Review of the mechanical properties of carbon nanofiber/polymer composites

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

Volumn 42, Issue 12, 2011, Pages 2126-2142

  Al Saleh, Mohammed H ^a,b   Sundararaj, Uttandaraman ^b  

^a JORDAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Jordan)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

Author keywords

A. Carbon fiber; A. Polymer matrix composites (PMCs); B. Mechanical properties; B. Rheological properties

Indexed keywords

A. CARBON FIBER; A. POLYMER-MATRIX COMPOSITES (PMCS); B. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES; FILLER ASPECT RATIO; FILLER DISPERSION; MAJOR FACTORS; POSSIBLE FUTURES; PROCESSING CONDITION; PROCESSING METHOD; RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTY; VAPOR GROWN CARBON NANOFIBERS;

ADHESION; ASPECT RATIO; CARBON FIBERS; DISPERSIONS; FILLED POLYMERS; FILLERS; NANOFIBERS; POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES; PROCESSING; RHEOLOGY;

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES;

EID: 80055078203     PISSN: 1359835X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.08.005     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. M. Endo, Y.A. Kim, T. Hayashi, K. Nishimura, T. Matusita, and K. Miyashita Vapor-grown carbon fibers (VGCFs) - basic properties and their battery applications Carbon 39 9 2001 1287 1297 (Pubitemid 32535945)
2. D.R. Paul, and L.M. Robeson Polymer nanotechnology: nanocomposites Polymer 49 15 2008 3187 3204
3. O. Breuer, and U. Sundararaj Big returns from small fibers: a review of polymer/carbon nanotube composites Polym Compos 25 6 2004 630 645 (Pubitemid 40002560)
4. B. Maruyama, and H. Alam Carbon nanotubes and nanofibers in composite materials SAMPE J 38 3 2002 59 70 (Pubitemid 34515324)
5. K.I. Winey, and R.A. Vaia Polymer nanocomposites MRS Bull 32 4 2007 314 319
6. H. Miyagawa, M. Misra, and A.K. Mohanty Mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes and their polymer nanocomposites J Nanosci Nanotechnol 5 10 2005 1593 1615 (Pubitemid 44651966)
7. V.Z. Mordkovich Carbon nanofibers: a new ultrahigh-strength material for chemical technology Theor Found Chem Eng 37 5 2003 429 438
8. G.G. Tibbetts, M.L. Lake, K.L. Strong, and B.P. Rice A review of the fabrication and properties of vapor-grown carbon nanofiber/polymer composites Compos Sci Technol 67 7-8 2007 1709 1718 (Pubitemid 46381354)
9. C. Harrats, and G. Groeninckx Features, questions and future challenges in layered silicates clay nanocomposites with semicrystalline polymer matrices Macromol Rapid Commun 29 1 2008 14 26
10. B. Chen, J.R.G. Evans, H.C. Greenwell, P. Boulet, P.V. Coveney, and A.A. Bowden A critical appraisal of polymer-clay nanocomposites Chem Soc Rev 37 3 2008 568 594
11. Pelsoci T. Composite manufacturing technologies: applications automotive, petroleum, and civil infrastructure industries; 2004.
12. Al-Saleh MH, Sundararaj U. Effect of shear mixing conditions on EMI shielding effectiveness and electrical properties of VGCNF filled thermoplastic. In: Society of plastics engineers annual technical conference - ANTEC. Milwaukee, WI, USA; 2008. p. 34-8.
