Endocrine side effects of broad-acting kinase inhibitors

Endocrine-Related Cancer

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2010, Pages

  Lodish, Maya B ^a,b   Stratakis, Constantine A ^a,b  

^a EUNICE KENNEDY SHRIVER NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT   (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

6 [4 (4 ETHYL 1 PIPERAZINYLMETHYL)PHENYL] 4 (ALPHA METHYLBENZYLAMINO) 7H PYRROLO[2,3 D]PYRIMIDINE; AXITINIB; DASATINIB; DOVITINIB; ERLOTINIB; GEFITINIB; IMATINIB; LAPATINIB; LEVOTHYROXINE; MOTESANIB; NILOTINIB; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR; SORAFENIB; SUNITINIB; TIVOZANAB; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VANDETANIB; VATALANIB;

ADRENAL HEMORRHAGE; ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY; ADRENAL NECROSIS; ANGIOGENESIS; BONE DENSITY; BONE MINERALIZATION; BONE TURNOVER; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER INVASION; CANCER THERAPY; COLD TOLERANCE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRY SKIN; EDEMA; ENDOCRINE DISEASE; FATIGUE; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; GROWTH RATE; GYNECOMASTIA; HAIR DISEASE; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIA; HYPOGONADISM; HYPOTHYROIDISM; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; METASTASIS; OLIGOHYDRAMNIOS; OVARY INSUFFICIENCY; PREGNANCY; REVIEW; SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; SIDE EFFECT; THYROID FUNCTION; THYROIDITIS; THYROTROPIN BLOOD LEVEL;

ANIMALS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITORS; PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES;

EID: 77956382293     PISSN: 13510088     EISSN: 14796821     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1677/ERC-10-0082     Document Type: Review

References (88)

1. Alvarez RH, Kantarjian HM & Cortes JE 2006 Biology of platelet-derived growth factor and its involvement in disease. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 81 1241-1257. (doi:10.4065/81.9.1241)
2. Badros AZ, Siegel E, Bodenner D, Zangari M, Zeldis J, Barlogie B & Tricot G 2002 Hypothyroidism in patients with multiple myeloma following treatment with thalidomide. American Journal of Medicine 112 412-413. (doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(01)01137-8)
3. Ballardini P, Margutti G, Aliberti C & Manfredini R 2009 Onset of male gynaecomastia in a patient treated with sunitinib for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Clinical Drug Investigation 29 487-490. (doi:10.2165/00044011- 200929070-00007)
4. Basciani S, Mariani S, Arizzi M, Ulisse S, Rucci N, Jannini EA, Della Rocca C, Manicone A, Carani C, Spera G et al. 2002 Expression of platelet-derived growth factor-A (PDGF-A), PDGF-B, and PDGF receptor-alpha and -beta during human testicular development and disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 87 2310-2319. (doi:10.1210/jc.87.5.2310) (Pubitemid 34521525)
5. Basciani S, Brama M, Mariani S, De Luca G, Arizzi M, Vesci L, Pisano C, Dolci S, Spera G & Gnessi L 2005 Imatinib mesylate inhibits Leydig cell tumor growth: evidence for in vitro and in vivo activity. Cancer Research 65 1897-1903. (doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-2181) (Pubitemid 40478618)
6. Berman E, Nicolaides M, Maki RG, Fleisher M, Chanel S, Scheu K, Wilson BA, Heller G & Sauter NP 2006 Altered bone and mineral metabolism in patients receiving imatinib mesylate. New England Journal of Medicine 354 2006-2013. (doi:10.1056/NEJMoa051140)
