Genome-wide association study in German patients with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics

Volumn 156, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 888-897

  Hinney, Anke ^a   Scherag, André ^a   Jarick, Ivonne ^b   Albayrak, Özgür ^a   Pütter, Carolin ^a   Pechlivanis, Sonali ^a   Dauvermann, Maria R ^a,c   Beck, Sebastian ^a   Weber, Heike ^d   Scherag, Susann ^a   Nguyen, Trang T ^b   Volckmar, Anna Lena ^a   Knoll, Nadja ^a   Faraone, Stephen V ^e   Neale, Benjamin M ^f,g,s   Franke, Barbara ^h,s   Cichon, Sven ^i,j   Hoffmann, Per ^j   Nöthen, Markus M ^j   Schreiber, Stefan ^k   Jöckel, Karl Heinz ^a   Wichmann, H Erich ^l   Freitag, Christine Margarete ^m,s   Lempp, Thomas ^m   Meyer, Jobst ^n,s   Gilsbach, Susanne ^o   Herpertz Dahlmann, Beate ^o   Sinzig, Judith ^p,q   Lehmkuhl, Gerd ^p   Renner, Tobias J ^d,s   Warnke, Andreas ^d,s   Romanos, Marcel ^r,s   Lesch, Klaus Peter ^d,s   Reif, Andreas ^d,s   Schimmelmann, Benno G ^a,c   Hebebrand, Johannes ^a   Steinhausen, Hans Christoph ^s   Romanos, Jasmin ^s   Walitza, Susanne ^s   Nguyen, Thuy Trang ^s   Schäfer, Helmut ^s   Palmason, Haukur ^s   Buitelaar, Jan ^t   Vasquez, Alejandro Arias ^s   Gill, Michael ^s   Anney, Richard J L ^s   Langley, Kate ^s   O’Donovan, Michael ^s   Williams, Nigel ^s   Holmans, Peter ^s   Owen, Michael ^s   Thapar, Anita ^s   Kent, Lindsey ^s   Sergeant, Joseph ^s   Roeyers, Herbert ^s   Asherson, Philip ^s   Mick, Eric ^s   Doyle, Alysa ^s   Biederman, Joseph ^s   Smalley, Susan ^s   Loo, Sandra ^s   Hakonarson, Hakon ^s   Elia, Josephine ^s   Todorov, Alexandre ^s   Miranda, Ana ^s   Ebstein, Richard ^s   Rothenberger, Aribert ^s   Banaschewski, Tobias ^s   Oades, Robert ^s   McGough, James ^s   Middleton, Frank ^e   Hu, Xiaolan ^u   Nelson, Stan ^v   more..

^a UNIVERSITY OF DUISBURG ESSEN   (Germany)

^b PHILIPPS UNIVERSITY MARBURG   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WÜRZBURG   (Germany)

^e SUNY UPSTATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^g MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^h RADBOUD UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

ⁱ FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM JÜLICH   (Germany)

^j UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

^k UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL SCHLESWIG HOLSTEIN   (Germany)

^l INSTITUTE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY   (Germany)

^m GOETHE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

ⁿ UNIVERSITY OF TRIER   (Germany)

^o UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL RWTH AACHEN   (Germany)

^p UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE   (Germany)

^q Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Psychotherapy   (Germany)

^r LUDWIG MAXIMILIANS UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^s Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior ^*  (United States)

^t RADBOUD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^u PFIZER INC   (United States)

^v UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

Children; Early onset; Homogeneous; Psychiatric

Indexed keywords

METABOTROPIC RECEPTOR 5;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; AUTOSOMAL INHERITANCE; CHILD; COMPUTER MODEL; CONTROLLED STUDY; COPY NUMBER VARIATION; EFFECT SIZE; FEMALE; GENE FREQUENCY; GENE LOCATION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC RISK; GENOTYPE; GERMANY; HUMAN; INTRON; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHOOL CHILD; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM;

