메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 6, Issue 10, 2011, Pages

Multi-locus analysis reveals a different pattern of genetic diversity for mitochondrial and nuclear DNA between wild and domestic pigs in East Asia

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CELL NUCLEUS DNA; MITOCHONDRIAL DNA;

EID: 80055105920     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026416     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (14)

References (64)
  • 7
    • 3042595170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selection versus demography: a multilocus investigation of the domestication process in maize
    • Tenaillon MI, U'Ren J, Tenaillon O, Gaut BS, (2004) Selection versus demography: a multilocus investigation of the domestication process in maize. Mol Biol Evol 21: 1214-1225.
    • (2004) Mol Biol Evol , vol.21 , pp. 1214-1225
    • Tenaillon, M.I.1    U'Ren, J.2    Tenaillon, O.3    Gaut, B.S.4
  • 8
    • 0030880972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seed banks and molecular maps: unlocking genetic potential from the wild
    • Tanksley SD, McCouch SR, (1997) Seed banks and molecular maps: unlocking genetic potential from the wild. Science 277: 1063-1066.
    • (1997) Science , vol.277 , pp. 1063-1066
    • Tanksley, S.D.1    McCouch, S.R.2
  • 10
    • 20144362963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Worldwide phylogeography of wild boar reveals multiple centers of pig domestication
    • Larson G, Dobney K, Albarella U, Fang M, Matisoo-Smith E, et al. (2005) Worldwide phylogeography of wild boar reveals multiple centers of pig domestication. Science 307: 1618-1621.
    • (2005) Science , vol.307 , pp. 1618-1621
    • Larson, G.1    Dobney, K.2    Albarella, U.3    Fang, M.4    Matisoo-Smith, E.5
  • 11
    • 0034117004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The origin of the domestic pig: independent domestication and subsequent introgression
    • Giuffra E, Kijas JM, Amarger V, Carlborg O, Jeon JT, et al. (2000) The origin of the domestic pig: independent domestication and subsequent introgression. Genetics 154: 1785-1791.
    • (2000) Genetics , vol.154 , pp. 1785-1791
    • Giuffra, E.1    Kijas, J.M.2    Amarger, V.3    Carlborg, O.4    Jeon, J.T.5
  • 12
    • 0035023792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A phylogenetic study of the origin of the domestic pig estimated from the near-complete mtDNA genome
    • Kijas JM, Andersson L, (2001) A phylogenetic study of the origin of the domestic pig estimated from the near-complete mtDNA genome. J Mol Evol 52: 302-308.
    • (2001) J Mol Evol , vol.52 , pp. 302-308
    • Kijas, J.M.1    Andersson, L.2
  • 13
    • 33751221328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent Southeast Asian domestication and Lapita dispersal of sacred male pseudohermaphroditic "tuskers" and hairless pigs of Vanuatu
    • Lum JK, McIntyre JK, Greger DL, Huffman KW, Vilar MG, (2006) Recent Southeast Asian domestication and Lapita dispersal of sacred male pseudohermaphroditic "tuskers" and hairless pigs of Vanuatu. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103: 17190-17195.
    • (2006) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.103 , pp. 17190-17195
    • Lum, J.K.1    McIntyre, J.K.2    Greger, D.L.3    Huffman, K.W.4    Vilar, M.G.5
  • 14
    • 46649120888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population phylogenomic analysis of mitochondrial DNA in wild boars and domestic pigs revealed multiple domestication events in East Asia
    • Wu GS, Yao YG, Qu KX, Ding ZL, Li H, et al. (2007) Population phylogenomic analysis of mitochondrial DNA in wild boars and domestic pigs revealed multiple domestication events in East Asia. Genome Biol 8: R245.
    • (2007) Genome Biol , vol.8
    • Wu, G.S.1    Yao, Y.G.2    Qu, K.X.3    Ding, Z.L.4    Li, H.5
  • 16
    • 68949202339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrating Y-chromosome, mitochondrial, and autosomal data to analyze the origin of pig breeds
    • Ramirez O, Ojeda A, Tomas A, Gallardo D, Huang LS, et al. (2009) Integrating Y-chromosome, mitochondrial, and autosomal data to analyze the origin of pig breeds. Mol Biol Evol 26: 2061-2072.