7. Bilgir O, Kebapcilar L, Bilgir F, Sari I, Oner P, Karaca B & Alacacioglu I 2010 Is there any relationship between imatinib mesylate medication and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction? International Journal of Clinical Practice 64 45-50. (doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241. 2008.01856.x)
8. Billemont B, Medioni J, Taillade L, Helley D, Meric JB, Rixe O & Oudard S 2008 Blood glucose levels in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib. British Journal of Cancer 99 1380-1382. (doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604709)
9. Breccia M, Muscaritoli M, Aversa Z, Mandelli F & Alimena G 2004 Imatinib mesylate may improve fasting blood glucose in diabetic Ph+ chronic myelogenous leukemia patients responsive to treatment. Journal of Clinical Oncology 22 4653-4655. (doi:10.1200/JCO. 2004.04.217)
10. Caocci G, Atzeni S, Orru N, Azzena L, Martorana L, Littera R, Ledda A & La Nasa G 2008 Gynecomastia in a male after dasatinib treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 22 2127-2128. (doi:10.1038/leu. 2008.106)
11. Christopoulos C, Dimakopoulou V & Rotas E 2008 Primary ovarian insufficiency associated with imatinib therapy. New England Journal of Medicine 358 1079-1080. (doi:10.1056/NEJMc0707841) (Pubitemid 351347122)
12. Chu TF, Rupnick MA, Kerkela R, Dallabrida SM, Zurakowski D, Nguyen L, Woulfe K, Pravda E, Cassiola F, Desai J et al. 2007 Cardiotoxicity associated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib. Lancet 370 2011-2019. (doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61865-0)
13. Ciampi R & Nikiforov YE 2007 RET/PTC mutations in thyroid tumorigenesis. Endocrinology 148 936-941. (doi:10.1210/en.2006-0921)
14. Darzy KH & Shalet SM 2009 Hypopituitarism following radiotherapy. Pituitary 12 40-50. (doi:10.1007/s11102-008-0088-4)
15. Daub H 2010 Kinase inhibitors: narrowing down the real targets. Nature Chemical Biology 6 249-250. (doi:10. 1038/nchembio.336)
16. Deremer DL, Ustun C & Natarajan K 2008 Nilotinib: a second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Clinical Therapeutics 30 1956-1975. (doi:10.1016/j.clinthera. 2008.11.014)
17. Desai J, Yassa L, Marqusee E, George S, Frates MC, Chen MH, Morgan JA, Dychter SS, Larsen PR, Demetri GD et al. 2006 Hypothyroidism after sunitinib treatment for patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Annals of Internal Medicine 145 660-664. (Pubitemid 46768841)
18. Dora JM, Leie MA, Netto B, Fogliatto LM, Silla L, Torres F & Maia AL 2008 Lack of imatinib-induced thyroid dysfunction in a cohort of non-thyroidectomized patients. European Journal of Endocrinology 158 771-772. (doi:10.1530/EJE-08-0006) (Pubitemid 351639617)
19. Fabian MA, Biggs WH III, Treiber DK, Atteridge CE, Azimioara MD, Benedetti MG, Carter TA, Ciceri P, Edeen PT, Floyd M et al. 2005 A small molecule-kinase interaction map for clinical kinase inhibitors. Nature Biotechnology 23 329-336. (doi:10.1038/nbt1068)
20. Faris JE, Moore AF & Daniels GH 2007 Sunitinib (sutent)-induced thyrotoxicosis due to destructive thyroiditis: a case report. Thyroid 17 1147-1149. (doi:10.1089/thy. 2007.0104)
21. Fitter S, Dewar AL, Kostakis P, To LB, Hughes TP, Roberts MM, Lynch K, Vernon-Roberts B & Zannettino AC 2008 Long-term imatinib therapy promotes bone formation in CML patients. Blood 111 2538-2547. (doi:10.1182/ blood-2007-07-104281)
22. Fox E, Widemann B, Whitcomb PO, Aikin A, Dombi E, Lodish M, Stratakis CA, Steinberg S, Wells SA Jr & Balis FM 2009 Phase I/II trial of vandetanib in children and adolescents with hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology 27 (Supplement 15S) abstract 10014.
