Overview of outcome data of potential meditation training for soldier resilience

Military Medicine

Volumn 176, Issue 11, 2011, Pages 1232-1242

  Rees, Brian ^a  

^a 63rd Regional Support Command ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; HUMAN; MEDITATION; MENTAL STRESS; MUSCLE RELAXATION; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; RELAXATION TRAINING; REVIEW; SOLDIER; UNITED STATES;

HUMANS; MEDITATION; MILITARY PERSONNEL; MIND-BODY THERAPIES; MUSCLE RELAXATION; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH; RELAXATION THERAPY; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; UNITED STATES;

EID: 80355137316     PISSN: 00264075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7205/MILMED-D-11-00067     Document Type: Article

References (198)

1. Tanielian T, Jaycox LJ (editors): Invisible Wounds of War: Psychological and Cognitive Injuries, Their Consequences, and Services to Assist Recovery. Santa Monica, CA, RAND Corporation, 2008.
2. Sher L, Yehuda R: Preventing suicide among returning combat veterans: a moral imperative. Mil Med 2011; 176 (6): 601-2.
3. Woll P: Resilience 101: understanding and optimizing your stress system after deployment; workbook for veterans and service members. Available at http://www.attcnetwork.org/learn/topics/veterans/docs/Resiliance101wkbk.pdf, October 2009; accessed June 18, 2011.
4. McGeary D: Making sense of resilience. Mil Med 2011; 176 (6): 603-4.
5. US Army Medical Department. Resilience training. Available at https://www.resilience.army.mil/bhr.html, accessed December 22, 2010.
6. Seligman M, Matthews M (editors): Comprehensive soldier fitness. Am Psychol Special issue 2011; 66 (1): 1-86.
7. Steinhardt M, Dolbier C: Evaluation of a resilience intervention to enhance coping strategies and protective factors and decrease symptomatology. J Am Coll Health 2008; 56 (4): 445-53.
8. Fraser E, Pakenham KI: Evaluation of a resilience based intervention for children of parents with mental illness. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2008; 42 (12): 1041-50.
9. Shear J (editor): The Experience of Meditation: Experts Introduce the Major Systems. St. Paul, MN, Paragon House, 2006.
10. Ospina MB, et al: Clinical trials of meditation practices in health care: characteristics and quality. J Altern Complement Med 2008; 14 (10): 1199-213.
11. Ospina MB, et al: Meditation practices for health: state of the research. Evid Rep Technol Assess 2007; (155): 1-263.
12. Black DS, et al: Sitting meditation interventions among youth: a review of treatment efficacy. Pediatrics 2009; 124: e532-41.
13. Travis F: Are All Meditations the Same? Comparing the Neural Patterns of Mindfulness Meditation, Tibetan Buddhism practice "unconditional loving-kindness and compassion, " and the Transcendental Meditation Technique. Available at http://www.fredtravis.com/talk.html, April 2006; accessed December 22, 2010.
14. Lazar S, et al: Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness. Neuroreport 2005; 16: 1893-7.
15. Newberg A, et al: Cerebral Glucose Metabolic Changes Associated with Transcendental Meditation Practice. Neuroimaging Summer Conference, Miami, FL, 2006.
16. Chiesa A: Zen meditation: an integration of current evidence. J Altern Complement Med 2009; 15 (5): 585-92.
17. Adler AB, et al: Time-driven battlemind psychological debriefing: a group-level early intervention in combat. Mil Med 2009; 174 (1): 21-8.
18. Adler AB, et al: Battlemind debriefing and battlemind training as early interventions with soldiers returning from Iraq: randomization by platoon. J Consult Clin Psychol 2009; 77 (5): 928-40.
19. Cardemil EV, et al: The prevention of depressive symptoms in lowincome, minority children: two-year follow-up. Behav Res Ther 2007; 45 (2): 313-27.
20. Cutuli JJ, et al: Preventing co-occurring depression symptoms in adolescents with conduct problems: the Penn Resiliency Program. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1094: 282-6.
21. Gillham JE, et al: School-based prevention of depressive symptoms: a randomized controlled study of the effectiveness and specificity of the Penn Resiliency Program. J Consult Clin Psychol 2007; 75 (1): 9-19.
22. Ralph A, Nicholson L: Teaching coping skills to depressed adolescents in high school settings. Behav Change 1995; (12): 175-90.
