Atrial fibrillation: Current knowledge and future directions in epidemiology and genomics

Circulation

Volumn 124, Issue 18, 2011, Pages 1982-1993

  Magnani, Jared W ^a,b   Rienstra, Michiel ^c   Lin, Honghuang ^b   Sinner, Moritz F ^a,d,f   Lubitz, Steven A ^d,e   McManus, David D ^g   Dupuis, Josée ^a,h   Ellinor, Patrick T ^d,e   Benjamin, Emelia J ^a,b,h  

^a FRAMINGHAM HEART STUDY   (United States)

^b BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^d Cardiovascular Research Center   (United States)

^e MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^f LUDWIG MAXIMILIANS UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^g UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^h BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; FAMILIAL DISEASE; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENOMICS; HEALTH CARE COST; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HUMAN; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; CARDIOLOGY; GENOMICS; HUMANS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 80155177989     PISSN: 00097322     EISSN: 15244539     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.039677     Document Type: Article

References (143)

1. Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA, Chang Y, Henault LE, Selby JV, Singer DE. Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. JAMA. 2001;285:2370-2375. (Pubitemid 32424106)
2. Miyasaka Y, Barnes ME, Gersh BJ, Cha SS, Bailey KR, Abhayaratna WP, Seward JB, Tsang TS. Secular trends in incidence of atrial fibrillation in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1980 to 2000, and implications on the projections for future prevalence. Circulation. 2006;114:119-125. (Pubitemid 44420743)
3. Lloyd-Jones DM, Wang TJ, Leip EP, Larson MG, Levy D, Vasan RS, D'Agostino RB, Massaro JM, Beiser A, Wolf PA, Benjamin EJ. Lifetime risk for development of atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2004;110:1042-1046. (Pubitemid 39319000)
4. Heeringa J, Van Der Kuip DA, Hofman A, Kors JA, van Herpen G, Stricker BH, Stijnen T, Lip GY, Witteman JC. Prevalence, incidence and lifetime risk of atrial fibrillation: the Rotterdam study. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:949-953.
5. Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Benjamin EJ, Levy D. Prevalence, incidence, prognosis, and predisposing conditions for atrial fibrillation: population-based estimates. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:2N-9N. (Pubitemid 28507114)
6. Wattigney WA, Mensah GA, Croft JB. Increasing trends in hospitalization for atrial fibrillation in the United States, 1985 through 1999: implications for primary prevention. Circulation. 2003;108:711-716. (Pubitemid 36999256)
7. Kim MH, Johnston SS, Chu BC, Dalal MR, Schulman KL. Estimation of total incremental health care costs in patients with atrial fibrillation in the United States. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2011;4:313-320.
8. LE Heuzey JY, Paziaud O, Piot O, Said MA, Copie X, Lavergne T, Guize L. Cost of care distribution in atrial fibrillation patients: the COCAF study. Am Heart J. 2004;147:121-126. (Pubitemid 38037407)
9. Stewart S, Murphy N, Walker A, McGuire A, McMurray JJ. Cost of an emerging epidemic: an economic analysis of atrial fibrillation in the UK. Heart. 2004;90:286-292. (Pubitemid 38250721)
10. Frost L, Vestergaard P, Mosekilde L, Mortensen LS. Trends in incidence and mortality in the hospital diagnosis of atrial fibrillation or flutter in Denmark, 1980-1999. Int J Cardiol. 2005;103:78-84. (Pubitemid 41074609)
11. Friberg J, Buch P, Scharling H, Gadsbphioll N, Jensen GB. Rising rates of hospital admissions for atrial fibrillation. Epidemiology. 2003;14: 666-672. (Pubitemid 40417013)
12. Stewart S, MacIntyre K, MacLeod MM, Bailey AE, Capewell S, McMurray JJ. Trends in hospital activity, morbidity and case fatality related to atrial fibrillation in Scotland, 1986-1996. Eur Heart J. 2001; 22:693-701. (Pubitemid 32622430)
13. Maisel WH, Stevenson LW. Atrial fibrillation in heart failure: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and rationale for therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2003; 91:2D-8D. (Pubitemid 36369329)
14. Wang TJ, Larson MG, Levy D, Vasan RS, Leip EP, Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, Murabito JM, Kannel WB, Benjamin EJ. Temporal relations of atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure and their joint influence on mortality: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2003; 107:2920-2925. (Pubitemid 36736633)
15. Miyasaka Y, Barnes ME, Gersh BJ, Cha SS, Bailey KR, Abhayaratna W, Seward JB, Iwasaka T, Tsang TS. Incidence and mortality risk of congestive heart failure in atrial fibrillation patients: a community-based study over two decades. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:936-941.
16. Mamas MA, Caldwell JC, Chacko S, Garratt CJ, Fath-Ordoubadi F, Neyses L. A meta-analysis of the prognostic significance of atrial fibrillation in chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11:676-683.
17. Ezekowitz MD, James KE, Nazarian SM, Davenport J, Broderick JP, Gupta SR, Thadani V, Meyer ML, Bridgers SL. Silent cerebral infarction in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation: the Veterans Affairs Stroke Prevention in Nonrheumatic Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Circulation. 1995;92:2178-2182.