    • (2009) Mol Biol Evol , vol.26 , pp. 2061-2072
    • Ramirez, O.1    Ojeda, A.2    Tomas, A.3    Gallardo, D.4    Huang, L.S.5
  • 17
    • 77952366354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of East Asian pig domestication, migration, and turnover revealed by modern and ancient DNA
    • Larson G, Liu R, Zhao X, Yuan J, Fuller D, et al. (2010) Patterns of East Asian pig domestication, migration, and turnover revealed by modern and ancient DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107: 7686-7691.
    • (2010) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.107 , pp. 7686-7691
    • Larson, G.1    Liu, R.2    Zhao, X.3    Yuan, J.4    Fuller, D.5
  • 18
    • 59249105970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contrasting mode of evolution at a coat color locus in wild and domestic pigs
    • Fang M, Larson G, Ribeiro HS, Li N, Andersson L, (2009) Contrasting mode of evolution at a coat color locus in wild and domestic pigs. PLoS Genet 5: e1000341.
    • (2009) PLoS Genet , vol.5
    • Fang, M.1    Larson, G.2    Ribeiro, H.S.3    Li, N.4    Andersson, L.5
  • 19
    • 77955921037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Artificial selection of the melanocortin receptor 1 gene in Chinese domestic pigs during domestication
    • Li J, Yang H, Li JR, Li HP, Ning T, et al. (2010) Artificial selection of the melanocortin receptor 1 gene in Chinese domestic pigs during domestication. Heredity.
    • (2010) Heredity
    • Li, J.1    Yang, H.2    Li, J.R.3    Li, H.P.4    Ning, T.5
  • 20
    • 34147113272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A single IGF1 allele is a major determinant of small size in dogs
    • Sutter NB, Bustamante CD, Chase K, Gray MM, Zhao K, et al. (2007) A single IGF1 allele is a major determinant of small size in dogs. Science 316: 112-115.
    • (2007) Science , vol.316 , pp. 112-115
    • Sutter, N.B.1    Bustamante, C.D.2    Chase, K.3    Gray, M.M.4    Zhao, K.5
  • 21
    • 1642514950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pattern of diversity in the genomic region near the maize domestication gene tb1
    • Clark RM, Linton E, Messing J, Doebley JF, (2004) Pattern of diversity in the genomic region near the maize domestication gene tb1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101: 700-707.
    • (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.101 , pp. 700-707
    • Clark, R.M.1    Linton, E.2    Messing, J.3    Doebley, J.F.4
  • 23
    • 33845782399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unexpected high polymorphism at FABP4 gene unveils a complex history for pig populations
    • Ojeda A, Rozas J, Folch JM, Perez-Enciso M, (2006) Unexpected high polymorphism at FABP4 gene unveils a complex history for pig populations. Genetics 174: 2119-2127.
    • (2006) Genetics , vol.174 , pp. 2119-2127
    • Ojeda, A.1    Rozas, J.2    Folch, J.M.3    Perez-Enciso, M.4
  • 24
    • 45149116551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selection in the making: A Worldwide Survey of Haplotypic Diversity around a Causative Mutation in Porcine IGF2
    • Ojeda A, Wang L, Ren J, Angiolillo A, Cho IC, et al. (2008) Selection in the making: A Worldwide Survey of Haplotypic Diversity around a Causative Mutation in Porcine IGF2. Genetics 178: 1639-1652.
    • (2008) Genetics , vol.178 , pp. 1639-1652
    • Ojeda, A.1    Wang, L.2    Ren, J.3    Angiolillo, A.4    Cho, I.C.5
  • 25
    • 52449125872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nucleotide variability and linkage disequilibrium patterns at the porcine FABP5 gene
    • Ojeda A, Estelle J, Folch JM, Perez-Enciso M, (2008) Nucleotide variability and linkage disequilibrium patterns at the porcine FABP5 gene. Anim Genet 39: 468-473.
    • (2008) Anim Genet , vol.39 , pp. 468-473
    • Ojeda, A.1    Estelle, J.2    Folch, J.M.3    Perez-Enciso, M.4
  • 26
    • 41249102825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ancient vs. recent processes as factors shaping the genetic variation of the European wild boar: are the effects of the last glaciation still detectable?
    • Scandura M, Iacolina L, Crestanello B, Pecchioli E, Di Benedetto MF, et al. (2008) Ancient vs. recent processes as factors shaping the genetic variation of the European wild boar: are the effects of the last glaciation still detectable? Mol Ecol 17: 1745-1762.