EID: 80054872366     PISSN: 15524841     EISSN: 1552485X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31246     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. American Psychiatric Association. 1994. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
2. Banaschewski T, Becker K, Scherag S, Franke B, Coghill D. 2010. Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: An overview. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 3:237-257 (Review).
3. Chen W, Zhou K, Sham P, Franke B, Kuntsi J, Campbell D, Fleischman K, Knight J, Andreou P, Arnold R, Altink M, Boer F, Boholst MJ, Buschgens C, Butler L, Christiansen H, Fliers E, Howe-Forbes R, Gabriëls I, Heise A, Korn-Lubetzki I, Marco R, Medad S, Minderaa R, Müller UC, Mulligan A, Psychogiou L, Rommelse N, Sethna V, Uebel H, McGuffin P, Plomin R, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Ebstein R, Eisenberg J, Gill M, Manor I, Miranda A, Mulas F, Oades RD, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Sergeant J, Sonuga-Barke E, Steinhausen HC, Taylor E, Thompson M, Faraone SV, Asherson P. 2008. DSM-IV combined type ADHD shows familial association with sibling trait scores: A sampling strategy for QTL linkage. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B:1450-1460.
4. Cichon S, Mühleisen TW, Degenhardt FA, Mattheisen M, Miró X, Strohmaier J, Steffens M, Meesters C, Herms S, Weingarten M, Priebe L, Haenisch B, Alexander M, Vollmer J, Breuer R, Schmäl C, Tessmann P, Moebus S, Wichmann HE, Schreiber S, Müller-Myhsok B, Lucae S, Jamain S, Leboyer M, Bellivier F, Etain B, Henry C, Kahn JP, Heath S, Bipolar Disorder Genome Study (BiGS) Consortium Hamshere M, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Craddock N, Schwarz M, Vedder H, Kammerer-Ciernioch J, Reif A, Sasse J, Bauer M, Hautzinger M, Wright A, Mitchell PB, Schofield PR, Montgomery GW, Medland SE, Gordon SD, Martin NG, Gustafsson O, Andreassen O, Djurovic S, Sigurdsson E, Steinberg S, Stefansson H, Stefansson K, Kapur-Pojskic L, Oruc L, Rivas F, Mayoral F, Chuchalin A, Babadjanova G, Tiganov AS, Pantelejeva G, Abramova LI, Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Diaconu CC, Czerski PM, Hauser J, Zimmer A, Lathrop M, Schulze TG, Wienker TF, Schumacher J, Maier W, Propping P, Rietschel M, Nöthen MM. 2011. Genome-wide association study identifies genetic variation in neurocan as a susceptibility factor for bipolar disorder. Am J Hum Genet 88:372-381.
5. Devlin B, Roeder K. 1999. Genomic control for association studies. Biometrics 55:997-1004.
6. Elia J, Gai X, Xie HM, Perin JC, Geiger E, Glessner JT, D'arcy M, deBerardinis R, Frackelton E, Kim C, Lantieri F, Muganga BM, Wang L, Takeda T, Rappaport EF, Grant SF, Berrettini W, Devoto M, Shaikh TH, Hakonarson H, White PS. 2010. Rare structural variants found in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder are preferentially associated with neurodevelopmental genes. Mol Psychiatry 15:637-646.
7. Faraone SV, Mick E. 2010. Molecular genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 33:159-180.
8. Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE, Smoller JW, Goralnick JJ, Holmgren MA, Sklar P. 2005. Molecular genetics of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 57:1313-1323.