18. Wolf PA, Dawber TR, Thomas HE Jr, Kannel WB. Epidemiologic assessment of chronic atrial fibrillation and risk of stroke: the Framingham study. Neurology. 1978;28:973-977. (Pubitemid 8401525)
19. Das RR, Seshadri S, Beiser AS, Kelly-Hayes M, Au R, Himali JJ, Kase CS, Benjamin EJ, Polak JF, O'Donnell CJ, Yoshita M, D'Agostino RB Sr, DeCarli C, Wolf PA. Prevalence and correlates of silent cerebral infarcts in the Framingham offspring study. Stroke. 2008;39: 2929-2935.
20. Gage BF, Waterman AD, Shannon W, Boechler M, Rich MW, Radford MJ. Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation. JAMA. 2001; 285:2864-2870. (Pubitemid 32537350)
21. Birman-Deych E, Radford MJ, Nilasena DS, Gage BF. Use and effectiveness of warfarin in Medicare beneficiaries with atrial fibrillation. Stroke. 2006;37:1070-1074.
22. Reynolds MW, Fahrbach K, Hauch O, Wygant G, Estok R, Cella C, Nalysnyk L. Warfarin anticoagulation and outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Chest. 2004; 126:1938-1945. (Pubitemid 39644002)
23. Ezekowitz MD, Aikens TH, Brown A, Ellis Z. The evolving field of stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation. Stroke. 2010;41: S17-S20.
24. Ott A, Breteler MM, de Bruyne MC, van Harskamp F, Grobbee DE, Hofman A. Atrial fibrillation and dementia in a population-based study: the Rotterdam Study. Stroke. 1997;28:316-321. (Pubitemid 27096997)
25. Flaker GC, Pogue J, Yusuf S, Pfeffer MA, Goldhaber SZ, Granger CB, Anand IS, Hart R, Connolly SJ. Cognitive function and anticoagulation control in patients with atrial fibrillation. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2010;3:277-283.
26. Miyasaka Y, Barnes ME, Petersen RC, Cha SS, Bailey KR, Gersh BJ, Casaclang-Verzosa G, Abhayaratna WP, Seward JB, Iwasaka T, Tsang TS. Risk of dementia in stroke-free patients diagnosed with atrial fibrillation: data from a community-based cohort. Eur Heart J. 2007;28: 1962-1967. (Pubitemid 47579533)
27. Dorian P, Jung W, Newman D, Paquette M, Wood K, Ayers GM, Camm J, Akhtar M, Luderitz B. The impairment of health-related quality of life in patients with intermittent atrial fibrillation: implications for the assessment of investigational therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36: 1303-1309.
28. Darbar D, Roden DM. Symptomatic burden as an endpoint to evaluate interventions in patients with atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm. 2005;2: 544-549. (Pubitemid 40521373)
29. Dorian P, Paquette M, Newman D, Green M, Connolly SJ, Talajic M, Roy D. Quality of life improves with treatment in the Canadian Trial of Atrial Fibrillation. Am Heart J. 2002;143:984-990. (Pubitemid 34666888)
30. Jenkins LS, Brodsky M, Schron E, Chung M, Rocco T Jr, Lader E, Constantine M, Sheppard R, Holmes D, Mateski D, Floden L, Prasun M, Greene HL, Shemanski L. Quality of life in atrial fibrillation: the Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) study. Am Heart J. 2005;149:112-120.
31. Iguchi Y, Kimura K, Aoki J, Kobayashi K, Terasawa Y, Sakai K, Shibazaki K. Prevalence of atrial fibrillation in community-dwelling Japanese aged 40 years or older in Japan: analysis of 41,436 nonemployee residents in Kurashiki-city. Circ J. 2008;72:909-913. (Pubitemid 351879910)
32. Zhou Z, Hu D. An epidemiological study on the prevalence of atrial fibrillation in the Chinese population of mainland China. J Epidemiol. 2008;18:209-216.
33. Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA, Halperin JL, LE Heuzey JY, Kay GN, Lowe JE, Olsson SB, Prystowsky EN, Tamargo JL, Wann S, Smith SC Jr, Jacobs AK, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Antman EM, Halperin JL, Hunt SA, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B, Priori SG, Blanc JJ, Budaj A, Camm AJ, Dean V, Deckers JW, Despres C, Dickstein K, Lekakis J, McGregor K, Metra M, Morais J, Osterspey A, Tamargo JL, Zamorano JL. ACC/ AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2006;114:e257-e354. (Pubitemid 44252297)
34. Camm AJ, Kirchhof P, Lip GY, Schotten U, Savelieva I, Ernst S, Van Gelder IC, Al-Attar N, Hindricks G, Prendergast B, Heidbuchel H, Alfieri O, Angelini A, Atar D, Colonna P, De CR, De SJ, Goette A, Gorenek B, Heldal M, Hohloser SH, Kolh P, Le Heuzey JY, Ponikowski P, Rutten FH. Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2010;31:2369-2429.
35. Spertus J, Dorian P, Bubien R, Lewis S, Godejohn D, Reynolds MR, Lakkireddy DR, Wimmer AP, Bhandari A, Burk C. Development and validation of the Atrial Fibrillation Effect on QualiTy-of-Life (AFEQT) Questionnaire in patients with atrial fibrillation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2011;4:15-25.
36. Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Vaziri SM, D'Agostino RB, Belanger AJ, Wolf PA. Independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort: the Framingham Heart Study. JAMA. 1994;271:840-844.
37. Wang TJ, Parise H, Levy D, D'Agostino RB Sr, Wolf PA, Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ. Obesity and the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation. JAMA. 2004;292:2471-2477. (Pubitemid 39552671)
38. Dublin S, French B, Glazer NL, Wiggins KL, Lumley T, Psaty BM, Smith NL, Heckbert SR. Risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation in relation to body mass index. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:2322-2328. (Pubitemid 44833356)
39. Thomas MC, Dublin S, Kaplan RC, Glazer NL, Lumley T, Longstreth WT Jr, Smith NL, Psaty BM, Siscovick DS, Heckbert SR. Blood pressure control and risk of incident atrial fibrillation. Am J Hypertens. 2008;21:1111-1116.
40. Huxley RR, Lopez FL, Folsom AR, Agarwal SK, Loehr LR, Soliman EZ, Maclehose R, Konety S, Alonso A. Absolute and attributable risks of atrial fibrillation in relation to optimal and borderline risk factors: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Circulation. 2011; 123:1501-1508.
41. Feinberg WM, Blackshear JL, Laupacis A, Kronmal R, Hart RG. Prevalence, age distribution, and gender of patients with atrial fibrillation: analysis and implications. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:469-473.
42. US Population Projections, US Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/ population/www/projections/files/nation/summary/NP2009-T2-C.xls. Accessed September 28, 2011.
43. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, McDowell MA, Tabak CJ, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999-2004. JAMA. 2006;295:1549-1555.
44. Frost L, Hune LJ, Vestergaard P. Overweight and obesity as risk factors for atrial fibrillation or flutter: the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study. Am J Med. 2005;118:489-495. (Pubitemid 40615472)
45. Tsang TS, Barnes ME, Miyasaka Y, Cha SS, Bailey KR, Verzosa GC, Seward JB, Gersh BJ. Obesity as a risk factor for the progression of paroxysmal to permanent atrial fibrillation: a longitudinal cohort study of 21 years. Eur Heart J. 2008;9:2227-2233.
46. Gami AS, Pressman G, Caples SM, Kanagala R, Gard JJ, Davison DE, Malouf JF, Ammash NM, Friedman PA, Somers VK. Association of atrial fibrillation and obstructive sleep apnea. Circulation. 2004;110: 364-367. (Pubitemid 38993843)
47. Cappola AR, Fried LP, Arnold AM, Danese MD, Kuller LH, Burke GL, Tracy RP, Ladenson PW. Thyroid status, cardiovascular risk, and mortality in older adults. JAMA. 2006;295:1033-1041.
48. Sawin CT, Geller A, Wolf PA, Belanger AJ, Baker E, Bacharach P, Wilson PW, Benjamin EJ, D'Agostino RB. Low serum thyrotropin concentrations as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in older persons. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:1249-1252. (Pubitemid 24333188)
49. Frost L, Vestergaard P. Alcohol and risk of atrial fibrillation or flutter: a cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:1993-1998. (Pubitemid 39390555)
50. Conen D, Tedrow UB, Cook NR, Moorthy MV, Buring JE, Albert CM. Alcohol consumption and risk of incident atrial fibrillation in women. JAMA. 2008;300:2489-2496.
51. Kodama S, Saito K, Tanaka S, Horikawa C, Saito A, Heianza Y, Anasako Y, Nishigaki Y, Yachi Y, Iida KT, Ohashi Y, Yamada N, Sone H. Alcohol consumption and risk of atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:427-436.
52. Aizer A, Gaziano JM, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE, Albert CM. Relation of vigorous exercise to risk of atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2009;103:1572-1577.
53. Frost L, Frost P, Vestergaard P. Work related physical activity and risk of a hospital discharge diagnosis of atrial fibrillation or flutter: the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study. Occup Environ Med. 2005;62: 49-53. (Pubitemid 40069458)
54. Molina L, Mont L, Marrugat J, Berruezo A, Brugada J, Bruguera J, Rebato C, Elosua R. Long-term endurance sport practice increases the incidence of lone atrial fibrillation in men: a follow-up study. Europace. 2008;10:618-623. (Pubitemid 351775294)
55. Mont L, Sambola A, Brugada J, Vacca M, Marrugat J, Elosua R, Pare C, Azqueta M, Sanz G. Long-lasting sport practice and lone atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J. 2002;23:477-482. (Pubitemid 35204187)
56. Mozaffarian D, Furberg CD, Psaty BM, Siscovick D. Physical activity and incidence of atrial fibrillation in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation. 2008;118:800-807.
57. Patton KK, Ellinor PT, Heckbert SR, Christenson RH, DeFilippi C, Gottdiener JS, Kronmal RA. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide is a major predictor of the development of atrial fibrillation: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation. 2009;120:1768-1774.
58. Schnabel RB, Larson MG, Yamamoto JF, Sullivan LM, Pencina MJ, Meigs JB, Tofler GH, Selhub J, Jacques PF, Wolf PA, Magnani JW, Ellinor PT, Wang TJ, Levy D, Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ. Relations of biomarkers of distinct pathophysiological pathways and atrial fibrillation incidence in the community. Circulation. 2010;121:200-207.