    • (2008) Mol Ecol , vol.17 , pp. 1745-1762
    • Scandura, M.1    Iacolina, L.2    Crestanello, B.3    Pecchioli, E.4    Di Benedetto, M.F.5
  • 28
    • 33747389021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial diversity in European and Chinese pigs is consistent with population expansions that occurred prior to domestication
    • Fang M, Andersson L, (2006) Mitochondrial diversity in European and Chinese pigs is consistent with population expansions that occurred prior to domestication. Proc Biol Sci 273: 1803-1810.
    • (2006) Proc Biol Sci , vol.273 , pp. 1803-1810
    • Fang, M.1    Andersson, L.2
  • 29
    • 0023076978 scopus 로고
    • Isolation and characterization of the porcine growth hormone gene
    • Vize PD, Wells JR, (1987) Isolation and characterization of the porcine growth hormone gene. Gene 55: 339-344.
    • (1987) Gene , vol.55 , pp. 339-344
    • Vize, P.D.1    Wells, J.R.2
  • 30
    • 0023743888 scopus 로고
    • Molecular genetics of the apolipoprotein B gene in pigs in relation to atherosclerosis
    • Maeda N, Ebert DL, Doers TM, Newman M, Hasler-Rapacz J, et al. (1988) Molecular genetics of the apolipoprotein B gene in pigs in relation to atherosclerosis. Gene 70: 213-229.
    • (1988) Gene , vol.70 , pp. 213-229
    • Maeda, N.1    Ebert, D.L.2    Doers, T.M.3    Newman, M.4    Hasler-Rapacz, J.5
  • 31
    • 0028484008 scopus 로고
    • Expression pattern, genomic cloning and RFLP analyses of the swine PIT-1 gene
    • Yu TP, Schmitz CB, Rothschild MF, Tuggle CK, (1994) Expression pattern, genomic cloning and RFLP analyses of the swine PIT-1 gene. Anim Genet 25: 229-233.
    • (1994) Anim Genet , vol.25 , pp. 229-233
    • Yu, T.P.1    Schmitz, C.B.2    Rothschild, M.F.3    Tuggle, C.K.4
  • 33
    • 0031259521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation, characterization and chromosomal localization of the porcine ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) gene
    • Weaks RL, Ramsoondar JJ, Gallagher DS Jr, Nogues C, Piedrahita JA, (1997) Isolation, characterization and chromosomal localization of the porcine ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) gene. Anim Genet 28: 354-357.
    • (1997) Anim Genet , vol.28 , pp. 354-357
    • Weaks, R.L.1    Ramsoondar, J.J.2    Gallagher Jr., D.S.3    Nogues, C.4    Piedrahita, J.A.5
  • 35
    • 0036802042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linkage and radiation hybrid mapping of the porcine calsequestrin 1 (CASQ1) gene to chromosome 4q
    • Knoll A, Stratil A, Reiner G, Peelman LJ, Van Poucke M, et al. (2002) Linkage and radiation hybrid mapping of the porcine calsequestrin 1 (CASQ1) gene to chromosome 4q. Anim Genet 33: 390-392.
    • (2002) Anim Genet , vol.33 , pp. 390-392
    • Knoll, A.1    Stratil, A.2    Reiner, G.3    Peelman, L.J.4    van Poucke, M.5
  • 36
    • 0037386157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marker polymorphisms in the porcine genes for muscle glycogen synthase (GYS1) and muscle glycogen phosphorylase (PYGM)
    • te Pas MF, Leenhouwers JI, Knol EF, Booij M, Priem J, et al. (2003) Marker polymorphisms in the porcine genes for muscle glycogen synthase (GYS1) and muscle glycogen phosphorylase (PYGM). Anim Genet 34: 157-158.
    • (2003) Anim Genet , vol.34 , pp. 157-158
    • te Pas, M.F.1    Leenhouwers, J.I.2    Knol, E.F.3    Booij, M.4    Priem, J.5
  • 37
    • 33748078476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The uncoupling protein 1 gene (UCP1) is disrupted in the pig lineage: a genetic explanation for poor thermoregulation in piglets
    • Berg F, Gustafson U, Andersson L, (2006) The uncoupling protein 1 gene (UCP1) is disrupted in the pig lineage: a genetic explanation for poor thermoregulation in piglets. PLoS Genet 2: e129.