23. Lunasco TK, et al: One Shot-One Kill: a culturally sensitive program for the warrior culture. Mil Med 2010; (175): 509-13.
24. Cohn A, Pakenham K: Efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral program to improve psychological adjustment among soldiers in recruit training. Mil Med 2008; 173 (12): 1151-7.
25. Williams A, et al: Psychosocial effects of the Boot Strap intervention in Navy recruits. Mil Med 2004; (169): 814-22.
26. Linkh DJ, Sonnek SM: An application of cognitive-behavioral anger management training in a military occupational setting: efficacy and demographic factors. Mil Med 2003; (163): 475-8.
27. Holaday M, Smith A: Coping skills training: evaluating a training model. J Ment Health Couns 1995; (17): 360-7.
28. Williams A, et al: STARS: strategies to assist navy recruits' success. Mil Med 2007; (172): 942-9.
29. Williams RA, et al: Stress Gym: feasibility of deploying a web-enhanced behavioral self-management program for stress in a military setting. Mil Med 2010; (175): 487-93.
30. Benson H: The Relaxation Response, pp 95-97. New York, Avon Books, 2006.
31. Orme-Johnson DW, Walton KG: All approaches to preventing and reversing the effects of stress are not the same. Am J Health Promot 1998; 12 (5): 297-9.
32. Alexander CN, Langer EJ, Newman RI, Chandler HM, Davies JL: Transcendental meditation, mindfulness, and longevity: an experimental study with the elderly. J Pers Soc Psychol 1989; 57 (6): 950-64.
33. Eppley K, Abrams A, Shear J: Differential effects of relaxation techniques on trait anxiety: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychol 1989; 45 (6): 957-74.
34. Grossman P, et al: Mindfulness based stress reduction and health benefits. A meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res 2004; 57 (1): 35-43.
35. Way BM, et al: Dispositional mindfulness and depressive symptomatology: correlations with limbic and self-referential neural activity during rest. Emotion 2010; 10 (1): 12-24.
36. Creswell JD, et al: Neural correlates of dispositional mindfulness during affect labeling. Psychosom Med 2007; 69 (6): 560-5.
37. Chiesa A: Vipassana meditation: systematic review of current evidence. J Altern Complement Med 2010; 16 (1): 37-46.
38. Goldin PR, Gross JJ: Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Emotion 2010; 10 (1): 83-91.
39. Holzel BK, et al: Mindfulness practice leads to increases in regional brain gray matter density. Psychiatry Res 2010; 191 (1): 36-43. Epub November 10, 2010.
40. 2010 Mar http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_muscle_relaxation; accessed April 26, 2010.
41. Jacobson E: Progressive Relaxation. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1938.
42. Wolpe J, Lazarus AA: Behavior Therapy Technique. New York, Pergamon Press, 1966.
43. Travis F, Shear J: Focused attention, open monitoring and automatic selftranscending: categories to organize meditations from Vedic, Buddhist and Chinese traditions. Conscious Cogn 2010; 19 (4): 1110-8.
44. Dillbeck MC, Orme-Johnson DW: Physiological differences between transcendental meditation and rest. Am Psychol 1987; 42 (9): 879-81.
45. Wallace RK, Benson H, Wilson AF: A wakeful hypometabolic physiologic state. Am J Physiol 1971; 221 (3): 795-9.
46. Orme-Johnson DW: Autonomic stability and transcendental meditation. Psychosom Med 1973; 35 (4): 341-9.
47. Travis F, Arenander A: Cross-sectional and longitudinal study of effects of transcendental meditation practice on interhemispheric frontal asymmetry and frontal coherence. Int J Neurosci 2006; 116 (12): 1519-38.
48. Travis FT, et al: Patterns of EEG coherence, power, and contingent negative variation characterize the integration of transcendental and waking states. Biol Psychol 2002; 61: 293-319.
49. Travis F, Tecce JJ, Guttman J: Cortical plasticity, contingent negative variation, and transcendent experiences during practice of the transcendental meditation technique. Biol Psychol 2000; 55 (1): 41-55.
50. Hebert R, et al: Enhanced EEG alpha time-domain phase synchrony during transcendental meditation: implications for cortical integration theory. Signal Process J 2005; 85: 2213-32.
51. Travis FT: Autonomic and EEG patterns distinguish transcending from other experiences during Transcendental Meditation practice. Int J Psychophysiol 2001; 42 (1): 1-9.