59. Marcus GM, Whooley MA, Glidden DV, Pawlikowska L, Zaroff JG, Olgin JE. Interleukin-6 and atrial fibrillation in patients with coronary artery disease: data from the Heart and Soul Study. Am Heart J. 2008; 155:303-309.
60. Roldan V, Marin F, Blann AD, Garcia A, Marco P, Sogorb F, Lip GY. Interleukin-6, endothelial activation and thrombogenesis in chronic atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J. 2003;24:1373-1380. (Pubitemid 36917709)
61. Schnabel RB, Larson MG, Yamamoto JF, Kathiresan S, Rong J, Levy D, Keaney JF Jr, Wang TJ, Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ. Relation of multiple inflammatory biomarkers to incident atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104:92-96.
62. Bugnicourt JM, Rogez V, Guillaumont MP, Rogez JC, Canaple S, Godefroy O. Troponin levels help predict new-onset atrial fibrillation in ischaemic stroke patients: a retrospective study. Eur Neurol. 2010;63: 24-28.
63. Latini R, Masson S, Pirelli S, Barlera S, Pulitano G, Carbonieri E, Gulizia M, Vago T, Favero C, Zdunek D, Struck J, Staszewsky L, Maggioni AP, Franzosi MG, Disertori M. Circulating cardiovascular biomarkers in recurrent atrial fibrillation: data from the GISSI-atrial fibrillation trial. J Intern Med. 2011;269:160-171.
64. Pretorius M, Donahue BS, Yu C, Greelish JP, Roden DM, Brown NJ. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 as a predictor of postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiopulmonary bypass. Circulation. 2007;116(suppl): I-1-I-7. (Pubitemid 47480763)
65. Soliman EZ, Prineas RJ, Case LD, Zhang ZM, Goff DC Jr. Ethnic distribution of ECG predictors of atrial fibrillation and its impact on understanding the ethnic distribution of ischemic stroke in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Stroke. 2009;40: 1204-1211.
66. Magnani JW, Johnson VM, Sullivan LM, Gorodeski EZ, Schnabel RB, Lubitz SA, Levy D, Ellinor PT, Benjamin EJ. P wave duration and risk of longitudinal atrial fibrillation risk in persons -60 years old (from the Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol. 2011;107:917-921.
67. Magnani JW, Lopez FL, Soliman EZ, Maclehose RF, Crow RS, Alonso A. P Wave indices, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study [published online ahead of print April 7, 2011]. Obesity (Silver Spring). doi:10.1038/oby.2011.53.
68. Frustaci A, Chimenti C, Bellocci F, Morgante E, Russo MA, Maseri A. Histological substrate of atrial biopsies in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 1997;96:1180-1184. (Pubitemid 27344221)
69. Nattel S, Burstein B, Dobrev D. Atrial remodeling and atrial fibrillation: mechanisms and implications. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2008;1: 62-73.
70. Ohtani K, Yutani C, Nagata S, Koretsune Y, Hori M, Kamada T. High prevalence of atrial fibrosis in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25:1162-1169.
71. Chamberlain AM, Agarwal SK, Folsom AR, Soliman EZ, Chambless LE, Crow R, Ambrose M, Alonso A. A clinical risk score for atrial fibrillation in a biracial prospective cohort (from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities [ARIC] study). Am J Cardiol. 2011;107:85-91.
72. Vaziri SM, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, Levy D. Echocardiographic predictors of nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1994;89:724-730. (Pubitemid 24056200)
73. Schnabel RB, Sullivan LM, Levy D, Pencina MJ, Massaro JM, D'Agostino RB Sr, Newton-Cheh C, Yamamoto JF, Magnani JW, Tadros TM, Kannel WB, Wang TJ, Ellinor PT, Wolf PA, Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ. Development of a risk score for atrial fibrillation (Framingham Heart Study): a community-based cohort study. Lancet. 2009; 373:739-745.
74. Schnabel RB, Aspelund T, Li G, Sullivan LM, Suchy-Dicey A, Harris TB, Pencina MJ, D'Agostino RB Sr, Levy D, Kannel WB, Wang TJ, Kronmal RA, Wolf PA, Burke GL, Launer LJ, Vasan RS, Psaty BM, Benjamin EJ, Gudnason V, Heckbert SR. Validation of an atrial fibrillation risk algorithm in whites and African Americans. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:1909-1917.
75. Smith SC Jr, Clark LT, Cooper RS, Daniels SR, Kumanyika SK, Ofili E, Quinones MA, Sanchez EJ, Saunders E, Tiukinhoy SD. Discovering the full spectrum of cardiovascular disease: Minority Health Summit 2003: report of the Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Hypertension Writing Group. Circulation. 2005;111:e134-e139.
76. Psaty BM, Manolio TA, Kuller LH, Kronmal RA, Cushman M, Fried LP, White R, Furberg CD, Rautaharju PM. Incidence of and risk factors for atrial fibrillation in older adults. Circulation. 1997;96:2455-2461. (Pubitemid 27425856)
77. Alonso A, Agarwal SK, Soliman EZ, Ambrose M, Chamberlain AM, Prineas RJ, Folsom AR. Incidence of atrial fibrillation in whites and African-Americans: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Am Heart J. 2009;158:111-117.
