Integrated Bragg reflectors in low-index media: Enabling strategies for wavelength tunability in electro-optic liquid crystals

Optical Engineering

Volumn 50, Issue 7, 2011, Pages

  Asquini, Rita ^a   Gilardi, Giovanni ^a   D'Alessandro, Antonio ^a   Assanto, Gaetano ^b  

^a SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^b ROMA TRE UNIVERSITY   (Italy)

Author keywords

Bragg gratings; Electro optics; Integrated optics; Liquid crystals; tunable filters; Waveguides

Indexed keywords

ALIGNMENT LAYERS; APPLIED ELECTRIC FIELD; CO-PLANAR ELECTRODES; DENSE WAVELENGTH-DIVISION MULTIPLEXED; DESIGN CRITERION; DEVICE CONFIGURATIONS; DISTRIBUTED FEEDBACK RESONATORS; ELASTIC PROPERTIES; ELECTRODE CONFIGURATIONS; ELECTROOPTIC EFFECTS; FIBER OPTIC SYSTEM; GLASS PLATE; GLASS SUBSTRATES; LIQUID CRYSTAL REFRACTIVE INDICES; LOW POWER; LOW VOLTAGES; MOLECULAR REORIENTATION; OPTICAL FILTERING; PERIODIC MODULATION; PROFILE OPTIMIZATION; REFRACTIVE INDEX MODULATION; SPECTRAL TUNING; TUNABILITIES; TUNABLE FILTERS; ULTRA-WIDE; WAVELENGTH SELECTIVITY; WAVELENGTH TUNABILITY;

BRAGG REFLECTORS; CRYSTALS; ELECTRIC FIELDS; ELECTRIC PROPERTIES; ELECTRODES; FEEDBACK; GLASS; INTEGRATION; LIGHT; LIGHT REFRACTION; MULTIPLEXING; OPTICS; PHOTONICS; REFLECTION; REFRACTIVE INDEX; REFRACTOMETERS; SUBSTRATES;

LIQUID CRYSTALS;