52. Lyubimov NN: Changes in electroencephalogram and evoked potentials during application of a special form of psychological training (meditation). Human Physiol (Fiziol Cheloveka) 1999; 25: 171-80.
53. Yamamoto S, Kitamura Y, Yamada N, Nakashima Y, Kuroda S: Medial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex in the generation of alpha activity induced by Transcendental Meditation: a magnetoencephalographic study. Acta Med Okayama 2006; 60 (1): 51-8.
54. Dillbeck MC, Bronson EC: Short-term longitudinal effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique on EEG power and coherence. Int J Neurosci 1981; 14 (3-4): 147-51.
55. Alexander CN, Schneider RH, Staggers F, et al: Trial of stress reduction for hypertension in older African Americans: II. Sex and risk subgroup analysis. Hypertension 1996; 28 (2): 228-37.
56. Schneider RH, Alexander CN, Staggers F, et al: A randomized controlled trial of stress reduction in African Americans treated for hypertension for over one year. Am J Hypertens 2005; 18 (1): 88-98.
57. Jain S, et al: A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation versus relaxation training: effects on distress, positive states of mind, rumination, and distraction. Ann Behav Med 2007; 33 (1): 11-21.
58. Gaylord C, Orme-Johnson D, Travis F: The effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique and progressive muscular relaxation on EEG coherence, stress reactivity, and mental health in black adults. Int J Neurosci 1989; 46 (1-2): 77-86.
59. Schneider RH, Alexander CN, Staggers F, Rainforth M, Salerno JW, Hartz A, et al: Long-term effects of stress reduction on mortality in persons or = 55 years of age with systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 2005; 95 (9): 1060-4.
60. Alexander CN, Barnes V, Schneider RH, Langer EJ, Chandler HM, Davies JL: Randomized controlled trial of stress reduction on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in the elderly: results of 8 year and 15 year follow-ups. Circulation 1996; 93 (3): 629.
61. Rainforth MV, Schneider RH, Nidich SI, Gaylord-King C, Salerno JW, Anderson JW: Stress reduction programs in patients with elevated blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Hypertens Rep 2007; 9 (6): 520-8.
62. Alexander CN, Rainforth MV, Gelderloos P: Transcendental Meditation, self-actualization, and psychological health: a conceptual overview and statistical meta-analysis. J Soc Behav Pers 1991; 6 (5): 189-247.
63. Manzoni GM, et al: Relaxation training for anxiety: a ten-years systematic review with meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2008; 8: 41.
64. Anderson JW, Liu C, Kryscio RJ: Blood pressure response to Transcendental Meditation: a meta-analysis. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21 (3): 310-6.
65. Nidich SI, et al: A randomized controlled trial on effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on blood pressure, psychological distress, and coping in young adults. Am J Hypertens 2009; 22 (12): 1326-31.
66. Barnes VA, Treiber FA, Johnson MH: Impact of stress reduction on ambulatory blood pressure in African American adolescents. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17 (4): 366-9.
67. Barnes VA, Orme-Johnson DW: Clinical and pre-clinical applications of the Transcendental Meditation program in the prevention and treatment of essential hypertension and cardiovascular disease in youth and adults. Curr Hypertens Rev 2006; 2 (3): 207-18.
68. Schneider RH, Alexander CN, Wallace RK: In search of an optimal behavioral treatment for hypertension: a review and focus on Transcendental Meditation. In: Personality, Elevated Blood Pressure, and Essential Hypertension, pp 291-312. Edited by EH Johnson, et al. Washington, DC, Hemisphere Publishing, 1992.
69. Wenneberg SR, et al: A controlled study of the effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on cardiovascular reactivity and ambulatory blood pressure. Int J Neurosci 1997; 89 (1-2): 15-28.
70. Paul-Labrador M, Polk D, Dwyer JH, et al: Effects of a randomized controlled trial of Transcendental Meditation on components of the metabolic syndrome in subjects with coronary heart disease. Arch Int Med 2006; 166 (11): 1218-24.
71. De Armond D: Effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on psychological, physiological, behavioral and organizational consequences of stress in managers and executives. Dissertation Abstracts International 1996; 57 (6): 4068B.
72. Walton KG, Schneider RH, Nidich SI: Review of controlled research on the Transcendental Meditation program and cardiovascular disease. Risk factors, morbidity and mortality. Cardiol Rev 2004; 12 (5): 262-6.