78. Soliman EZ, Goff DC Jr. Paradox of racial distribution of atrial fibrillation. J Natl Med Assoc. 2008;100:447-448. (Pubitemid 351556509)
79. Marcus GM, Olgin JE, Whooley M, Vittinghoff E, Stone KL, Mehra R, Hulley SB, Schiller NB. Racial differences in atrial fibrillation prevalence and left atrial size. Am J Med. 2010;123:375-377.
80. Magnani JW, Gorodeski EZ, Johnson VM, Sullivan LM, Hamburg NM, Benjamin EJ, Ellinor PT. P wave duration is associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality outcomes: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Heart Rhythm. 2011;8:93-100.
81. Marcus GM, Alonso A, Peralta CA, Lettre G, Vittinghoff E, Lubitz SA, Fox ER, Levitzky YS, Mehra R, Kerr KF, Deo R, Sotoodehnia N, Akylbekova M, Ellinor PT, Paltoo DN, Soliman EZ, Benjamin EJ, Heckbert SR. European ancestry as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in African Americans. Circulation. 2010;122:2009-2015.
82. Hlatky MA, Greenland P, Arnett DK, Ballantyne CM, Criqui MH, Elkind MS, Go AS, Harrell FE Jr, Hong Y, Howard BV, Howard VJ, Hsue PY, Kramer CM, McConnell JP, Normand SL, O'Donnell CJ, Smith SC Jr, Wilson PW. Criteria for evaluation of novel markers of cardiovascular risk: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2009;119:2408-2416.
83. Gronroos NN, Alonso A. Diet and risk of atrial fibrillation: epidemiologic and clinical evidence. Circ J. 2010;74:2029-2038.
84. Mozaffarian D, Psaty BM, Rimm EB, Lemaitre RN, Burke GL, Lyles MF, Lefkowitz D, Siscovick DS. Fish intake and risk of incident atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2004;110:368-373. (Pubitemid 38993844)
85. Shen J, Johnson VM, Sullivan LM, Jacques PF, Magnani JW, Lubitz SA, Pandey S, Levy D, Vasan RS, Quatromoni PA, Junyent M, Ordovas JM, Benjamin EJ. Dietary factors and incident atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93:261-266.
86. Wolff L. Familial auricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 1943;229: 396-398.
87. Brugada R, Tapscott T, Czernuszewicz GZ, Marian AJ, Iglesias A, Mont L, Brugada J, Girona J, Domingo A, Bachinski LL, Roberts R. Identification of a genetic locus for familial atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:905-911. (Pubitemid 27137190)
88. Chen YH, Xu SJ, Bendahhou S, Wang XL, Wang Y, Xu WY, Jin HW, Sun H, Su XY, Zhuang QN, Yang YQ, Li YB, Liu Y, Xu HJ, Li XF, Ma N, Mou CP, Chen Z, Barhanin J, Huang W. KCNQ1 gain-of-function mutation in familial atrial fibrillation. Science. 2003;299:251-254. (Pubitemid 36125211)
89. Yang Y, Xia M, Jin Q, Bendahhou S, Shi J, Chen Y, Liang B, Lin J, Liu Y, Liu B, Zhou Q, Zhang D, Wang R, Ma N, Su X, Niu K, Pei Y, Xu W, Chen Z, Wan H, Cui J, Barhanin J, Chen Y. Identification of a KCNE2 gain-of-function mutation in patients with familial atrial fibrillation. Am J Hum Genet. 2004;75:899-905. (Pubitemid 39390498)
90. Xia M, Jin Q, Bendahhou S, He Y, Larroque MM, Chen Y, Zhou Q, Yang Y, Liu Y, Liu B, Zhu Q, Zhou Y, Lin J, Liang B, Li L, Dong X, Pan Z, Wang R, Wan H, Qiu W, Xu W, Eurlings P, Barhanin J, Chen Y. A Kir2.1 gain-of-function mutation underlies familial atrial fibrillation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005;332:1012-1019. (Pubitemid 40798187)
91. Otway R, Vandenberg JI, Guo G, Varghese A, Castro ML, Liu J, Zhao J, Bursill JA, Wyse KR, Crotty H, Baddeley O, Walker B, Kuchar D, Thorburn C, Fatkin D. Stretch-sensitive KCNQ1 mutation: a link between genetic and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:578-586. (Pubitemid 46177442)
92. Olson TM, Alekseev AE, Liu XK, Park S, Zingman LV, Bienengraeber M, Sattiraju S, Ballew JD, Jahangir A, Terzic A. Kv1.5 channelopathy due to KCNA5 loss-of-function mutation causes human atrial fibrillation. Hum Mol Genet. 2006;15:2185-2191. (Pubitemid 43985509)
93. Hong K, Bjerregaard P, Gussak I, Brugada R. Short QT syndrome and atrial fibrillation caused by mutation in KCNH2. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2005;16:394-396.
94. Chen LY, Ballew JD, Herron KJ, Rodeheffer RJ, Olson TM. A common polymorphism in SCN5A is associated with lone atrial fibrillation. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007;81:35-41. (Pubitemid 46050865)
95. Darbar D, Kannankeril PJ, Donahue BS, Kucera G, Stubblefield T, Haines JL, George AL Jr, Roden DM. Cardiac sodium channel (SCN5A) variants associated with atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2008;117: 1927-1935. (Pubitemid 351543468)
96. Makiyama T, Akao M, Shizuta S, Doi T, Nishiyama K, Oka Y, Ohno S, Nishio Y, Tsuji K, Itoh H, Kimura T, Kita T, Horie M. A novel SCN5A gain-of-function mutation M1875T associated with familial atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:1326-1334.