13. M.H. Al-Saleh, and U. Sundararaj A review of vapor grown carbon nanofiber/polymer conductive composites Carbon 47 1 2009 2 22
14. S.Y. Yang, K. Lozano, A. Lomeli, H.D. Foltz, and R. Jones Electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of carbon nanofiber/LCP composites Composites Part A 36 5 2005 691 697 (Pubitemid 40244978)
15. B. Zhang, R.W. Fu, M.Q. Zhang, X.M. Dong, L.C. Wang, and C.U. Pittman Gas sensitive vapor grown carbon nanofiber/polystyrene sensors Mater Res Bull 41 3 2006 553 562 (Pubitemid 43243344)
16. V. Subramanian, H.W. Zhu, and B.Q. Wei High rate reversibility anode materials of lithium batteries from vapor-grown carbon nanofibers J Phys Chem B 110 14 2006 7178 7183
17. J.-H. Zhou, C. Chen, R. Guo, X.-C. Fang, and X.-G. Zhou Synthesis and characterization of carbon nanofiber/alumina composite by extrusion casting Carbon 47 8 2009 2077 2084
18. B.S. Shim, J. Starkovich, and N. Kotov Multilayer composites from vapor-grown carbon nano-fibers Compos Sci Technol 66 9 2006 1174 1181
19. Y.A. Kim, T. Hayashi, Y. Fukai, M. Endo, T. Yanagisawa, and M.S. Dresselhaus Effect of ball milling on morphology of cup-stacked carbon nanotubes Chem Phys Lett 355 3-4 2002 279 284
20. F.W.J. VanHattum, P. Serp, J.L. Figueiredo, and C.A. Bernardo The effect of morphology on the properties of vapour-grown carbon fibres Carbon 35 6 1997 860 863 (Pubitemid 127413272)
21. T. Uchida, D.P. Anderson, M.L. Minus, and S. Kumar Morphology and modulus of vapor grown carbon nano fibers J Mater Sci 41 18 2006 5851 5856 (Pubitemid 44386631)
22. I.C. Finegan, and G.G. Tibbetts Electrical conductivity of vapor-grown carbon fiber/thermoplastic composites J Mater Res 16 6 2001 1668 1674 (Pubitemid 34574121)
23. J.M. Keith, N.B. Janda, and J.A. King Shielding effectiveness density theory for carbon fiber/nylon 6,6 composites Polym Compos 26 5 2005 671 678 (Pubitemid 43081749)
24. J.N. Coleman, U. Khan, and Y.K. Gun'ko Mechanical reinforcement of polymers using carbon nanotubes Adv Mater 18 6 2006 689 706
25. M.S.P. Shaffer, and A.H. Windle Fabrication and characterization of carbon nanotube/poly(vinyl alcohol) composites Adv Mater 11 11 1999 937 941
26. P. Kim, L. Shi, A. Majumdar, and P.L. McEuen Thermal transport measurements of individual multiwalled nanotubes Phys Rev Lett 87 21 2001 215502
27. X.L. Xie, Y.W. Mai, and X.P. Zhou Dispersion and alignment of carbon nanotubes in polymer matrix: a review Mat Sci Eng R 49 4 2005 89 112
28. M.H. Al-Saleh, and U. Sundararaj Processing-microstructure-property relationship in conductive polymer nanocomposites Polymer 51 12 2010 2740 2747
29. G.A. Jimenez, and S.C. Jana Electrically conductive polymer nanocomposites of polymethylmethacrylate and carbon nanofibers prepared by chaotic mixing Composites Part A 38 3 2007 983 993 (Pubitemid 44909017)
30. H. Miyagawa, M.J. Rich, and L.T. Drzal Thermo-physical properties of epoxy nanocomposites reinforced by carbon nanotubes and vapor grown carbon fibers Thermochim Acta 442 1-2 2006 67 73
31. E.T. Thostenson, C.Y. Li, and T.W. Chou Nanocomposites in context Compos Sci Technol 65 3-4 2005 491 516 (Pubitemid 40084026)