73. Walton KG, Schneider RH, Salerno JW, Nidich SI: Psychosocial stress and cardiovascular disease. Part 3: clinical and policy implications of research on the Transcendental Meditation program. Behav Med 2005; 30 (4): 173-83.
74. Walton KG, Schneider RH, Nidich SI, Salerno JW, Nordstrom CK, Merz CN: Psychosocial stress and cardiovascular disease. Part 2: effectiveness of the Transcendental Meditation program in treatment and prevention. Behav Med 2002; 28 (3): 106-23.
75. Alexander CN, Robinson P, Orme-Johnson DW, Schneider RH, Walton KG: The effects of Transcendental Meditation compared to other methods of relaxation in reducing risk factors, morbidity, and mortality. Homeostasis 1994; 352: 243-64.
76. Castillo-Richmond A, Schneider RH, Alexander CN, et al: Effects of stress reduction on carotid atherosclerosis in hypertensive African Americans. Stroke 2000; 31 (3): 568-73.
77. Bowen S, Marlatt A: Surfing the urge: brief mindfulness-based intervention for college student smokers. Psychol Addict Behav 2009; 23 (4): 666-71.
78. Bowen S, et al: Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for substance use disorders: a pilot efficacy trial. Subst Abus 2009; 30 (4): 295-305.
79. Leigh J, Bowen S, Marlatt GA: Spirituality, mindfulness and substance abuse. Addict Behav 2005; 30 (7): 1335-41.
80. Bowen S, et al: Mindfulness meditation and substance abuse in an incarcerated population. Psychol Addict Behav 2006; 20 (3): 343-7.
81. Bowen S, et al: The role of thought suppression in the relationship between mindfulness meditation and alcohol use. Addict Behav 2007; 32 (10): 2324-8.
82. Hoppes K: The application of mindfulness-based cognitive interventions in the treatment of co-occurring addictive and mood disorders. CNS Spectr 2006; 11 (11): 829-51.
83. Royer A: The role of the Transcendental Meditation technique in promoting smoking cessation: a longitudinal study. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 1994; 11 (1-2): 221-38.
84. Haratani T, Henmi T: Effects of Transcendental Meditation on health behavior of industrial workers. Jap J Public Health 1990; 37: 729.
85. Alexander CN, Robinson P, Rainforth MV: Treating and preventing alcohol, nicotine, and drug abuse through Transcendental Meditation: a review and statistical meta-analysis. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 1994; 11 (1-2): 13-87.
86. Gelderloos P, et al: Effectiveness of the Transcendental Meditation program in preventing and treating substance issue: a review. Int J Addict 1991; 26 (3): 293-325.
87. O'Murchu D: Spirituality, recovery, and Transcendental Meditation. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 1994; 11 (1-2): 169-84.
88. Klajner F, et al: Treatment of substance abuse by relaxation training: a review of its rationale, efficacy and mechanisms. Addict Behav 1984; 9 (1): 41-55.
89. Carlson LE, et al: Mindfulness-based stress reduction in relation to quality of life, mood, symptoms of stress and levels of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and melatonin in breast and prostate cancer outpatients. Psychoneuroendocrinol 2004; 29 (4): 448-74.
90. Calderon R, Schneider R, Alexander CN, Myers H, Nidich S, Haney C: Stress, stress reduction and hypercholesterolemia in African Americans and whites: a review. Ethn Dis 1999; 9: 451-62.
91. Schneider RH, Nidich SI, Salerno JW, et al: Lower lipid peroxide levels in practitioners of the Transcendental Meditation program. Psychosom Med 1998; 60 (1): 38-41.
92. Infante JR, Torres-Avisbal M, Pinel P, et al: Catecholamine levels in practitioners of the Transcendental Meditation technique. Physiol Behav 2001; 72 (2): 141-6.
93. Bujatti M, Riederer P: Serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine metabolites in Transcendental Meditation. J Neural Transm 1976; 39 (3): 257-67.
94. MacLean CR, Walton KG, Wenneberg SR, et al: Effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on adaptive mechanisms: changes in hormone levels and responses to stress after four months of practice. Psychoneuroendocrinol 1997; 22 (4): 277-95.
95. MacLean CR, Walton KG, Wenneberg SR, et al: Altered responses of cortisol, GH, TSH and testosterone to acute stress after four months' practice of Transcendental Meditation (TM). Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 746: 381-4.
96. Jevning R, Wilson AF, Smith WR: The Transcendental Meditation technique, adrenocortical activity, and implications for stress. Experientia 1978; 34 (5): 618-9.