    • (2006) PLoS Genet , vol.2
    • Berg, F.1    Gustafson, U.2    Andersson, L.3
  • 38
    • 0017148259 scopus 로고
    • A general method for isolation of high molecular weight DNA from eukaryotes
    • Blin N, Stafford DW, (1976) A general method for isolation of high molecular weight DNA from eukaryotes. Nucleic Acids Res 3: 2303-2308.
    • (1976) Nucleic Acids Res , vol.3 , pp. 2303-2308
    • Blin, N.1    Stafford, D.W.2
  • 39
    • 0347361674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling linkage disequilibrium and identifying recombination hotspots using single-nucleotide polymorphism data
    • Li N, Stephens M, (2003) Modeling linkage disequilibrium and identifying recombination hotspots using single-nucleotide polymorphism data. Genetics 165: 2213-2233.
    • (2003) Genetics , vol.165 , pp. 2213-2233
    • Li, N.1    Stephens, M.2
  • 40
    • 0027968068 scopus 로고
    • CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice
    • Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ, (1994) CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res 22: 4673-4680.
    • (1994) Nucleic Acids Res , vol.22 , pp. 4673-4680
    • Thompson, J.D.1    Higgins, D.G.2    Gibson, T.J.3
  • 41
    • 0002051540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT
    • Hall TA, (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucl Acids Symp Ser 41: 95-98.
    • (1999) Nucl Acids Symp Ser , vol.41 , pp. 95-98
    • Hall, T.A.1
  • 42
    • 0034118493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data
    • Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Donnelly P, (2000) Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155: 945-959.
    • (2000) Genetics , vol.155 , pp. 945-959
    • Pritchard, J.K.1    Stephens, M.2    Donnelly, P.3
  • 43
    • 21244479740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study
    • Evanno G, Regnaut S, Goudet J, (2005) Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study. Mol Ecol 14: 2611-2620.
    • (2005) Mol Ecol , vol.14 , pp. 2611-2620
    • Evanno, G.1    Regnaut, S.2    Goudet, J.3
  • 44
    • 0032900678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies
    • Bandelt HJ, Forster P, Rohl A, (1999) Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies. Mol Biol Evol 16: 37-48.
    • (1999) Mol Biol Evol , vol.16 , pp. 37-48
    • Bandelt, H.J.1    Forster, P.2    Rohl, A.3
  • 45
    • 0026681074 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data
    • Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM, (1992) Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics 131: 479-491.
    • (1992) Genetics , vol.131 , pp. 479-491
    • Excoffier, L.1    Smouse, P.E.2    Quattro, J.M.3
  • 46
    • 85007110786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arlequin (version 3.0): an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis
    • Excoffier L, Laval G, Schneider S, (2005) Arlequin (version 3.0): an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evol Bioinform Online 1: 47-50.
    • (2005) Evol Bioinform Online , vol.1 , pp. 47-50
    • Excoffier, L.1    Laval, G.2    Schneider, S.3
  • 47
    • 0021066244 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary relationship of DNA sequences in finite populations
    • Tajima F, (1983) Evolutionary relationship of DNA sequences in finite populations. Genetics 105: 437-460.
    • (1983) Genetics , vol.105 , pp. 437-460
    • Tajima, F.1
  • 48
    • 0024762773 scopus 로고
    • The effect of change in population size on DNA polymorphism
    • Tajima F, (1989) The effect of change in population size on DNA polymorphism. Genetics 123: 597-601.
    • (1989) Genetics , vol.123 , pp. 597-601
    • Tajima, F.1
  • 49
    • 0027453041 scopus 로고
    • Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations
    • Fu YX, Li WH, (1993) Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations. Genetics 133: 693-709.
    • (1993) Genetics , vol.133 , pp. 693-709
    • Fu, Y.X.1    Li, W.H.2
  • 50
    • 0347513220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DnaSP, DNA polymorphism analyses by the coalescent and other methods
    • Rozas J, Sanchez-DelBarrio JC, Messeguer X, Rozas R, (2003) DnaSP, DNA polymorphism analyses by the coalescent and other methods. Bioinformatics 19: 2496-2497.
    • (2003) Bioinformatics , vol.19 , pp. 2496-2497
    • Rozas, J.1    Sanchez-DelBarrio, J.C.2    Messeguer, X.3    Rozas, R.4
  • 51
    • 0016491430 scopus 로고
    • On the number of segregating sites in genetical models without recombination
    • Watterson GA, (1975) On the number of segregating sites in genetical models without recombination. Theor Popul Biol 7: 256-276.
