):711-723.
146. Fadel F, El Karoui K, Knebelmann B. Anti-CTLA4 antibody-induced lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(2):211-212.
147. Blansfield JA, Beck KE, Tran K, et al. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 blockage can induce autoimmune hypophysitis in patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cancer. J Immunother. 2005;28(6):593-598. (Pubitemid 41533093)
148. Maker AV, Yang JC, Sherry RM, et al. Intrapatient dose escalation of anti-CTLA-4 antibody in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Immunother. 2006;29(4):455-463. (Pubitemid 44288958)
149. Weber JS, O'Day S, Urba W, et al. Phase I/II study of ipilimumab for patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(36):5950-5956.
150. Shaw SA, Camacho LH, McCutcheon IE, Waguespack SG. Transient hypophysitis after cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) blockade. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(4):1201-1202. (Pubitemid 46556385)
151. Weber J. Ipilimumab: controversies in its development, utility and autoimmune adverse events. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2009;58(5):823-830.
152. Weber J, Thompson JA, Hamid O, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II study comparing the tolerability and efficacy of ipilimumab administered with or without prophylactic budesonide in patients with unresectable stage III or IV melanoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15(17):5591-5598.
153. Min L, Vaidya A, Becker C. Thyroid autoimmunity and ophthalmopathy related to melanoma biological therapy. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011;164(2):303-307.
154. Bashey A, Medina B, Corringham S, et al. CTLA4 blockade with ipilimumab to treat relapse of malignancy after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood. 2009;113(7):1581-1588.
155. Anderson KC. Lenalidomide and thalidomide: mechanisms of action-similarities and differences. Semin Hematol. 2005;42(4) (suppl 4):S3-S8. (Pubitemid 41774591)
156. Kotla V, Goel S, Nischal S, et al. Mechanism of action of lenalidomide in hematological malignancies. J Hematol Oncol. 2009;2(8):36.
157. Choueiri TK, Dreicer R, Rini BI, et al. Phase II study of lenalidomide in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2006;107(11):2609-2616. (Pubitemid 44845615)
158. Bartlett JB, Tozer A, Stirling D, Zeldis JB. Recent clinical studies of the immunomodulatory drug (IMiD) lenalidomide. Br J Cancer. 2005;93(6):613-619. (Pubitemid 41486449)
159. Ain KB, Lee C, Williams KD. Phase II trial of thalidomide for therapy of radioiodine-unresponsive and rapidly progressive thyroid carcinomas. Thyroid. 2007;17(7):663-670. (Pubitemid 47311556)
160. de Savary N, Lee R, Vaidya B. Severe hypothyroidism after thalidomide treatment. J R Soc Med. 2004;97(9):443. (Pubitemid 39279089)
161. Mellin GW, Katzenstein M. The saga of thalidomide. Neuropathy to embryopathy, with case reports of congenital anomalies. N Engl J Med. 1962;267(23):1184-1192.
162. Badros AZ, Siegel E, Bodenner D, et al. Hypothyroidism in patients with multiple myeloma following treatment with thalidomide. Am J Med. 2002;112(5):412-413. (Pubitemid 34246272)
163. Erdem F, Gundogdu M, Kiki I, Capoglu I. Autoimmune thyroiditis during thalidomide treatment. Am J Hematol. 2006;81(2):152.
164. Chowta MN, Chowta NK. Hypothyroidism caused by thalidomide. Indian J Med Sci. 2006;60(10):424-426.
165. Mateos MV. Management of treatment-related adverse events in patients with multiple myeloma. Cancer Treat Rev. 2010;36(suppl 2):S24-S32.
166. Gay F, Hayman SR, Lacy MQ, et al. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone versus thalidomide plus dexamethasone in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a comparative analysis of 411 patients. Blood. 2010;115(7):1343-1350.
167. List A, Dewald G, Bennett J, et al. Lenalidomide in the myelodysplastic syndrome with chromosome 5q deletion. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(14):1456-1465. (Pubitemid 44511560)
168. Dispenzieri A, Lacy MQ, Zeldenrust SR, et al. The activity of lenalidomide with or without dexamethasone in patients with primary systemic amyloidosis. Blood. 2007;109(2):465-470. (Pubitemid 46105939)
169. Figaro MK, Clayton WJr, Usoh C, et al. Thyroid abnormalities in patients treated with lenalidomide for hematological malignancies: results of a retrospective case review. Am J Hematol. 2011;86(6):467-470.
170. Menon S, Habermann T, Witzig T. Lenalidomide-associated hypothyroidism. Leuk Lymphoma. 2007;48(12):2465-2467. (Pubitemid 350253484)
171. Stein EM, Rivera C. Transient thyroiditis after treatment with lenalidomide in a patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Thyroid. 2007;17(7):681-683. (Pubitemid 47311559)
172. Somers GF. Pharmacological properties of thalidomide (alpha-phthalimido glutarimide), a new sedative hypnotic drug. Br J Pharmacol Chemother. 1960;15(1):111-116.
173. Murdoch JM, Campbell GD. Antithyroid activity of N-phthalyl glutamic acid imide (K17). Br Med J. 1958;1(5062):84-85.
174. Giagounidis A, Fenaux P, Mufti GJ, et al. Practical recommendations on the use of lenalidomide in the management of myelodysplastic syndromes. Ann Hematol. 2008;87(5):345-352.
175. Goldschlager N, Epstein AE, Naccarelli G, et al. Practical guidelines for clinicians who treat patients with amiodarone. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(12):1741-1748. (Pubitemid 30418810)
176. Stelfox HT, Ahmed SB, Fiskio J, Bates DW. Monitoring amiodarone's toxicities: recommendations, evidence, and clinical practice. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004;75(1):110-122. (Pubitemid 38130123)
177. Baskin HJ, Cobin RH, Duick DS, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the evaluation and treatment of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Endocr Pract. 2002;8(6):457-469.
178. Surks MI, Ortiz E, Daniels GH, et al. Subclinical thyroid disease: scientific review and guidelines for diagnosis and management. JAMA. 2004;291(2):228-238. (Pubitemid 38082818)
179. Bolk N, Visser TJ, Nijman J, et al. Effects of evening vs morning levothyroxine intake: a randomized double-blind crossover trial. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(22):1996-2003.