97. Walton KG, Fields JZ, Levitsky DK, Harris DA, Pugh ND, Schneider RH: Lowering cortisol and CVD risk in postmenopausal women: a pilot study using the Transcendental Meditation program. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1032: 211-5.
98. Glaser JL, Brind JL, Vogelman JH, et al: Elevated serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels in practitioners of the Transcendental Meditation (TM) and TM-Sidhi programs. J Behav Med 1992; 15 (4): 327-41.
99. Wallace RK, Dillbeck MC, Jacobe E, Harrington B: The effects of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program on the aging process. Int J Neurosci 1982; 16 (1): 53-8.
100. Travis F, Haaga DA, Hagelin JS, et al: Effects of Transcendental Meditation practice on brain functioning and stress reactivity in college students. Int J Psychophysiol 2009; 71 (2): 170-6.
101. Appelle S, Oswald LE: Simple reaction time as a function of alertness and prior mental activity. Percept Mot Skills 1974; 38 (3): 1263-8.
102. Cranson RW, Orme-Johnson DW, Gackenbach J, Dillbeck MC, Jones CH, Alexander CN: Transcendental Meditation and improved performance on intelligence-related measures: a longitudinal study. Pers Indiv Differ 1991; 12: 1105-16.
103. Holt WR, et al: Transcendental Meditation vs pseudo-meditation on visual choice reaction time. Percept Mot Skills 1978; 46: 726.
104. Carroll D, Seers K: Relaxation for the relief of chronic pain: a systematic review. J Adv Nursing 1998; 27 (3): 476-87.
105. Morone NE, Greco CM: Mind body interventions for chronic pain in older adults: a structured review. Pain Med 2007; 8 (4): 359-75.
106. Kabat-Zinn J: An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients on the practice of mindfulness meditation: theoretical considerations and preliminary results. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1982; 4: 33-47.
107. Kabat-Zinn J, Lipworth L, Burney R: The clinical use of mindfulness meditation for the self-regulation of chronic pain. J Behav Med 1985; 8: 163-90.
108. Kabat-Zinn J, Lipworth L, Burney R, Sellers W: Four year follow-up of a meditation based program for the self-regulation of chronic pain: treatment outcomes and compliance. Clin J Pain 1986; 2: 159-73.
109. Smith BW, et al: A pilot study comparing the effects of mindfulnessbased and cognitive-behavioral stress reduction. J Altern Complement Med 2008; 14 (3): 251-8.
110. Morone NE, et al: A mind-body program for older adults with chronic low back pain: results of a pilot study. Pain Med 2009; 10 (8): 1395-407.
111. Rosenzweig S, et al: Mindfulness-based stress reduction for chronic pain conditions: variation in treatment outcomes and role of home meditation practice. J Psychosom Res 2010; 68 (1): 29-36.
112. Schmidt S, et al: Treating fibromyalgia with mindfulness-based stress reduction: results from a 3-armed randomized controlled trial. Pain 2011; 152: 361-9.
113. Mills WM, Farrow JT: The Transcendental Meditation technique and acute experimental pain. Psychosom Med 1981; 43: 157-64.
114. Orme-Johnson DW, Schneider RH, Son YD, Nidich S, Cho Z-H: Neuroimaging of meditation's effect on brain reactivity to pain. Neuroreport 2006; 17 (12): 1359-63.
115. Dixon C, Dillbeck MC, Travis F, et al: Accelerating cognitive and self development: longitudinal studies with preschool and elementary school children. J Soc Behav Pers 2005; 17 (1): 65-91.
116. Chandler HM, Alexander CN, Heaton DP: The Transcendental Meditation program post conventional self-development: a 10 year longitudinal study. J Soc Behav Pers 2005; 17: 93-121.
117. So KT, Orme-Johnson DW: Three randomized experiments on the holistic longitudinal effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique on cognition. Intelligence 2001; 29 (5): 419-40.
118. Kember P: The Transcendental Meditation technique and postgraduate academic performance. Brit J Educ Psychol 1985; 55: 164-6.
119. Dillbeck MC: Meditation and flexibility of visual perception and verbal problem solving. Mem Cognit 1982; 10 (3): 207-15.
120. Tanner MA, Travis F, Gaylord-King C, Haaga DAF, Grosswald S, Schneider RH: The effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on mindfulness. J Clin Psychol 2009; 65 (6): 574-89.