97. Gollob MH, Jones DL, Krahn AD, Danis L, Gong XQ, Shao Q, Liu X, Veinot JP, Tang AS, Stewart AF, Tesson F, Klein GJ, Yee R, Skanes AC, Guiraudon GM, Ebihara L, Bai D. Somatic mutations in the connexin 40 gene (GJA5) in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2006;354: 2677-2688.
98. Hodgson-Zingman DM, Karst ML, Zingman LV, Heublein DM, Darbar D, Herron KJ, Ballew JD, de Andrade M, Burnett JC Jr, Olson TM. Atrial natriuretic peptide frameshift mutation in familial atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:158-165. (Pubitemid 351962039)
99. Ellinor PT, Moore RK, Patton KK, Ruskin JN, Pollak MR, MacRae CA. Mutations in the long QT gene, KCNQ1, are an uncommon cause of atrial fibrillation. Heart. 2004;90:1487-1488. (Pubitemid 39626338)
100. Ellinor PT, Petrov-Kondratov VI, Zakharova E, Nam EG, MacRae CA. Potassium channel gene mutations rarely cause atrial fibrillation. BMC Med Genet. 2006;7:70.
101. Fox CS, Parise H, D'Agostino RB Sr, Lloyd-Jones DM, Vasan RS, Wang TJ, Levy D, Wolf PA, Benjamin EJ. Parental atrial fibrillation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in offspring. JAMA. 2004;291: 2851-2855. (Pubitemid 38747806)
102. Lubitz SA, Yin X, Fontes JD, Magnani JW, Rienstra M, Pai M, Villalon ML, Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, Levy D, Larson MG, Ellinor PT, Benjamin EJ. Association between familial atrial fibrillation and risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation. JAMA. 2010;304:2263-2269.
103. Arnar DO, Thorvaldsson S, Manolio TA, Thorgeirsson G, Kristjansson K, Hakonarson H, Stefansson K. Familial aggregation of atrial fibrillation in Iceland. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:708-712.
104. Christophersen IE, Ravn LS, Budtz-Joergensen E, Skytthe A, Haunsoe S, Svendsen JH, Christensen K. Familial aggregation of atrial fibrillation: a study in Danish twins. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2009;2: 378-383.
105. Benjamin EJ, Rice KM, Arking DE, Pfeufer A, van NC, Smith AV, Schnabel RB, Bis JC, Boerwinkle E, Sinner MF, Dehghan A, Lubitz SA, D'Agostino RB Sr, Lumley T, Ehret GB, Heeringa J, Aspelund T, Newton-Cheh C, Larson MG, Marciante KD, Soliman EZ, Rivadeneira F, Wang TJ, Eiriksdottir G, Levy D, Psaty BM, Li M, Chamberlain AM, Hofman A, Vasan RS, Harris TB, Rotter JI, Kao WH, Agarwal SK, Stricker BH, Wang K, Launer LJ, Smith NL, Chakravarti A, Uitterlinden AG, Wolf PA, Sotoodehnia N, Kottgen A, van Duijn CM, Meitinger T, Mueller M, Perz S, Steinbeck G, Wichmann HE, Lunetta KL, Heckbert SR, Gudnason V, Alonso A, Kaab S, Ellinor PT, Witteman JC. Variants in ZFHX3 are associated with atrial fibrillation in individuals of European ancestry. Nat Genet. 2009;41:879-881.
106. Ellinor PT, Lunetta KL, Glazer NL, Pfeufer A, Alonso A, Chung MK, Sinner MF, de Bakker PI, Mueller M, Lubitz SA, Fox E, Darbar D, Smith NL, Smith JD, Schnabel RB, Soliman EZ, Rice KM, Van Wagoner DR, Beckmann BM, van NC, Wang K, Ehret GB, Rotter JI, Hazen SL, Steinbeck G, Smith AV, Launer LJ, Harris TB, Makino S, Nelis M, Milan DJ, Perz S, Esko T, Kottgen A, Moebus S, Newton-Cheh C, Li M, Mohlenkamp S, Wang TJ, Kao WH, Vasan RS, Nothen MM, MacRae CA, Stricker BH, Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, Levy D, Boerwinkle E, Metspalu A, Topol EJ, Chakravarti A, Gudnason V, Psaty BM, Roden DM, Meitinger T, Wichmann HE, Witteman JC, Barnard J, Arking DE, Benjamin EJ, Heckbert SR, Kaab S. Common variants in KCNN3 are associated with lone atrial fibrillation. Nat Genet. 2010;42: 240-244.