32. V.I. Merkulov, D.H. Lowndes, Y.Y. Wei, G. Eres, and E. Voelkl Patterned growth of individual and multiple vertically aligned carbon nanofibers Appl Phys Lett 76 24 2000 3555 3557
33. M. Endo, Y.A. Kim, M. Ezaka, K. Osada, T. Yanagisawa, and T. Hayashi Selective and efficient impregnation of metal nanoparticles on cup-stacked-type carbon nanofibers Nano Lett 3 6 2003 723 726 (Pubitemid 37140587)
34. M. Endo, Y.A. Kim, T. Hayashi, Y. Fukai, K. Oshida, and M. Terrones Structural characterization of cup-stacked-type nanofibers with an entirely hollow core Appl Phys Lett 80 7 2002 1267 1269
35. J.N. Coleman, U. Khan, W.J. Blau, and Y.K. Gun'ko Small but strong: a review of the mechanical properties of carbon nanotube-polymer composites Carbon 44 2006 1624 1652
36. G.G. Tibbetts, and C.P. Beetz Mechanical properties of vapor grown carbon fibers J Phys D: Appl Phys 20 3 1987 292 297
37. R.D. Patton, C.U. Pittman, L. Wang, and J.R. Hill Vapor grown carbon fiber composites with epoxy and poly(phenylene sulfide) matrices Composites Part A 30 9 1999 1081 1091
38. D. Qian, G.J. Wagner, W.K. Liu, M.F. Yu, and R.S. Ruoff Mechanics of carbon nanotubes Appl Mech Rev 55 6 2002 495 532 (Pubitemid 40205884)
39. A. Krishnan, E. Dujardin, T.W. Ebbesen, P.N. Yianilos, and M.M.J. Treacy Young's modulus of single-walled nanotubes Phys Rev B 58 20 1998 14013
40. M.M.J. Treacy, T.W. Ebbesen, and J.M. Gibson Exceptionally high Young's modulus observed for individual carbon nanotubes Nature 381 6584 1996 678 680 (Pubitemid 126515869)
41. J.P. Salvetat, J.M. Bonard, N.B. Thomson, A.J. Kulik, L. Forró, and W. Benoit Mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes Appl Phys A: Mater Sci Process 69 3 1999 255 260
42. J.P. Salvetat, G.A.D. Briggs, J.M. Bonard, R.R. Bacsa, A.J. Kulik, and T. Stöckli Elastic and shear moduli of single-walled carbon nanotube ropes Phys Rev Lett 82 5 1999 944 947 (Pubitemid 129571820)
43. J.P. Salvetat, A.J. Kulik, J.M. Bonard, G.A.D. Briggs, T. Stockli, and K. Metenier Elastic modulus of ordered and disordered multiwalled carbon nanotubes Adv Mater 11 2 1999 161 165
44. M.F. Yu, O. Lourie, M.J. Dyer, K. Moloni, T.F. Kelly, and R.S. Ruoff Strength and breaking mechanism of multiwalled carbon nanotubes under tensile load Science 287 5453 2000 637 640 (Pubitemid 30070908)
45. S. Xie, W. Li, Z. Pan, B. Chang, and L. Sun Mechanical and physical properties on carbon nanotube J Phys Chem Solids 61 7 2000 1153 1158
46. S.Y. Yang, J. Taha-Tijerina, V. Serrato-Diaz, K. Hernandez, and K. Lozano Dynamic mechanical and thermal analysis of aligned vapor grown carbon nanofiber reinforced polyethylene Composites Part B 38 2 2007 228 235 (Pubitemid 44692592)
47. Y.K. Choi, K. Sugimoto, S.M. Song, Y. Gotoh, Y. Ohkoshi, and M. Endo Mechanical and physical properties of epoxy composites reinforced by vapor grown carbon nanofibers Carbon 43 10 2005 2199 2208 (Pubitemid 41000286)
48. H. Bubert, S. Haiber, W. Brandl, G. Marginean, M. Heintze, and V. Bruser Characterization of the uppermost layer of plasma-treated carbon nanotubes Diamond Relat Mater 12 3-7 2003 811 815 (Pubitemid 36615373)
49. L.S. Schadler, S.C. Giannaris, and P.M. Ajayan Load transfer in carbon nanotube epoxy composites Appl Phys Lett 73 26 1998 3842 3844 (Pubitemid 128674229)