23. Gambacorti-Passerini C, Tornaghi L, Cavagnini F, Rossi P, Pecori-Giraldi F, Mariani L, Cambiaghi N, Pogliani E, Corneo G & Gnessi L 2003 Gynaecomastia in men with chronic myeloid leukaemia after imatinib. Lancet 361 1954-1956. (doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13554-4) (Pubitemid 36694586)
24. Garcia-Serra A, Amdur RJ, Morris CG, Mazzaferri E & Mendenhall WM 2005 Thyroid function should be monitored following radiotherapy to the low neck. American Journal of Clinical Oncology 28 255-258. (doi:10.1097/01.coc. 0000145985.64640.ac)
25. Gavi S, Shumay E, Wang HY & Malbon CC 2006 G-protein-coupled receptors and tyrosine kinases: crossroads in cell signaling and regulation. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 17 48-54. (doi:10.1016/j.tem.2006.01.006)
26. Gerber HP, Vu TH, Ryan AM, Kowalski J, Werb Z & Ferrara N 1999 VEGF couples hypertrophic cartilage remodeling, ossification and angiogenesis during endochondral bone formation. Nature Medicine 5 623-628. (doi:10.1038/ 9467)
27. Grey A, O'Sullivan S, Reid IR & Browett P 2006 Imatinib mesylate, increased bone formation, and secondary hyperparathyroidism. New England Journal of Medicine 355 2494-2495. (doi:10.1056/NEJMc062388) (Pubitemid 44903777)
28. de Groot JW, Zonnenberg BA, Plukker JT, van Der Graaf WT & Links TP 2005 Imatinib induces hypothyroidism in patients receiving levothyroxine. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 78 433-438. (doi:10.1016/j.clpt.2005. 06.010)
29. de Groot JW, Zonnenberg BA, van Ufford-Mannesse PQ, de Vries MM, Links TP, Lips CJ & Voest EE 2007 A phase II trial of imatinib therapy for metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 92 3466-3469. (doi:10.1210/jc.2007-0649)
30. Grossmann M, Premaratne E, Desai J & Davis ID 2008 Thyrotoxicosis during sunitinib treatment for renal cell carcinoma. Clinical Endocrinology 69 669-672. (doi:10. 1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03253.x)
31. Guevremont C, Alasker A & Karakiewicz PI 2009 Management of sorafenib, sunitinib, and temsirolimus toxicity in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care 3 170-179. (doi:10.1097/ SPC.0b013e32832e4681)
32. Gupta-Abramson V, Troxel AB, Nellore A, Puttaswamy K, Redlinger M, Ransone K, Mandel SJ, Flaherty KT, Loevner LA, O'Dwyer PJ et al. 2008 Phase II trial of sorafenib in advanced thyroid cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 26 4714-4719. (doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.16. 3279)
33. Hagerkvist R, Sandler S, Mokhtari D & Welsh N 2007 Amelioration of diabetes by imatinib mesylate (Gleevec): role of β-cell NF-κB activation and anti-apoptotic preconditioning. FASEB Journal 21 618-628. (doi:10. 1096/fj.06-6910com) (Pubitemid 46213508)
34. Hamberg P, de Jong FA, Boonstra JG, van Doorn J, Verweij J & Sleijfer S 2006 Non-islet-cell tumor induced hypoglycemia in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumor possibly worsened by imatinib. Journal of Clinical Oncology 24 e30-e31. (doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.06.5318)
35. Hensley ML & Ford JM 2003 Imatinib treatment: specific issues related to safety, fertility, and pregnancy. Seminars in Hematology 40 21-25.
36. Jabbour E, Cortes JE, Giles FJ, O'Brien S & Kantarjian HM 2007 Current and emerging treatment options in chronic myeloid leukemia. Cancer 109 2171-2181. (doi:10.1002/cncr.22661) (Pubitemid 46801546)
37. Jonsson S, Olsson B, Ohlsson C, Lorentzon M, Mellstrom D & Wadenvik H 2008 Increased cortical bone mineralization in imatinib treated patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Haematologia 93 1101-1103. (doi:10.3324/haematol. 12373) (Pubitemid 351957034)
38. Karaman MW, Herrgard S, Treiber DK, Gallant P, Atteridge CE, Campbell BT, Chan KW, Ciceri P, Davis MI, Edeen PT et al. 2008 A quantitative analysis of kinase inhibitor selectivity. Nature Biotechnology 26 127-132. (doi:10. 1038/nbt1358)
39. Kim H, Chang HM, Ryu MH, Kim TW, Sohn HJ, Kim SE, Kang HJ, Park S, Lee JS & Kang YK 2005 Concurrent male gynecomastia and testicular hydrocele after imatinib mesylate treatment of a gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Journal of Korean Medical Science 20 512-515. (doi:10. 3346/jkms.2005.20.3.512)