EID: 80455123674     PISSN: 00913286     EISSN: 15602303     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1117/1.3559210     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. A. Yariv and M. Nakamura, Periodic structures for integrated optics., IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 13 (4), 233-253 (1977). 10.1109/JQE.1977.1069323
2. G. Jeong, J. H. Lee, M. Y. Park, C. Y. Kim, S. H. Cho, W. Lee, and B. W. Kim, Over 26-nm wavelength tunable external cavity laser based on polymer waveguide platforms for WDM access networks., IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18, 2102-2104 (2006). 10.1109/LPT.2006.883184
3. Y. O. Noh, H. J. Lee, J. J. Ju, M. S. Kim, S. H. Oh, and M. C. Oh, Continuously tunable compact lasers based on thermo-optic polymer waveguides with Bragg gratings., Opt. Express 16, 18194-18201 (2008). 10.1364/OE.16.018194
4. M. Kumar, T. Sakaguchi, and F. Koyama, Giant birefringence and tunable differential group delay in Bragg reflector based on tapered three dimensional hollow waveguide., Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 061112 (2009). 10.1063/1.3075058
5. R. G. DeCorby, N. Ponnampalam, E. Epp, T. Allen, and J. N. McMullin, Chip-scale spectrometry based on tapered hollow Bragg waveguides., Opt. Express 17, 16632-16645 (2009). 10.1364/OE.17.016632
6. J. Brouckaert, W. Bogaerts, S. Selvaraja, P. Dumon, R. Baets, and D. Van Thourhout, Planar concave grating demultiplexer with high reflective Bragg reflector facets., Photon. Technol. Lett. 20, 309-311 (2008). 10.1109/LPT.2007.915585
7. T. Jalkanen, V. Torres-Costa, J. Salonen, M. Bjrkqvist, E. Mkil, J. M. Martnez-Duart, and V. P. Lehto, Optical gas sensing properties of thermally hydrocarbonized porous silicon Bragg reflectors., Opt. Express 17, 5446-5456 (2009). 10.1364/OE.17.005446
8. V. Maselli, J. R. Grenier, S. Ho, and P. R. Herman, Femtosecond laser written optofluidic sensor: Bragg grating waveguide evanescent probing of microfluidic channel., Opt. Express 17, 11719-11729 (2009). 10.1364/OE.17.011719
9. M. C. Oh, K. J. Kim, J. H. Lee, H. X. Chen, and K. N. Koh, Polymeric waveguide biosensors with calixarene monolayer for detecting potassium ion concentration., Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 251104 (2006). 10.1063/1.2408659
10. T. E. Murphy, J. T. Hastings, and H. I. Smith, Fabrication and characterization of narrow-band Bragg-reflection filters in silicon-on-insulator ridge waveguides., J. Lightwave Technol. 19, 1938-1942 (2001). 10.1109/50.971688
11. H. C. Kim, K. Ikeda, and Y. Fainman, Resonant waveguide device with vertical gratings., Opt. Lett. 32, 539-541 (2007). 10.1364/OL.32.000539
12. K. J. Kim, J. K. Seo, and M. C. Oh, Strain induced tunable wavelength filters based on flexible polymer waveguide Bragg reflector., Opt. Express 16, 1423-1430 (2008). 10.1364/OE.16.001423
13. M. P. Bulk, A. P. Knights, P. E. Jessop, P. Waugh, R. Loiacono, G. Z. Mashanovich, G. T. Reed, and R. M. Gwillam, Optical filters utilizing ion implanted Bragg gratings in SOI waveguides., Advances in Optical Technologies, Article ID 276165, 6 pages, (2008). 10.1155/2008/276165
14. M.-C. Oh, H.-J. Lee, M.-H. Lee, J.-H. Ahn, S. G. Han, and H.-G. Kim, Tunable wavelength filters with Bragg gratings in polymer waveguides., Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 2543-2545 (1998). 10.1063/1.122527
15. H. Zou, K. W. Beeson, and L. W. Shacklette, Tunable planar polymer Bragg gratings having exceptionally low polarization sensitivity., J. Lightwave Technol. 21, 1083-1088 (2003). 10.1109/JLT.2003.810082
16. K.-J. Kim and M.-C. Oh, Flexible Bragg reflection waveguide devices fabricated by post-lift-off process., IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20, 288-290 (2008). 10.1109/LPT.2007.915582
17. I. Giuntoni, A. Gajda, M. Krause, R. Steingrber, J. Bruns, and K. Petermann, Tunable Bragg reflectors on silicon-on-insulator rib waveguides., Opt. Express 17, 18518-18524 (2009). 10.1364/OE.17.018518
18. I. Kiyat, A. Aydinli, and N. Dagli, Low-power thermooptical tuning of SOI resonator switch., IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18, 364-366 (2006). 10.1109/LPT.2005.861951
19. S. Honda, Z. Wu, J. Matsui, K. Utaka, T. Edura, M. Tokuda, K. Tsuitsui, and Y. Wada, Largely-tunable wideband Bragg gratings fabricated on SOI rib waveguides employed by deep-RIE., Electron. Lett. 43, 630-631 (2007). 10.1049/el:20070884
20. A. Cutolo, M. Iodice, A. Irace, P. Spirito, and L. Zeni, An electrically controller Bragg reflector integrated in a rib silicon on insulator waveguide., Appl. Phys. Lett. 71, 199-201 (1997). 10.1063/1.119499
21. S. Homampour, M. P. Bulk, P. E. Jessop, and A. P. Knights, Thermal tuning of planar Bragg gratings in silicon-on-insulator rib waveguides., Phys. Status Solidi C 6, S240-S243 (2009). 10.1002/pssc.200881298
22. Y. Sakurai, A. Matsutani, and F. Koyama, Tunable stop-band hollow waveguide Bragg reflectors with tapered air core for adaptive dispersion-compensation., Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 121103 (2006). 10.1063/1.2188592
23. M. Kumar, T. Sakaguchi, and F. Koyama, Wide tunability and ultralarge birefringence with 3D hollow waveguide Bragg reflector., Opt. Lett. 34, 1252-1254 (2009). 10.1364/OL.34.001252