50. E.V. Barrera Key methods for developing single-wall nanotube composites JOM 52 11 2000 A38 A42
51. B.Z. Tang, and H.Y. Xu Preparation, alignment, and optical properties of soluble poly(phenylacetylene)-wrapped carbon nanotubes Macromolecules 32 8 1999 2569 2576 (Pubitemid 129587203)
52. D. Qian, E.C. Dickey, R. Andrews, and T. Rantell Load transfer and deformation mechanisms in carbon nanotube-polystyrene composites Appl Phys Lett 76 20 2000 2868 2870
53. M.J. Biercuk, M.C. Llaguno, M. Radosavljevic, J.K. Hyun, A.T. Johnson, and J.E. Fischer Carbon nanotube composites for thermal management Appl Phys Lett 80 15 2002 2767 2769
54. B. Safadi, R. Andrews, and E.A. Grulke Multiwalled carbon nanotube polymer composites: synthesis and characterization of thin films J Appl Polym Sci 84 14 2002 2660 2669 (Pubitemid 34520143)
55. R. Haggenmueller, H.H. Gommans, A.G. Rinzler, J.E. Fischer, and K.I. Winey Aligned single-wall carbon nanotubes in composites by melt processing methods Chem Phys Lett 330 3-4 2000 219 225
56. F. Ko, Y. Gogotsi, A. Ali, N. Naguib, H.H. Ye, and G.L. Yang Electrospinning of continuous carbon nanotube-filled nanofiber yarns Adv Mater 15 14 2003 1161 1165
57. C. Park, Z. Ounaies, K.A. Watson, R.E. Crooks, J. Smith, and S.E. Lowther Dispersion of single wall carbon nanotubes by in situ polymerization under sonication Chem Phys Lett 364 3-4 2002 303 308
58. X.Y. Gong, J. Liu, S. Baskaran, R.D. Voise, and J.S. Young Surfactant-assisted processing of carbon nanotube/polymer composites Chem Mater 12 4 2000 1049 1052
59. Y. Lin, B. Zhou, K.A.S. Fernando, P. Liu, L.F. Allard, and Y.P. Sun Polymeric carbon nanocomposites from carbon nanotubes functionalized with matrix polymer Macromolecules 36 19 2003 7199 7204
60. D.E. Hill, Y. Lin, A.M. Rao, L.F. Allard, and Y.P. Sun Functionalization of carbon nanotubes with polystyrene Macromolecules 35 25 2002 9466 9471
61. T. Kimura, H. Ago, M. Tobita, S. Ohshima, M. Kyotani, and M. Yumura Polymer composites of carbon nanotubes aligned by a magnetic field Adv Mater 14 19 2002 1380 1383 (Pubitemid 35262801)
62. K. Lozano, J. Bonilla-Rios, and E.V. Barrera A study on nanofiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites (II): investigation of the mixing rheology and conduction properties J Appl Polym Sci 80 8 2001 1162 1172 (Pubitemid 32297297)
63. R. Andrews, D. Jacques, M. Minot, and T. Rantell Fabrication of carbon multiwall nanotube/polymer composites by shear mixing Macromol Mater Eng 287 6 2002 395 403
64. M.H. Al-Saleh, and U. Sundararaj Electrically conductive carbon nanofiber/polyethylene composite: effect of melt mixing conditions Polym Adv Technol 2010 10.1002/pat.1526
65. S. Kumar, H. Doshi, M. Srinivasarao, J.O. Park, and D.A. Schiraldi Fibers from polypropylene/nano carbon fiber composites Polymer 43 5 2002 1701 1703 (Pubitemid 34183745)
66. R.J. Kuriger, M.K. Alam, D.P. Anderson, and R.L. Jacobsen Processing and characterization of aligned vapor grown carbon fiber reinforced polypropylene Composites Part A 33 1 2002 53 62 (Pubitemid 33018555)
67. Z.X. Jin, K.P. Pramoda, S.H. Goh, and G.Q. Xu Poly(vinylidene fluoride)-assisted melt-blending of multi-walled carbon nanotube/poly(methyl methacrylate) composites Mater Res Bull 37 2 2002 271 278 (Pubitemid 34232044)