40. Kimoto T, Inoue M & Kawa K 2009 Growth deceleration in a girl treated with imatinib. International Journal of Hematology 89 251-252. (doi:10.1007/s12185-008- 0251-8)
41. Kloos RT, Ringel MD, Knopp MV, Hall NC, King M, Stevens R, Liang J, Wakely PE Jr, Vasko VV, Saji M et al. 2009 Phase II trial of sorafenib in metastatic thyroid cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 27 1675-1684. (doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.18.2717)
42. Krause DS & Van Etten RA 2005 Tyrosine kinases as targets for cancer therapy. New England Journal of Medicine 353 172-187. (doi:10.1056/NEJMra044389)
43. Kulke MH, Lenz HJ, Meropol NJ, Posey J, Ryan DP, Picus J, Bergsland E, Stuart K, Tye L, Huang X et al. 2008 Activity of sunitinib in patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumors. Journal of Clinical Oncology 26 3403-3410. (doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.15.9020)
44. Lodish MB & Stratakis CA 2008 RET oncogene in MEN2, MEN2B, MTC and other forms of thyroid cancer. Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy 8 625-632. (doi:10.1586/ 14737140.8.4.625)
45. Makita N, Miyakawa M, Fujita T & Iiri T 2010 Sunitinib induces hypothyroidism with a markedly reduced vascularity. Thyroid 20 323-326. (doi:10.1089/thy.2009.0414)
46. Malozowski S, Nelson L & Calis KA 2008 More on ovarian insufficiency with imatinib. New England Journal of Medicine 358 2648 (author reply 2648-2649). (doi:10. 1056/NEJMc080707)
47. Mannavola D, Coco P, Vannucchi G, Bertuelli R, Carletto M, Casali PG, Beck-Peccoz P & Fugazzola L 2007 A novel tyrosine-kinase selective inhibitor, sunitinib, induces transient hypothyroidism by blocking iodine uptake. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 92 3531-3534. (doi:10.1210/jc.2007-0586) (Pubitemid 47435331)
48. Mariani S, Giona F, Basciani S, Brama M & Gnessi L 2008 Low bone density and decreased inhibin-B/FSH ratio in a boy treated with imatinib during puberty. Lancet 372 111-112. (doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61023-5)
49. Martorella AJ, Omry G, Hann LE, Motzer RJ, Robbins RJ 2006 Receptor kinase (RTK) inhibitor SU11248 may cause hypothyroidism in a select group of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In Proceedings of 88th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society, abstract 593. Endocrine Society, Boston, MA, USA.
50. Meric-Bernstam F & Gonzalez-Angulo AM 2009 Targeting the mTOR signaling network for cancer therapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology 27 2278-2287. (doi:10. 1200/JCO.2008.20.0766)
51. Osorio S, Noblejas AG, Duran A & Steegmann JL 2007 Imatinib mesylate induces hypophosphatemia in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in late chronic phase, and this effect is associated with response. American Journal of Hematology 82 394-395. (doi:10.1002/ajh.20778) (Pubitemid 46651145)
52. O'Sullivan S, Naot D, Callon K, Porteous F, Horne A, Wattie D, Watson M, Cornish J, Browett P & Grey A 2007 Imatinib promotes osteoblast differentiation by inhibiting PDGFR signaling and inhibits osteoclastogenesis by both direct and stromal cell-dependent mechanisms. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 22 1679-1689. (doi:10.1359/ jbmr.070719) (Pubitemid 351235134)
53. O'Sullivan S, Horne A, Wattie D, Porteous F, Callon K, Gamble G, Ebeling P, Browett P & Grey A 2009 Decreased bone turnover despite persistent secondary hyperparathyroidism during prolonged treatment with imatinib. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 94 1131-1136. (doi:10.1210/jc.2008- 2324)
54. Pacini F, Sherman S, Schlumberger M, Elisei R, Wirth L, Bastholt L, Droz JP, Martins R, Hofmann M, Locati L et al. 2007 Exacerbation of postsurgical hypothyroidism during treatment of advanced differentiated (DTC) or medullary (MTC) thyroid carcinoma with AMG 706. Hormone Research 68 29.
55. Raymond E 2010 Updated results of the phase III trial of sunitinib (SU) versus placebo (PBO) for treatment of advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NET). In Proceedings of the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, abstract 127. ASCO, Chicago, IL, USA.