9. Ferreira MA, O'Donovan MC, Meng YA, Jones IR, Ruderfer DM, Jones L, Fan J, Kirov G, Perlis RH, Green EK, Smoller JW, Grozeva D, Stone J, Nikolov I, Chambert K, Hamshere ML, Nimgaonkar VL, Moskvina V, Thase ME, Caesar S, Sachs GS, Franklin J, Gordon-Smith K, Ardlie KG, Gabriel SB, Fraser C, Blumenstiel B, Defelice M, Breen G, Gill M, Morris DW, Elkin A, Muir WJ, McGhee KA, Williamson R, MacIntyre DJ, MacLean AW, St CD Robinson M, Van Beck M, Pereira AC, Kandaswamy R, McQuillin A, Collier DA, Bass NJ, Young AH, Lawrence J, Ferrier IN, Anjorin A, Farmer A, Curtis D, Scolnick EM, McGuffin P, Daly MJ, Corvin AP, Holmans PA, Blackwood DH, Gurling HM, Owen MJ, Purcell SM, Sklar P, Craddock N, Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium. 2008. Collaborative genome-wide association analysis supports a role for ANK3 and CACNA1C in bipolar disorder. Nat Genet 40:1056-1058.
10. Franke B, Neale BM, Faraone SV. 2009. Genome-wide association studies in ADHD. Hum Genet 126:13-50.
11. Franke B, Vasquez AA, Johansson S, Hoogman M, Romanos J, Boreatti-Hümmer A, Heine M, Jacob CP, Lesch KP, Casas M, Ribasés M, Bosch R, Sánchez-Mora C, Gómez-Barros N, Fernàndez-Castillo N, Bayés M, Halmøy A, Halleland H, Landaas ET, Fasmer OB, Knappskog PM, Heister AJ, Kiemeney LA, Kooij JJ, Boonstra AM, Kan CC, Asherson P, Faraone SV, Buitelaar JK, Haavik J, Cormand B, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Reif A. 2010. Multicenter analysis of the SLC6A3/DAT1 VNTR haplotype in persistent ADHD suggests differential involvement of the gene in childhood and persistent ADHD. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:656-664.
12. Freitag CM, Rhode LA, Lempp T, Romanos M. 2010. Phenotypic and measurement influences on heritability estimates in childhood ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 19:311-323.
13. Gizer IR, Ficks C, Waldman ID. 2009. Candidate gene studies of ADHD: A meta-analytic review. Hum Genet 126:51-90.
14. Guedj M, Nuel G, Prum B. 2008. A note on allelic tests in case-control association studies. Ann Hum Genet 72:407-409.
15. Hebebrand J, Dempfle A, Saar K, Thiele H, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Linder M, Kiefl H, Remschmidt H, Hemminger U, Warnke A, Knölker U, Heiser P, Friedel S, Hinney A, Schäfer H, Nürnberg P, Konrad K. 2006. A genome-wide scan for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in 155 German sib-pairs. Mol Psychiatry 11:196-205.
16. Hebebrand J, Scherag A, Schimmelmann BG, Hinney A. 2010. Child and adolescent psychiatric genetics. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 19:259-279.
17. Heiser P, Friedel S, Dempfle A, Konrad K, Smidt J, Grabarkiewicz J, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Remschmidt H, Hebebrand J. 2004. Molecular genetic aspects of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 28:625-641.
18. Hindorff LA, Sethupathy P, Junkins HA, Ramos EM, Mehta JP, Collins FS, Manolio TA. 2009. Potential etiologic and functional implications of genome-wide association loci for human diseases and traits. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:9362-9367.
19. Hinney A, Nguyen TT, Scherag A, Friedel S, Brönner G, Müller TD, Grallert H, Illig T, Wichmann HE, Rief W, Schäfer H, Hebebrand J. 2007. Genome wide association (GWA) study for early onset extreme obesity supports the role of fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO) variants. PLoS One 2:e1361.
20. Krawczak M, Nikolaus S, von Eberstein H, Croucher PJ, El Mokhtari NE, Schreiber S. 2006. PopGen: Population-based recruitment of patients and controls for the analysis of complex genotype-phenotype relationships. Community Genet 9:55-61 (Review).
21. Kuntsi J, Neale BM, Chen W, Faraone SV, Asherson P. 2006. The IMAGE project: Methodological issues for the molecular genetic analysis of ADHD. Behav Brain Funct 2:27.
22. Laird NM, Lange C. 2006. Family-based designs in the age of large-scale gene-association studies. Nat Rev Genet 7:385-394.