68. N. Tsubokawa Preparation and properties of polymer-grafted carbon nanotubes and nanofibers Polym J 37 9 2005 637 655 (Pubitemid 41577312)
69. J.C. Kearns, and R.L. Shambaugh Polypropylene fibers reinforced with carbon nanotubes J Appl Polym Sci 86 8 2002 2079 2084
70. B.P. Grady, F. Pompeo, R.L. Shambaugh, and D.E. Resasco Nucleation of polypropylene crystallization by single-walled carbon nanotubes J Phys Chem B 106 23 2002 5852 5858 (Pubitemid 35281829)
71. K.T. Lau, and D. Hui Effectiveness of using carbon nanotubes as nano-reinforcements for advanced composite structures Carbon 40 9 2002 1605 1606 (Pubitemid 34623856)
72. P. Potschke, T.D. Fornes, and D.R. Paul Rheological behavior of multiwalled carbon nanotube/polycarbonate composites Polymer 43 11 2002 3247 3255 (Pubitemid 34292921)
73. W. Ding, A. Eitan, F.T. Fisher, X. Chen, D.A. Dikin, and R. Andrews Direct observation of polymer sheathing in carbon nanotube-polycarbonate composites Nano Lett 3 11 2003 1593 1597 (Pubitemid 37518178)
74. J.N. Coleman, M. Cadek, K.P. Ryan, A. Fonseca, J.B. Nagy, and W.J. Blau Reinforcement of polymers with carbon nanotubes. The role of an ordered polymer interfacial region. Experiment and modeling Polymer 47 26 2006 8556 8561 (Pubitemid 44821256)
75. A.H. Barber, S.R. Cohen, and H.D. Wagner Measurement of carbon nanotube-polymer interfacial strength Appl Phys Lett 82 23 2003 4140 4142
76. S.J.V. Frankland, A. Caglar, D.W. Brenner, and M. Griebel Molecular simulation of the influence of chemical cross-links on the shear strength of carbon nanotube-polymer interfaces J Phys Chem B 106 12 2002 3046
77. C.A. Cooper, S.R. Cohen, A.H. Barber, and H.D. Wagner Detachment of nanotubes from a polymer matrix Appl Phys Lett 81 20 2002 3873 3875 (Pubitemid 35445538)
78. C.L. Tucker, and E. Liang Stiffness predictions for unidirectional short-fiber composites: review and evaluation Compos Sci Technol 59 5 1999 655 671 (Pubitemid 29326405)
79. J.I. Weon, and H.J. Sue Effects of clay orientation and aspect ratio on mechanical behavior of nylon-6 nanocomposite Polymer 46 17 2005 6325 6334
80. H.L. Cox The elasticity and strength of paper and other fibrous materials Brit J Appl Phys 3 1952 72 79
81. S. Shinichi, F. Isao, and C. Yong Effects of fiber compression and length distribution on the flexural properties of short kenaf fiber-reinforced biodegradable composites Polym Compos 27 2 2006 170 176
82. O.S. Carneiro, J.A. Covas, C.A. Bernardo, G. Caldeira, F.W.J. Van Hattum, and J.M. Ting Production and assessment of polycarbonate composites reinforced with vapour-grown carbon fibres Compos Sci Technol 58 3-4 1998 401 407 (Pubitemid 28392482)
83. G. Caldeira, J.M. Maia, O.S. Carneiro, J.A. Covas, and C.A. Bernardo Production and characterization of innovative carbon fiber polycarbonate composites Polym Compos 19 2 1998 147 151 (Pubitemid 128593013)
84. J. Sandler, P. Werner, M.S.P. Shaffer, V. Demchuk, V. Altstadt, and A.H. Windle Carbon-nanofibre-reinforced poly(ether ether ketone) composites Composites Part A 33 8 2002 1033 1039 (Pubitemid 34992089)
85. X. Shui, and D.D.L. Chung Conducting polymer-matrix composites containing carbon filaments of submicron diameter Int SAMPE Symp Exhib 1993 1869 1875