107. Gudbjartsson DF, Arnar DO, Helgadottir A, Gretarsdottir S, Holm H, Sigurdsson A, Jonasdottir A, Baker A, Thorleifsson G, Kristjansson K, Palsson A, Blondal T, Sulem P, Backman VM, Hardarson GA, Palsdottir E, Helgason A, Sigurjonsdottir R, Sverrisson JT, Kostulas K, Ng MC, Baum L, So WY, Wong KS, Chan JC, Furie KL, Greenberg SM, Sale M, Kelly P, MacRae CA, Smith EE, Rosand J, Hillert J, Ma RC, Ellinor PT, Thorgeirsson G, Gulcher JR, Kong A, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K. Variants conferring risk of atrial fibrillation on chromosome 4q25. Nature. 2007;448:353-357. (Pubitemid 47080348)
108. Gudbjartsson DF, Holm H, Gretarsdottir S, Thorleifsson G, Walters GB, Thorgeirsson G, Gulcher J, Mathiesen EB, Njolstad I, Nyrnes A, Wilsgaard T, Hald EM, Hveem K, Stoltenberg C, Kucera G, Stubblefield T, Carter S, Roden D, Ng MC, Baum L, So WY, Wong KS, Chan JC, Gieger C, Wichmann HE, Gschwendtner A, Dichgans M, Kuhlenbaumer G, Berger K, Ringelstein EB, Bevan S, Markus HS, Kostulas K, Hillert J, Sveinbjornsdottir S, Valdimarsson EM, Lochen ML, Ma RC, Darbar D, Kong A, Arnar DO, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K. A sequence variant in ZFHX3 on 16q22 associates with atrial fibrillation and ischemic stroke. Nat Genet. 2009;41:876-878.
109. Kaab S, Darbar D, van NC, Dupuis J, Pfeufer A, Newton-Cheh C, Schnabel R, Makino S, Sinner MF, Kannankeril PJ, Beckmann BM, Choudry S, Donahue BS, Heeringa J, Perz S, Lunetta KL, Larson MG, Levy D, MacRae CA, Ruskin JN, Wacker A, Schomig A, Wichmann HE, Steinbeck G, Meitinger T, Uitterlinden AG, Witteman JC, Roden DM, Benjamin EJ, Ellinor PT. Large scale replication and meta-analysis of variants on chromosome 4q25 associated with atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:813-819.
110. Mommersteeg MT, Hoogaars WM, Prall OW, Gier-de Vries C, Wiese C, Clout DE, Papaioannou VE, Brown NA, Harvey RP, Moorman AF, Christoffels VM. Molecular pathway for the localized formation of the sinoatrial node. Circ Res. 2007;100:354-362.
111. Mommersteeg MT, Brown NA, Prall OW, Gier-de Vries C, Harvey RP, Moorman AF, Christoffels VM. Pitx2c and Nkx2-5 are required for the formation and identity of the pulmonary myocardium. Circ Res. 2007; 101:902-909. (Pubitemid 350287177)
112. Wang J, Klysik E, Sood S, Johnson RL, Wehrens XH, Martin JF. Pitx2 prevents susceptibility to atrial arrhythmias by inhibiting left-sided pacemaker specification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107: 9753-9758.
113. Kirchhof P, Kahr PC, Kaese S, Piccini I, Vokshi I, Scheld HH, Rotering H, Fortmueller L, Laakmann S, Verheule S, Schotten U, Fabritz L, Brown NA. PITX2c is expressed in the adult left atrium, and reducing Pitx2c expression promotes atrial fibrillation inducibility and complex changes in gene expression. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2011;4:123-133.
114. Ido A, Miura Y, Watanabe M, Sakai M, Inoue Y, Miki T, Hashimoto T, Morinaga T, Nishi S, Tamaoki T. Cloning of the cDNA encoding the mouse ATBF1 transcription factor. Gene. 1996;168:227-231. (Pubitemid 26064881)
115. Kohler M, Hirschberg B, Bond CT, Kinzie JM, Marrion NV, Maylie J, Adelman JP. Small-conductance, calcium-activated potassium channels from mammalian brain. Science. 1996;273:1709-1714. (Pubitemid 26317786)
116. Tuteja D, Xu D, Timofeyev V, Lu L, Sharma D, Zhang Z, Xu Y, Nie L, Vazquez AE, Young JN, Glatter KA, Chiamvimonvat N. Differential expression of small-conductance Ca2-activated K channels SK1, SK2, and SK3 in mouse atrial and ventricular myocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005;289:H2714-H2723. (Pubitemid 41698589)
117. Tuteja D, Rafizadeh S, Timofeyev V, Wang S, Zhang Z, Li N, Mateo RK, Singapuri A, Young JN, Knowlton AA, Chiamvimonvat N. Cardiac small conductance Ca2>-activated K> channel subunits form heteromultimers via the coiled-coil domains in the C termini of the channels. Circ Res. 2010;107:851-859.
118. Xu Y, Tuteja D, Zhang Z, Xu D, Zhang Y, Rodriguez J, Nie L, Tuxson HR, Young JN, Glatter KA, Vazquez AE, Yamoah EN, Chiamvimonvat N. Molecular identification and functional roles of a Ca(2>)-activated K> channel in human and mouse hearts. J Biol Chem. 2003;278: 49085-49094.
119. Li N, Timofeyev V, Tuteja D, Xu D, Lu L, Zhang Q, Zhang Z, Singapuri A, Albert TR, Rajagopal AV, Bond CT, Periasamy M, Adelman J, Chiamvimonvat N. Ablation of a Ca2-activated K channel (SK2 channel) results in action potential prolongation in atrial myocytes and atrial fibrillation. J Physiol. 2009;587:1087-1100.