23. Lantieri F, Glessner JT, Hakonarson H, Elia J, Devoto M. 2010. Analysis of GWAS top hits in ADHD suggests association to two polymorphisms located in genes expressed in the cerebellum. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 153B:1127-1133.
24. Lesch KP, Timmesfeld N, Renner TJ, Halperin R, Röser C, Nguyen TT, Craig DW, Romanos J, Heine M, Meyer J, Freitag C, Warnke A, Romanos M, Schäfer H, Walitza S, Reif A, Stephan DA, Jacob C. 2008. Molecular genetics of adult ADHD: Converging evidence from genome-wide association and extended pedigree linkage studies. J Neural Transm 115:1573-1585.
25. Lesch KP, Selch S, Renner TJ, Jacob C, Nguyen TT, Hahn T, Romanos M, Walitza S, Shoichet S, Dempfle A, Heine M, Boreatti-Hümmer A, Romanos J, Gross-Lesch S, Zerlaut H, Wultsch T, Heinzel S, Fassnacht M, Fallgatter A, Allolio B, Schäfer H, Warnke A, Reif A, Ropers HH, Ullmann R. 2011. Genome-wide copy number variation analysis in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Association with neuropeptide Y gene dosage in an extended pedigree. Mol Psychiatry 16:491-503.
26. Li D, Sham PC, Owen MJ, He L. 2006. Meta-analysis shows significant association between dopamine system genes and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Hum Mol Genet 15:2276-2284.
27. Maheshwari M, Christian SL, Liu C, Badner JA, Detera-Wadleigh S, Gershon ES, Gibbs RA. 2002. Mutation screening of two candidate genes from 13q32 in families affected with bipolar disorder: Human peptide transporter (SLC15A1) and human glypican5 (GPC5). BMC Genomics 3:30.
28. Mick E, Todorov A, Smalley S, Hu X, Loo S, Todd RD, Biederman J, Byrne D, Dechairo B, Guiney A, McCracken J, McGough J, Nelson SF, Reiersen AM, Wilens TE, Wozniak J, Neale BM, Faraone SV. 2010. Family-based genome-wide association scan of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 49:898-905.
29. Neale BM, Lasky-Su J, Anney R, Franke B, Zhou K, Maller JB, Vasquez AA, Asherson P, Chen W, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Ebstein R, Gill M, Miranda A, Oades RD, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Sergeant J, Steinhausen HC, Sonuga-Barke E, Mulas F, Taylor E, Laird N, Lange C, Daly M, Faraone SV. 2008a. Genome-wide association scan of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B:1337-1344.
30. Neale BM, Sham PC, Purcell S, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Franke B, Sonuga-Barke E, Ebstein R, Eisenberg J, Mulligan A, Gill M, Manor I, Miranda A, Mulas F, Oades RD, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Sergeant J, Steinhausen HC, Taylor E, Thompson M, Chen W, Zhou K, Asherson P, Faraone SV. 2008b. Population differences in the International Multi-Centre ADHD Gene Project. Genet Epidemiol 32:98-107.
31. Neale BM, Medland S, Ripke S, Anney RJ, Asherson P, Buitelaar J, Franke B, Gill M, Kent L, Holmans P, Middleton F, Thapar A, Lesch KP, Faraone SV, Daly M, Nguyen TT, Schäfer H, Steinhausen HC, Reif A, Renner TJ, Romanos M, Romanos J, Warnke A, Walitza S, Freitag C, Meyer J, Palmason H, Rothenberger A, Hawi Z, Sergeant J, Roeyers H, Mick E, Biederman J, IMAGE II Consortium Group. 2010a. Case-control genome-wide association study of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 49:906-920.
32. Neale BM, Medland SE, Ripke S, Asherson P, Franke B, Lesch KP, Faraone SV, Nguyen TT, Schäfer H, Holmans P, Daly M, Steinhausen HC, Freitag C, Reif A, Renner TJ, Romanos M, Romanos J, Walitza S, Warnke A, Meyer J, Palmason H, Buitelaar J, Vasquez AA, Lambregts-Rommelse N, Gill M, Anney RJ, Langely K, O'Donovan M, Williams N, Owen M, Thapar A, Kent L, Sergeant J, Roeyers H, Mick E, Biederman J, Doyle A, Smalley S, Loo S, Hakonarson H, Elia J, Todorov A, Miranda A, Mulas F, Ebstein RP, Rothenberger A, Banaschewski T, Oades RD, Sonuga-Barke E, McGough J, Nisenbaum L, Middleton F, Hu X, Nelson S, Psychiatric GWAS Consortium: ADHD Subgroup. 2010b. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 49:884-897.