86. K. Lozano, and E.V. Barrera Nanofiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites. I. Thermoanalytical and mechanical analyses J Appl Polym Sci 79 1 2001 125 133 (Pubitemid 32074492)
87. S.A. Gordeyev, J.A. Ferreira, C.A. Bernardo, and L.M. Ward A promising conductive material: highly oriented polypropylene filled with short vapour-grown carbon fibres Mater Lett 51 1 2001 32 36 (Pubitemid 32903810)
88. G.G. Tibbetts, and J.J. McHugh Mechanical properties of vapor-grown carbon fiber composites with thermoplastic matrices J Mater Res 14 7 1999 2871 2880
89. B. Maxwell Miniature injection molder minimizes residence time SPE J 28 2 1972 24 27
90. B. Yang, M. Sato, T. Kuriyama, and T. Inoue Improvement of gram-scale mixer for polymer blending J Appl Polym Sci 99 1 2006 1 5 (Pubitemid 43081769)
91. O. Breuer, H.B. Chen, B. Lin, and U. Sundararaj Simulation and visualization of flow in a new miniature mixer for multiphase polymer systems J Appl Polym Sci 97 1 2005 136 142 (Pubitemid 40844173)
92. U. Sundararaj, C.W. Macosko, A. Nakayama, and T. Inoue Milligrams to kilograms - an evaluation of mixers for reactive polymer blending Polym Eng Sci 35 1 1995 100 114
93. M. Maric, and C.W. Macosko Improving polymer blend dispersions in mini-mixers Polym Eng Sci 41 1 2001 118 130 (Pubitemid 33642662)
94. D.D.L. Chung Carbon fiber composites 1994 Elsevier
95. W. Brandl, G. Marginean, V. Chirila, and W. Warschewski Production and characterization of vapour grown carbon fiber/polypropylene composites Carbon 42 1 2004 5 9
96. V. Chirila, G. Marginean, T. Iclanzan, C. Merino, and W. Brandl Method for modifying mechanical properties of carbon nano-fiber polymeric composites J Thermoplast Compos Mater 20 3 2007 277 289 (Pubitemid 46793914)
97. P. Cortes, K. Lozano, E.V. Barrera, and J. Bonilla-Rios Effects of nanofiber treatments on the properties of vapor-grown carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites J Appl Polym Sci 89 9 2003 2527 2534 (Pubitemid 36880333)
98. I.C. Finegan, G.G. Tibbetts, D.G. Glasgow, J.M. Ting, and M.L. Lake Surface treatments for improving the mechanical properties of carbon nanofiber/thermoplastic composites J Mater Sci 38 16 2003 3485 3490
99. H.M. Ma, J.J. Zeng, M.L. Realff, S. Kumar, and D.A. Schiraldi Processing, structure, and properties of fibers from polyester/carbon nanofiber composites Compos Sci Technol 63 11 2003 1617 1628 (Pubitemid 36906676)
100. M.L. Shofner, K. Lozano, F.J. Rodriguez-Macias, and E.V. Barrera Nanofiber-reinforced polymers prepared by fused deposition modeling J Appl Polym Sci 89 11 2003 3081 3090 (Pubitemid 36880130)
101. M.L. Shofner, F.J. Rodriguez-Macias, R. Vaidyanathan, and E.V. Barrera Single wall nanotube and vapor grown carbon fiber reinforced polymers processed by extrusion freeform fabrication Composites Part A 34 11 2003 1207 1217
102. J.J. Zeng, B. Saltysiak, W.S. Johnson, D.A. Schiraldi, and S. Kumar Processing and properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)/carbon nano fiber composites Composites Part B 35 2 2004 173 178