120. Krzywinski M, Schein J, Birol I, Connors J, Gascoyne R, Horsman D, Jones SJ, Marra MA. Circos: an information aesthetic for comparative genomics. Genome Res. 2009;19:1639-1645.
121. Manolio TA, Collins FS, Cox NJ, Goldstein DB, Hindorff LA, Hunter DJ, McCarthy MI, Ramos EM, Cardon LR, Chakravarti A, Cho JH, Guttmacher AE, Kong A, Kruglyak L, Mardis E, Rotimi CN, Slatkin M, Valle D, Whittemore AS, Boehnke M, Clark AG, Eichler EE, Gibson G, Haines JL, Mackay TF, McCarroll SA, Visscher PM. Finding the missing heritability of complex diseases. Nature. 2009;461:747-753.
122. Sinner MF, Ellinor PT, Meitinger T, Benjamin EJ, Kaab S. Genome-wide association studies of atrial fibrillation: past, present, and future. Cardiovasc Res. 2011;89:701-709.
123. Scherer SW, Lee C, Birney E, Altshuler DM, Eichler EE, Carter NP, Hurles ME, Feuk L. Challenges and standards in integrating surveys of structural variation. Nat Genet. 2007;39:S7-S15. (Pubitemid 47014477)
124. Feuk L, Carson AR, Scherer SW. Structural variation in the human genome. Nat Rev Genet. 2006;7:85-97. (Pubitemid 43128895)
125. Baccarelli A, Rienstra M, Benjamin EJ. Cardiovascular epigenetics: basic concepts and results from animal and human studies. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2010;3:567-573.
126. Barth AS, Merk S, Arnoldi E, Zwermann L, Kloos P, Gebauer M, Steinmeyer K, Bleich M, Kaab S, Hinterseer M, Kartmann H, Kreuzer E, Dugas M, Steinbeck G, Nabauer M. Reprogramming of the human atrial transcriptome in permanent atrial fibrillation: expression of a ventricular-like genomic signature. Circ Res. 2005;96:1022-1029. (Pubitemid 40712803)
127. Mayr M, Yusuf S, Weir G, Chung YL, Mayr U, Yin X, Ladroue C, Madhu B, Roberts N, De Souza A, Fredericks S, Stubbs M, Griffiths JR, Jahangiri M, Xu Q, Camm AJ. Combined metabolomic and proteomic analysis of human atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51: 585-594.
128. Wang Z, Lu Y, Yang B. MicroRNAs and atrial fibrillation: new fundamentals. Cardiovasc Res. 2011;89:710-721.
129. Lu Y, Zhang Y, Wang N, Pan Z, Gao X, Zhang F, Zhang Y, Shan H, Luo X, Bai Y, Sun L, Song W, Xu C, Wang Z, Yang B. MicroRNA-328 contributes to adverse electrical remodeling in atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2010;122:2378-2387.
130. Girmatsion Z, Biliczki P, Bonauer A, Wimmer-Greinecker G, Scherer M, Moritz A, Bukowska A, Goette A, Nattel S, Hohnloser SH, Ehrlich JR. Changes in microRNA-1 expression and IK1 up-regulation in human atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm. 2009;6:1802-1809.
131. Luo X, Zhang H, Xiao J, Wang Z. Regulation of human cardiac ion channel genes by microRNAs: theoretical perspective and pathophysiological implications. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2010;25:571-586.
132. Loscalzo J, Kohane I, Barabasi AL. Human disease classification in the postgenomic era: a complex systems approach to human pathobiology. Mol Syst Biol. 2007;3:124.
133. Bodmer W, Bonilla C. Common and rare variants in multifactorial susceptibility to common diseases. Nat Genet. 2008;40:695-701. (Pubitemid 351748875)
134. Freimer NB, Sabatti C. Human genetics: variants in common diseases. Nature. 2007;445:828-830.
135. Askland K, Read C, Moore J. Pathways-based analyses of wholegenome association study data in bipolar disorder reveal genes mediating ion channel activity and synaptic neurotransmission. Hum Genet. 2009;125:63-79.
136. Pereira-Leal JB, Enright AJ, Ouzounis CA. Detection of functional modules from protein interaction networks. Proteins. 2004;54:49-57. (Pubitemid 38036914)
137. Spirin V, Mirny LA. Protein complexes and functional modules in molecular networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:12123-12128. (Pubitemid 37271525)
138. Snel B, Bork P, Huynen MA. The identification of functional modules from the genomic association of genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99:5890-5895. (Pubitemid 34493235)
139. Jeong H, Tombor B, Albert R, Oltvai ZN, Barabasi AL. The large-scale organization of metabolic networks. Nature. 2000;407:651-654.
140. Lusis AJ, Weiss JN. Cardiovascular networks: systems-based approaches to cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2010;121:157-170.
141. Barabasi AL, Gulbahce N, Loscalzo J. Network medicine: a network-based approach to human disease. Nat Rev Genet. 2011;12: 56-68.
142. Kitano H. Systems biology: a brief overview. Science. 2002;295: 1662-1664. (Pubitemid 34202893)
143. Kohl P, Crampin EJ, Quinn TA, Noble D. Systems biology: an approach. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010;88:25-33.