    • (1975) Theor Popul Biol , vol.7 , pp. 256-276
    • Watterson, G.A.1
  • 52
    • 0031773680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA substitution
    • Posada D, Crandall KA, (1998) MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14: 817-818.
    • (1998) Bioinformatics , vol.14 , pp. 817-818
    • Posada, D.1    Crandall, K.A.2
  • 54
    • 33645108873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LAMARC 2.0: maximum likelihood and Bayesian estimation of population parameters
    • Kuhner MK, (2006) LAMARC 2.0: maximum likelihood and Bayesian estimation of population parameters. Bioinformatics 22: 768-770.
    • (2006) Bioinformatics , vol.22 , pp. 768-770
    • Kuhner, M.K.1
  • 55
    • 33746731132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relaxation of selective constraint on dog mitochondrial DNA following domestication
    • Bjornerfeldt S, Webster MT, Vila C, (2006) Relaxation of selective constraint on dog mitochondrial DNA following domestication. Genome Res 16: 990-994.
    • (2006) Genome Res , vol.16 , pp. 990-994
    • Bjornerfeldt, S.1    Webster, M.T.2    Vila, C.3
  • 56
    • 1842636602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population subdivision and the Hudson-Kreitman-Aguade test: testing for deviations from the neutral model in organelle genomes
    • Ingvarsson PK, (2004) Population subdivision and the Hudson-Kreitman-Aguade test: testing for deviations from the neutral model in organelle genomes. Genet Res 83: 31-39.
    • (2004) Genet Res , vol.83 , pp. 31-39
    • Ingvarsson, P.K.1
  • 57
    • 0033026606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nucleotide substitution rate of mammalian mitochondrial genomes
    • Pesole G, Gissi C, De Chirico A, Saccone C, (1999) Nucleotide substitution rate of mammalian mitochondrial genomes. J Mol Evol 48: 427-434.
    • (1999) J Mol Evol , vol.48 , pp. 427-434
    • Pesole, G.1    Gissi, C.2    de Chirico, A.3    Saccone, C.4
  • 59
    • 37349111572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biodiversity of pig breeds from China and Europe estimated from pooled DNA samples: differences in microsatellite variation between two areas of domestication
    • Megens HJ, Crooijmans RP, San Cristobal M, Hui X, Li N, et al. (2008) Biodiversity of pig breeds from China and Europe estimated from pooled DNA samples: differences in microsatellite variation between two areas of domestication. Genet Sel Evol 40: 103-128.
    • (2008) Genet Sel Evol , vol.40 , pp. 103-128
    • Megens, H.J.1    Crooijmans, R.P.2    San Cristobal, M.3    Hui, X.4    Li, N.5
  • 60
    • 15244345942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genes of domestic mammals augmented by backcrossing with wild ancestors
    • Vila C, Seddon J, Ellegren H, (2005) Genes of domestic mammals augmented by backcrossing with wild ancestors. Trends Genet 21: 214-218.
    • (2005) Trends Genet , vol.21 , pp. 214-218
    • Vila, C.1    Seddon, J.2    Ellegren, H.3
  • 61
    • 79953696476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preliminary Observation of Pig-bones Burials in the Qinglongquan Site
    • Luo YB, Tao Y, Zhu JY, (2009) Preliminary Observation of Pig-bones Burials in the Qinglongquan Site. Jianghan archaeology 3: 58-65.
    • (2009) Jianghan Archaeology , vol.3 , pp. 58-65
    • Luo, Y.B.1    Tao, Y.2    Zhu, J.Y.3
  • 62
    • 80054886944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zooarchaeological study on the domestic animals in ancient china
    • Yuan J, (2010) Zooarchaeological study on the domestic animals in ancient china. Quaternary sciences 30: 298-306.
    • (2010) Quaternary Sciences , vol.30 , pp. 298-306
    • Yuan, J.1
  • 63
    • 77950856354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genome-wide SNP and haplotype analyses reveal a rich history underlying dog domestication
    • Vonholdt BM, Pollinger JP, Lohmueller KE, Han E, Parker HG, et al. (2010) Genome-wide SNP and haplotype analyses reveal a rich history underlying dog domestication. Nature 464: 898-902.
    • (2010) Nature , vol.464 , pp. 898-902
    • Vonholdt, B.M.1    Pollinger, J.P.2    Lohmueller, K.E.3    Han, E.4    Parker, H.G.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.