103. R.J. Kuriger, and M.K. Alam Extrusion conditions and properties of vapor grown carbon fiber reinforced polypropylene Polym Compos 22 5 2001 604 612 (Pubitemid 33046293)
104. Z. Spitalsky, D. Tasis, K. Papagelis, and C. Galiotis Carbon nanotube-polymer composites: chemistry, processing, mechanical and electrical properties Prog Polym Sci 35 3 2010 357 401
105. J.N. Coleman, M. Cadek, R. Blake, V. Nicolosi, K.P. Ryan, and C. Belton High-performance nanotube-reinforced plastics: understanding the mechanism of strength increase Adv Funct Mater 14 8 2004 791 798
106. T.X. Liu, I.Y. Phang, L. Shen, S.Y. Chow, and W.D. Zhang Morphology and mechanical properties of multiwalled carbon nanotubes reinforced nylon-6 composites Macromolecules 37 19 2004 7214 7222
107. T.E. Chang, L.R. Jensen, A. Kisliuk, R.B. Pipes, R. Pyrz, and A.P. Sokolov Microscopic mechanism of reinforcement in single-wall carbon nanotube/polypropylene nanocomposite Polymer 46 2 2005 439 444 (Pubitemid 40022509)
108. C. Velasco-Santos, A.L. Martinez-Hernandez, F.T. Fisher, R. Ruoff, and V.M. Castano Improvement of thermal and mechanical properties of carbon nanotube composites through chemical functionalization Chem Mater 15 23 2003 4470 4475
109. A.A. Mamedov, N.A. Kotov, M. Prato, D.M. Guldi, J.P. Wicksted, and A. Hirsch Molecular design of strong single-wall carbon nanotube/polyelectrolyte multilayer composites Nat Mater 1 3 2002 190 194
110. J.B. Gao, M.E. Itkis, A.P. Yu, E. Bekyarova, B. Zhao, and R.C. Haddon Continuous spinning of a single-walled carbon nanotube-nylon composite fiber J Am Chem Soc 127 11 2005 3847 3854 (Pubitemid 40411425)
111. H. Miyagawa, and L.T. Drzal Effect of oxygen plasma treatment on mechanical properties of vapor grown carbon fiber nanocomposites Composites Part A 36 10 2005 1440 1448 (Pubitemid 41285331)
112. Y.K. Choi, K.I. Sugimoto, S.M. Song, and M. Endo Mechanical and thermal properties of vapor-grown carbon nanofiber and polycarbonate composite sheets Mater Lett 59 27 2005 3514 3520 (Pubitemid 41317040)
113. F. Du, R.C. Scogna, W. Zhou, S. Brand, J.E. Fischer, and K.I. Winey Nanotube networks in polymer nanocomposites: rheology and electrical conductivity Macromolecules 37 24 2004 9048 9055
114. P. Pötschke, M. Abdel-Goad, I. Alig, S. Dudkin, and D. Lellinger Rheological and dielectrical characterization of melt mixed polycarbonate- multiwalled carbon nanotube composites Polymer 45 26 2004 8863 8870 (Pubitemid 39550620)
115. Y.H. Hyun, S.T. Lim, H.J. Choi, and M.S. John Rheology of poly(ethylene oxide)/organoclay nanocomposites Macromolecules 34 23 2001 8084 8093 (Pubitemid 33074000)
116. J. Vermant, S. Ceccia, M.K. Dolgovskij, P.L. Maffettone, and C.W. Macosko Quantifying dispersion of layered nanocomposites via melt rheology J Rheol 51 3 2007 429 450 (Pubitemid 46693156)
117. R. Wagener, and T.J.G. Reisinger A rheological method to compare the degree of exfoliation of nanocomposites Polymer 44 24 2003 7513 7518 (Pubitemid 37296013)
118. T. Wan, M.J. Clifford, F. Gao, A.S. Bailey, D.H. Gregory, and R. Somsunan Strain amplitude response and the microstructure of PA/clay nanocomposites Polymer 46 17 2005 6429 6436 (Pubitemid 41021700)
119. J. Zhao, A.B. Morgan, and J.D. Harris Rheological characterization of polystyrene-clay nanocomposites to compare the degree of exfoliation and dispersion Polymer 46 20 2005 8641 8660 (Pubitemid 41231688)