24. 3 wavelength filter., Electron. Lett. 23, 572-574 (1987). 10.1049/el:19870410
25. A. d'Alessandro, D. A. Smith, and J. E. Baran, Polarisation-independent low power integrated acousto-optic tunable filterswitch using APETi polarisation splitters on lithium niobate., Electron. Lett. 29, 1767-1769 (1993). 10.1049/el:19931177
26. F. Tian, C. Harizi, H. Herrmann, V. Reimann, R. Ricken, U. Rust, W. Sohler, F. Wehrmann, and S. Westenhofer, Polarization-independent integrated optical, acoustically tunable double-stage wavelength filter in LiNbO3., J. Lightwave Technol. 12, 1192-1197 (1994). 10.1109/50.301812
27. P. Arora, V. M. Petrov, J. Petter, and T. Tschudi, Integrated optical Bragg filter with fast electrically controllable transfer function., Opt. Commun. 281, 2067-2072 (2007). 10.1016/j.optcom.2007.11.085
28. A. Hosseini and Y. Massoud, A low-loss metal-insulator plasmonic Bragg reflector., Opt. Express 14, 11318-11323 (2009). 10.1364/OE.14.011318
29. Y. Gong, L. Wang, X. Hu, X. Li, and X. Liu, Broad-bandgap and low-sidelobe surface Plasmon polariton reflector with Bragg-grating-based MIM waveguide., Opt. Express 17, 13727-13736 (2009). 10.1364/OE.17.013727
30. Q. Wang, J. Wang, and S. Zhang, A nano-confined source based on surface Plasmon Bragg reflectors and nanocavity., Opt. Express 16, 19882-19890 (2008). 10.1364/OE.16.019882
31. A. Iocco, H. G. Limberger, R. P. Salathe, L. A. Everall, K. E. Chisholm, J. A. R. Williams, and I. Bennion, Bragg gratings fast tunable filter for wavelength division multiplexing., J. Lightwave Technol. 17, 1217-1221 (1999). 10.1109/50.774258
32. X.-Z. Lin, Y. Zhang, H.-L. An, and H.-D. Liu, Electrically tunable singlemode fibre Bragg reflective filter., Electron. Lett. 30, 887-888 (1994). 10.1049/el:19940595
33. B. Srinivasan and R. K. Jain, First demonstration of thermally poled electrooptically tunable fiber Bragg gratings., IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 12, 170-172 (2000). 10.1109/68.823506
34. H. Kumazaki, Y. Yamada, H. Nakamura, S. Inaba, and K. Hane, Tunable wavelength filter using a Bragg grating fiber thinned by plasma etching., IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 13, 1206-1208 (2001). 10.1109/68.959365
35. C. S. Goh, M. R. Mokhtar, S. A. Butler, S. Y. Set, K. Kikuchi, and M. Ibsen, Wavelength tuning of fiber Bragg gratings over 90 nm using a simple tuning package., IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 15, 557-559 (2003). 10.1109/LPT.2003.809300
36. I. Fujieda, O. Mikami, and A. Ozawa, Active optical interconnect based on liquid-crystal grating., Appl. Opt. 42, 1520-1525 (2005). 10.1364/AO.42.001520
37. L. Sirleto, G. Coppola, G. Breglio, G. Abbate, G. C. Righini, and M. J. Oton, Electro-optical switch and continuously tunable filter based on a Bragg grating in a planar waveguide with a liquid crystal overlayer., Opt. Eng. 41, 2890-2898 (2002). 10.1117/1.1512305
38. R. Asquini, A. d'Alessandro, C. Gizzi, P. Maltese, R. Caputo, C. Umeton, A. Veltri, and A. V. Sukhov, Optical characterization at wavelengths of 632.8 nm and 1549 nm of POLICRYPS switchable diffraction gratings., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 398, 223-233 (2003). 10.1080/15421400390221718
39. Y. J. Liu, Y. B. Zheng, J. Shi, H. Huang, T. R. Walker, and T. J. Huang, Optically switchable gratings based on azo-dye-doped, polymer-dispersed liquid crystals., Opt. Lett. 34, 2351-2353 (2009). 10.1364/OL.34.002351
40. A. d'Alessandro, D. Donisi, L. De Sio, R. Beccherelli, R. Asquini, R. Caputo, and C. Umeton, Tunable integrated optical filter made of a glass ion-exchanged waveguide and an electro-optic composite holographic grating., Opt. Express 16, 9254-9260 (2008). 10.1364/OE.16.009254
41. F. R. M. Adikan, J. C. Gates, A. Dyadyusha, H. E. Major, C. B. E. Gawith, I. J. G. Sparrow, G. D. Emmerson, M. Kaczmarek, and P. G. R. Smith, Demonstration of 100 GHz electrically tunable liquid-crystal Bragg gratings for application in dynamic optical networks., Opt. Lett. 32, 1542-1544 (2007). 10.1364/OL.32.001542
42. D. Donisi, R. Asquini, A. d'Alessandro, and G. Assanto, Distributed feedback grating in liquid crystal waveguide: a novel approach., Opt. Express 17, 5251-5256 (2009). 10.1364/OE.17.005251
43. G. Gilardi, R. Asquini, A. d'Alessandro, and G. Assanto, Widely tunable electro-optic distributed Bragg reflector in liquid crystal waveguide., Opt. Express 18 (11), 11524-11529 (2010). 10.1364/OE.18.011524
44. G. Assanto, All-optical nonlinear integrated devices., J. Mod. Opt. 37, 855-863 (1990). 10.1080/09500349014550921
45. G. Assanto and G. I. Stegeman, Optical bistability in nonlocally nonlinear periodic structures., Appl. Phys. Lett. 56, 2285-2287 (1990). 10.1063/1.102941
46. J. E. Ehrlich, G. Assanto, and G. I. Stegeman, All-optical tuning of waveguide nonlinear distributed feedback gratings., Appl. Phys. Lett. 56, 602-604 (1990). 10.1063/1.102710
47. C. Conti, G. Assanto, and S. Trillo, Excitation of self-transparency Bragg solitons in quadratic media., Opt. Lett. 22, 1350-1352 (1997). 10.1364/OL.22.001350
48. I. C. Khoo, Nonlinear optics of liquid crystalline materials., Phys. Rep. 471, 221-267 (2009). 10.1016/j.physrep.2009.01.001