121. Jha AP, et al: Examining the protective effects of mindfulness training on working memory capacity and affective experience. Emotion 2010; 10 (1): 54-64.
122. Zeiden F, et al: Mindfulness meditation improves cognition: evidence of brief mental training. Conscious Cogn 2010; 19 (2): 597-605. Epub 2010 Apr 3.
123. Chiesa A, et al: Does mindfulness training improve cognitive abilities? A systematic review of neurophysiological findings. Clin Psychol Rev 2010; 31 (3): 449-64.
124. Travis FT: Creative thinking and the Transcendental Meditation technique. J Creative Behav 1979; (13): 169-80.
125. Nidich SI: A study of the relationship of the Transcendental Meditation program to Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Cincinnati). Dissertation Abstracts International 1975; 36 (7): 4361A.
126. Travis FT, Brown S: My brain made me do it: brain maturation and levels of self-development. In: The Postconventional Personality: Perspectives on Higher Development. Edited by Pfaffenberger AH, Marko PW, Greening T. New York, Sage Publishing, 2009.
127. Nidich SI, Nidich RJ, Alexander CN: Moral development and higher states of consciousness. J Adult Development 2000; 7 (4): 217-225.
128. Nidich SI, Ryncarz RA, Abrams AI, Orme-Johnson DW, Wallace RK: Kohlbergian moral perspective responses, EEG coherence, and the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. J Moral Educ 1983; 12 (3): 166-73.
129. Gelderloos P, Hermans HJ, Ahlström HH, Jacoby R: Transcendence and psychological health: studies with long-term participants of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. J Psychol 1990; 124 (2): 177-97.
130. Haratani T, Henmi T: Effects of Transcendental Meditation on mental health of industrial workers. Jap J Indus Health 1990; 32: 656.
131. Hjelle JA: Transcendental Meditation and psychological health. Percept Mot Skills 1974; 39 (5): 623-8.
132. Seeman W, Nidich S, Banta T: Influence of Transcendental Meditation on a measure of self-actualization. J Counseling Psychol 1972; 19 (3): 184-7.
133. Kabat-Zinn J, Chapman-Waldrop A: Compliance with an outpatient stress reduction program: rates and predictors of completion. J Behav Med 1988; 11: 333-52.
134. Miller J, Fletcher K, Kabat-Zinn J: Three year follow-up and clinical implications of a mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1995; 17: 192-200.
135. Kabat-Zinn J, Chapman A, Salmon P: The relationship of cognitive and somatic components of anxiety to patient preference for alternative relaxation techniques. Mind/Body Med 1997; 2: 101-9.
136. Praissman S: Mindfulness based stress reduction: a literature review and clinician's guide. J Am Acad Nurse Pract 2008; 20 (4): 212-6.
137. Allen NB, et al: Mindfulness-based psychotherapies: a review of conceptual foundations, empirical evidence and practical considerations. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2006; 40 (4): 285-94.
138. Proulx K: Integrating mindfulness-based stress reduction. Holist Nurs Pract 2003; 17 (4): 201-8.
139. Rapgay L, Bystrisky A: Classical mindfulness: an introduction to its theory and practice for clinical application. Ann NY Acad Sci 2009; 1172: 148-62.
140. Chiesa A, Serretti A: Mindfulness-based stress reduction for stress management in healthy people: a review and meta-analysis. J Altern Complement Med 2009; 15 (5): 593-600.
141. Pipe TB, et al: Nurse leader mindfulness meditation program for stress management: a randomized controlled trial. J Nurs Adm 2009; 39 (3): 130-7.
142. Krisanaprakornkit T, et al: Meditation therapy for anxiety disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; (1): CD004998.
143. Chiesa A, Serretti A: Mindfulness based cognitive therapy for psychiatric disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res 2011; 187 (3): 441-53.
144. Saeed SA, Antonacci DJ, Bloch RM: Exercise, yoga, and meditation for depressive and anxiety disorders. Am Fam Physician 2010; 81 (8): 981-6.
145. Toneatto T, Nguyen L: Does mindfulness meditation improve anxiety and mood symptoms? A review of the controlled research. Can J Psychiatry 2007; 52 (4): 260-6.
146. Tsang HW, et al: Effects of mindful and non-mindful exercises on people with depression: a systematic review. Br J Clin Psychol 2008; 47 (pt 3): 303-22.
147. Franco C, et al: Reducing teachers' psychological distress through a mindfulness training program. Span J Psychol 2010; 13 (2): 655-66.