120. A. Durmus, A. Kasgoz, and C.W. Macosko Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE)/clay nanocomposites. Part I: structural characterization and quantifying clay dispersion by melt rheology Polymer 48 15 2007 4492 4502 (Pubitemid 47017378)
121. M.H. Al-Saleh, and U. Sundararaj Electrically conductive carbon nanofiber/polyethylene composite: effect of melt mixing conditions Polym Adv Technol 9999 9999 2009 n/a
122. A. Kelarakis, K. Yoon, R.H. Somani, X. Chen, B.S. Hsiao, and B. Chu Rheological study of carbon nanofiber induced physical gelation in polyolefin nanocomposite melt Polymer 46 25 2005 11591 11599 (Pubitemid 41653356)
123. M. Moniruzzaman, and K.I. Winey Polymer nanocomposites containing carbon nanotubes Macromolecules 39 16 2006 5194 5205 (Pubitemid 44325095)
124. F. Chambon, and H.H. Winter Linear viscoelasticity at the gel point of a crosslinking PDMS with imbalanced stoichiometry J Rheol 31 8 1987 683 697
125. H.H. Winter, and C. Francois Analysis of linear viscoelasticity of a crosslinking polymer at the gel point J Rheol 30 2 1986 367 382 (Pubitemid 16535398)
126. K. Lozano, S.Y. Yang, and Q. Zeng Rheological analysis of vapor-grown carbon nanofiber-reinforced polyethylene composites J Appl Polym Sci 93 1 2004 155 162 (Pubitemid 38677538)
127. O.S. Carneiro, and J.M. Maia Rheological behavior of (Short) carbon fiber/thermoplastic composites. Part 1: the influence of fiber type, processing conditions and level of incorporation Polym Compos 21 6 2000 960 969 (Pubitemid 32159860)
128. K. Lakdawala, and R. Salovey Rheology of polymers containing carbon black Polym Eng Sci 27 14 1987 1035 1042 (Pubitemid 17634042)
129. A.V. Shenoy Rheology of filled polymer systems 1999 Springer-Verlag
130. B. Lin, U. Sundararaj, and P. Potschke Melt mixing of polycarbonate with multi-walled carbon nanotubes in miniature mixers Macromol Mater Eng 291 3 2006 227 238 (Pubitemid 44933217)
131. T. Takahashi, K. Yonetake, K. Koyama, and T. Kikuchi Polycarbonate crystallization by vapor-grown carbon fiber with and without magnetic field Macromol Rapid Commun 24 13 2003 763 767
132. C. Zhang, H.F. Wu, C.A. Ma, and M. Sumita Effect of vapor grown carbon fiber on non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of HDPE/PMMA blend Mater Lett 60 8 2006 1054 1058 (Pubitemid 43088664)
133. Y.J. Xu, B. Higgins, and W.J. Brittain Bottom-up synthesis of PS-CNF nanocomposites Polymer 46 3 2005 799 810 (Pubitemid 40103486)
134. A. Dufresne, M. Paillet, J.L. Putaux, R. Canet, F. Carmona, and P. Delhaes Processing and characterization of carbon nanotube/poly(styrene-co-butyl acrylate) nanocomposites J Mater Sci 37 18 2002 3915 3923 (Pubitemid 35186182)
135. Y.X. Zhou, F. Pervin, and S. Jeelani Effect vapor grown carbon nanofiber on thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy J Mater Sci 42 17 2007 7544 7553 (Pubitemid 47141840)
136. K.J. Green, D.R. Dean, U.K. Vaidya, and E. Nyairo Multiscale fiber reinforced composites based on a carbon nanofiber/epoxy nanophased polymer matrix: synthesis, mechanical, and thermomechanical behavior Composites Part A 40 9 2009 1470 1475