56. Ren R 2005 Mechanisms of BCR-ABL in the pathogenesis of chronic myelogenous leukaemia. Nature Reviews. Cancer 5 172-183. (doi:10.1038/nrc1567) (Pubitemid 40314949)
57. Rini BI, Tamaskar I, Shaheen P, Salas R, Garcia J, Wood L, Reddy S, Dreicer R & Bukowski RM 2007 Hypothyroidism in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 99 81-83. (doi:10.1093/jnci/djk008)
58. Robinson AA, Watson WJ & Leslie KK 2007 Targeted treatment using monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine-kinase inhibitors in pregnancy. Lancet Oncology 8 738-743. (doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70242-5)
59. Rock EP, Goodman V, Jiang JX, Mahjoob K, Verbois SL, Morse D, Dagher R, Justice R & Pazdur R 2007 Food and drug administration drug approval summary: sunitinib malate for the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor and advanced renal cell carcinoma. Oncologist 12 107-113. (doi:10.1634/ theoncologist.12-1-107)
60. Rogiers A, Wolter P, Op de Beeck K, Thijs M, Decallonne B & Schoffski P 2010 Shrinkage of thyroid volume in sunitinib-treated patients with renal-cell carcinoma: a potential marker of irreversible thyroid dysfunction? Thyroid 20 317-322. (doi:10.1089/thy.2009.0125)
61. Rubin BP, Heinrich MC & Corless CL 2007 Gastrointestinal stromal tumour. Lancet 369 1731-1741. (doi:10.1016/ S0140-6736(07)60780-6)
62. Sabatier R, Gravis G, Deville J, Salem N, Brunelle S, Walz J, Marcy M, Narbonne H, Viens P, Bladou F; Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France; CHU Marseille, Hopital La Timone, Marseille, France; CHU Marseille, Hopital Sainte Marguerite, Marseille, France 2009 Hypothyroidism and survival during sunitinib therapy in metastatic renal cell cancer: a prospective observational analysis. In Proceedings of the 2009 Genitourinary Cancers Symposium, ASCO, abstract 317. ASCO, Orlando, FL, USA.
63. Salem AK, Fenton MS, Marion KM & Hershman JM 2008 Effect of sunitinib on growth and function of FRTL-5 thyroid cells. Thyroid 18 631-635. (doi:10.1089/thy. 2007.0336)
64. Schlessinger J 2000 Cell signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases. Cell 103 211-225. (doi:10.1016/S0092- 8674(00)00114-8)
65. Schlumberger MJ, Elisei R, Bastholt L, Wirth LJ, Martins RG, Locati LD, Jarzab B, Pacini F, Daumerie C, Droz JP et al. 2009 Phase II study of safety and efficacy of motesanib in patients with progressive or symptomatic, advanced or metastatic medullary thyroid cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 27 3794-3801. (doi:10. 1200/JCO.2008.18.7815)
66. Schmid H, Jaeger BA, Lohse J & Suttorp M 2009 Longitudinal growth retardation in a prepuberal girl with chronic myeloid leukemia on long-term treatment with imatinib. Haematologia 94 1177-1179. (doi:10.3324/ haematol.2009.008359)
67. Schoeffski P, Wolter P, Himpe U, Dychter SS, Baum C, Prenen H, Wildiers H, Bex M & Dumez H 2006 Sunitinib-related thyroid dysfunction: a single-center retrospective and prospective evaluation. Journal of Clinical Oncology. ASCO Meeting Abstracts 24 3092.
68. Sebolt-Leopold JS 2008Advances in the development of cancer therapeutics directed against the RAS-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Clinical Cancer Research 14 3651-3656. (doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0333)
69. Shaheen PE, Tamaskar IR, Salas RN, Rini BI, Garcia J, Wood L, Dreicer R, Bukowski RM 2006 Thyroid function tests (TFTs) abnormalities in patients (pts) with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) treated with sunitinib. Journal of Clinical Oncology 24 (Supplement 18S) abstract 4605.