148. Martin-Asuero A, et al: The Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction program (MBSR) reduces stress-related psychological distress in healthcare professionals. Span J Psychol 2010; 13 (2): 897-905.
149. Conrad A, Roth WT: Muscle relaxation therapy for anxiety disorders: it works but how? J Anxiety Disord 2007; 21 (3): 243-64.
150. Jorm AF, et al: Relaxation for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; (4): CD007142.
151. Dillbeck MC: The effect of the Transcendental Meditation technique on anxiety level. J Clin Psychol 1977; 33 (4): 1076-8.
152. Sheppard DH, et al: The effects of a stress management program in a high security government agency. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping 1997; 10: 341-50.
153. Fergusson LC, et al: Vedic science based education and nonverbal intelligence: a preliminary longitudinal study in Cambodia. J Instr Psychol 1995; (22): 308-19.
154. Grosswald SJ, Stixrud WR, Travis F, Bateh MA: Use of the Transcendental Meditation technique to reduce symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) by reducing stress and anxiety: an exploratory study. Current Issues in Education [On-line] 2008; 10 (2). Available at http://cie.ed.asu.edu/volume10/number2/.
155. Winbush NY, et al: The effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction in sleep disturbance: a systematic review. Explore (NY) 2007; 3 (6): 585-91.
156. Krystal AD: Treating the health, quality of life, and functional impairments in insomnia. J Clin Sleep Med 2007; 3 (1): 63-72.
157. Ljunggren G: The influence of Transcendental Meditation on neuroticism, use of drugs and insomnia. Lakartidningen 1977; 74 (47): 4212-4.
158. Abrams AI, Siegel LM: The Transcendental Meditation program and rehabilitation at Folsom State Prison: a cross validation study. Criminal Justice and Behav 1978; 5: 3-20.
159. Brooks JS, Scarano T: Transcendental Meditation in the treatment of post-Vietnam adjustment. J Counsel Dev 1985; 64: 212-5.
160. Simpson TL, et al: PTSD symptoms, substance use, and vipassana meditation among incarcerated individuals. J Trauma Stress 2007; 20 (3): 239-49.
161. Rosenthal J, Grosswald S, Ross R, Rosenthal N: Effects of Transcendental Meditation in veterans of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom with post traumatic stress disorder: a pilot study. Mil Med 2011; 176 (6): 626-30.
162. Chen ME: A comparative study of dimensions of healthy functioning between families practicing the TM program for five years or for less than a year. J Holist Nurs 1987; 5 (1): 6-10.
163. Aron EN, Aron A: Transcendental Meditation and marital adjustment. Psychol Rep 1982; 51 (7): 887-90.
164. Alexander CN, Rainforth MV, Frank PR, Grant JD, Von Stade C: Walpole study of the Transcendental Meditation program in maximum security prisoners III: reduced recidivism. J Offender Rehabil 2003; 36 (1-4): 161-80.
165. Bleick CR, Abrams AI: The Transcendental Meditation program and criminal recidivism in California. J Criminal Justice 1987; 15: 211-30.
166. Alexander CN, Orme-Johnson DW: Walpole study of the Transcendental Meditation program in maximum security prisoners II: longitudinal study of development and psychopathology. J Offender Rehabil 2003; 36 (1-4): 127-60.
167. Walton KG, Levitsky DK: Effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on neuroendocrine abnormalities associated with aggression and crime. J Offender Rehabil 2003; 36 (1-4): 67-88.
168. Anklesaria FK, King MS: The Enlightened Sentencing Project: a judicial innovation. J Offender Rehabil 2003; 36 (1-4): 35-46.
169. Barnes VA, Bauza LB, Treiber FA: Impact of stress reduction on negative school behavior in adolescents. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2003; 1 (1): 10.
170. Suurkula J: Research on Transcendental Meditation at the Swedish Air Force. 2010. Available at http://home.swipnet.se/tmdoctors/DMTeng.htm; accessed January 4, 2011.
171. Harung HS: Improved time management through human development: achieving most with least expenditure of time. J Manag Psychol 1998; 13 (5/6): 406-28.
172. Frew DR: Transcendental Meditation and productivity. Acad Manag J 1974; 17: 362-8.
173. Harung H, Travis F, Blank W, Heaton D: Higher development, brain integration, and excellence in leadership. Management Decision 2009; 47 (6): 872-94.
174. McCollum B: Leadership development and self development: an empirical study. Career Dev Int 1999; 4 (3): 149-54.
175. Schmidt-Wilk J, Alexander CN, Swanson GC: Introduction of the Transcendental Meditation program in a Norwegian top management team. In Grounded Theory: 1984-1994. Edited by Glaser B. Mill Valley, CA, Sociology Press, 2003.
176. Schmidt-Wilk J: TQM and the Transcendental Meditation program in a Swedish top management team. The TQM Magazine 2003; 15 (4): 219-29.
177. Schmidt-Wilk J: Consciousness-based management development: case studies of international top management teams. J Transnat Manag Dev 2000; 5 (3): 61-85.
178. Schmidt-Wilk J, Alexander CN, Swanson GC: Developing consciousness in organizations: the Transcendental Meditation program in business. J Bus Psychol 1996; 10 (4): 429-44.
179. Broome JR, Orme-Johnson D, Schmidt-Wilk J: Worksite stress reduction through the Transcendental Meditation program. J Soc Behav Pers 2005; 17 (1): 235-76.
180. Alexander CN, Swanson GC, Rainforth MV, Carlisle TW, Todd CC, Oates RM: Effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on stress reduction, health, and employee development: a prospective study in two occupational settings. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping 1993; 6: 245-62.
181. Holeman R, Seiler G: Effects of sensitivity training and Transcendental Meditation on perception of others. Percept Mot Skills 1979; 49 (5): 270.
182. Hanley CP, Spates JL: Transcendental Meditation and social psychological attitudes. J Psychol 1978; (99): 121-7.
183. Nidich SI, et al: Influence of Transcendental Meditation: a replication. J Counsel Psychol 1973; (20): 565-6.
184. Irving JA, et al: Cultivating mindfulness in health care professionals: a review of empirical studies of mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR). Complement Ther Clin Pract 2009; 15 (2): 61-6.
185. Bishop SR: What do we really know about mindfulness-based stress reduction? Psychosomatic Med 2002; 64 (1): 71-83.
186. Carlson CR, Hoyle RH: Efficacy of abbreviated progressive muscle relaxation training: a quantitative review of behavioral medicine research. J Consult Clin Psychol 1993; 61 (6): 1059-67.
187. Glueck BC, Stroebel CF: Biofeedback and meditation and the treatment of psychiatric illness. Comprehensive Psychol 1975; (16) 4: 413-4.
188. Brown CT: Overcoming barriers to use of promising research among elite Middle East policy groups. J Soc Behav Pers 2005; (17) 1: 489-543.
189. Orme-Johnson DW, Alexander CN, Hawkins MA: Critique of the National Research Council's report on meditation. J Soc Behav Pers 2005; 17 (1): 383-414.
190. Orme-Johnson DW, Barnes VA, Hankey AM, Chalmers RA: Reply to critics of research on Transcendental Meditation in the prevention and control of hypertension. J Hypertens 2005; 23 (5): 1107-8.
191. Duncan et al: Pilot study to gauge acceptability of a mindfulnessbased, family focused preventive intervention. J Prim Prev 2009; 30 (5): 605-18.
192. Ottoson J-O: Swedish National Health Board Report on Transcendental Meditation. Socialstyrelesen D 1977; nr SN3_9_1194/73.
193. Herron RE: Can the Transcendental Meditation program reduce medical expenditures of older people? A longitudinal medical cost minimization study in Canada. J Soc Behav Pers 2005; 17 (1): 415-42.
194. Herron RE, Hillis SL: The impact of the Transcendental Meditation program on government payments to physicians in Quebec: an update-accumulative decline of 55% over a 6-year period. Am J Health Promot 2000; 14 (5): 284-91.
195. Orme-Johnson DW, Herron R: An innovative approach to reducing medical care utilization and expenditures. Am J Managed Care 1997; 3 (1): 135-44.
196. Herron RE, Hillis SL, Mandarino JV, Orme-Johnson DW, Walton KG: The impact of the Transcendental Meditation program on government payments to physicians in Quebec. Am J Health Promot 1996; 10 (3): 208-16.
197. Herron R, Schneider RH, Mandarino JV, Alexander CN, Walton KG: Cost-effective hypertension management: comparison of drug therapies with an alternative program. Am J Managed Care 1996; 2 (4): 427-37.
198. Orme-Johnson DW: Medical care utilization and the Transcendental Meditation program. Psychosomatic Med 1987; 49 (1): 493-507.