70. Sherman SI 2009a Advances in chemotherapy of differentiated epithelial and medullary thyroid cancers. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 94 1493-1499. (doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0923)
71. Sherman SI 2009b Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and the thyroid. Best Practice and Research. Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 23 713-722. (doi:10.1016/j.beem.2009.08. 001)
72. Sherman SI, Gopal J, Haugen BR, Chiu AC, Whaley K, Nowlakha P & Duvic M 1999 Central hypothyroidism associated with retinoid X receptor-selective ligands. New England Journal of Medicine 340 1075-1079. (doi:10.1056/ NEJM199904083401404) (Pubitemid 29162512)
73. Sherman SI, Wirth LJ, Droz JP, Hofmann M, Bastholt L, Martins RG, Licitra L, Eschenberg MJ, Sun YN, Juan T et al. 2008 Motesanib diphosphate in progressive differentiated thyroid cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 359 31-42. (doi:10.1056/NEJMoa075853) (Pubitemid 351931094)
74. Suttorp M, Boehme J, Vaitl J, Mosch B, Pursche S, Jung R, Bergmann R, Fischer R, Pietzsch J, Bornhaeuser M et al. 2008 Side effects on the heart and skeleton of growing mice attributed to chronic imatinib exposure. Blood 112 402.
75. Tamaskar I, Bukowski R, Elson P, Ioachimescu AG, Wood L, Dreicer R, Mekhail T, Garcia J & Rini BI 2008 Thyroid function test abnormalities in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with sorafenib. Annals of Oncology 19 265-268. (doi:10.1093/annonc/mdm483)
76. Torino F, Corsello SM, Longo R, Barnabei A & Gasparini G 2009 Hypothyroidism related to tyrosine kinase inhibitors: an emerging toxic effect of targeted therapy. Nature Reviews. Clinical Oncology 6 219-228. (doi:10. 1038/nrclinonc.2009.4)
77. Tortora G, Ciardiello F & Gasparini G 2008 Combined targeting of EGFR-dependent and VEGF-dependent pathways: rationale, preclinical studies and clinical applications. Nature Clinical Practice & Oncology 5 521-530. (doi:10.1038/ncponc1161)
78. Vandyke K, Dewar AL, Fitter S, Menicanin D, To LB, Hughes TP & Zannettino AC 2009 Imatinib mesylate causes growth plate closure in vivo. Leukemia 23 2155-2159. (doi:10.1038/leu.2009.150)
79. Vandyke K, Dewar AL, Diamond P, Fitter S, Schultz CG, Sims NA & Zannettino AC 2010 The tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib dysregulates bone remodelling through inhibition of osteoclasts in vivo. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research [in press]. (doi:10.1002/jbmr.85)
80. Veneri D, Franchini M & Bonora E 2005 Imatinib and regression of type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 352 1049-1050. (doi:10.1056/ NEJM2005 03103521023)
81. Weijl NI, Van der Harst D, Brand A, Kooy Y, Van Luxemburg S, Schroder J, Lentjes E, Van Rood JJ, Cleton FJ & Osanto S 1993 Hypothyroidism during immunotherapy with interleukin-2 is associated with antithyroid antibodies and response to treatment. Journal of Clinical Oncology 11 1376-1383. (Pubitemid 23199144)
82. Wells SA Jr & Santoro M 2009 Targeting the RET pathway in thyroid cancer. Clinical Cancer Research 15 7119-7123. (doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08- 2742)
83. Wells SA Jr, Gosnell JE, Gagel RF, Moley J, Pfister D, Sosa JA, Skinner M, Krebs A, Vasselli J & Schlumberger M 2010 Vandetanib for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic hereditary medullary thyroid cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 28 767-772. (doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.23.6604)
84. Widakowich C, de Castro G Jr, de Azambuja E, Dinh P & Awada A 2007 Review: side effects of approved molecular targeted therapies in solid cancers. Oncologist 12 1443-1455. (doi:10.1634/theoncologist.12-12-1443)
85. Wolter P, Stefan C, Decallonne B, Dumez H, Bex M, Carmeliet P & Schoffski P 2008 The clinical implications of sunitinib-induced hypothyroidism: a prospective evaluation. British Journal of Cancer 99 448-454. (doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604497)
86. Wong E, Rosen LS, Mulay M, Vanvugt A, Dinolfo M, Tomoda C, Sugawara M & Hershman JM 2007 Sunitinib induces hypothyroidism in advanced cancer patients and may inhibit thyroid peroxidase activity. Thyroid 17 351-355. (doi:10.1089/thy.2006.0308) (Pubitemid 46776140)
87. Xing M 2005 BRAF mutation in thyroid cancer. Endocrine-Related Cancer 12 245-262. (doi:10.1677/erc.1.0978)
88. Zhang J, Yang PL & Gray NS 2009 Targeting cancer with small molecule kinase inhibitors. Nature Reviews. Cancer 9 28-39. (doi:10.1038/nrc2559)