33. Pluzhnikov A, Below JE, Konkashbaev A, Tikhomirov A, Kistner-Griffin E, Roe CA, Nicolae DL, Cox NJ. 2010. Spoiling the whole bunch: Quality control aimed at preserving the integrity of high-throughput genotyping. Am J Hum Genet 87:123-128.
34. Psychiatric, GWAS Consortium Steering Committee. 2009. A framework for interpreting genome-wide association studies of psychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 14:10-17.
35. Purcell S, Neale B, Todd-Brown K, Thomas L, Ferreira MA, Bender D, Maller J, Sklar P, de Bakker PI, Daly MJ, Sham PC. 2007. PLINK: A tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. Am J Hum Genet 81:559-575.
36. Renner TJ, Walitza S, Dempfle A, Eckert L, Romanos M, Gerlach M, Schäfer H, Warnke A, Lesch KP, Jacob C. 2008. Allelic variants of SNAP25 in a family-based sample of ADHD. J Neural Transm 115:317-321.
37. Romanos M, Freitag C, Jacob C, Craig DW, Dempfle A, Nguyen TT, Halperin R, Walitza S, Renner TJ, Seitz C, Romanos J, Palmason H, Reif A, Heine M, Windemuth-Kieselbach C, Vogler C, Sigmund J, Warnke A, Schäfer H, Meyer J, Stephan DA, Lesch KP. 2008. Genome-wide linkage analysis of ADHD using high-density SNP arrays: Novel loci at 5q13.1 and 14q12. Mol Psychiatry 13:522-530.
38. Sasieni PD. From genotypes to genes: Doubling the sample size. 1997. Biometrics 53:1253-1261.
39. Schimmelmann BG, Friedel S, Dempfle A, Warnke A, Lesch KP, Walitza S, Renner TJ, Romanos M, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Linder M, Schäfer H, Seitz C, Palmason H, Freitag C, Meyer J, Konrad K, Hinney A, Hebebrand J. 2007. No evidence for preferential transmission of common valine allele of the Val66Met polymorphism of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene (BDNF) in ADHD. J Neural Transm 114:523-526.
40. Schmermund A, Möhlenkamp S, Stang A, Grönemeyer D, Seibel R, Hirche H, Mann K, Siffert W, Lauterbach K, Siegrist J, Jöckel KH, Erbel R. 2002. Assessment of clinically silent atherosclerotic disease and established and novel risk factors for predicting myocardial infarction and cardiac death in healthy middle-aged subjects: Rationale and design of the Heinz Nixdorf RECALL Study. Risk factors, evaluation of coronary calcium and lifestyle. Am Heart J 144:212-218.
41. Schormair B, Kemlink D, Roeske D, Eckstein G, Xiong L, Lichtner P, Ripke S, Trenkwalder C, Zimprich A, Stiasny-Kolster K, Oertel W, Bachmann CG, Paulus W, Högl B, Frauscher B, Gschliesser V, Poewe W, Peglau I, Vodicka P, Vávrová J, Sonka K, Nevsimalova S, Montplaisir J, Turecki G, Rouleau G, Gieger C, Illig T, Wichmann HE, Holsboer F, Müller-Myhsok B, Meitinger T, Winkelmann J. 2008. PTPRD (protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type delta) is associated with restless legs syndrome. Nat Genet 40:946-948.
42. Segrè AV, Consortium Diagram, Investigators Magic, Groop L, Mootha VK, Daly MJ, Altshuler D. 2010. Common inherited variation in mitochondrial genes is not enriched for associations with type 2 diabetes or related glycemic traits. PLoS Genet 6:e1001058.
43. Sklar P, Smoller JW, Fan J, Ferreira MA, Perlis RH, Chambert K, Nimgaonkar VL, McQueen MB, Faraone SV, Kirby A, de Bakker PI, Ogdie MN, Thase ME, Sachs GS, Todd-Brown K, Gabriel SB, Sougnez C, Gates C, Blumenstiel B, Defelice M, Ardlie KG, Franklin J, Muir WJ, McGhee KA, MacIntyre DJ, McLean A, VanBeck M, McQuillin A, Bass NJ, Robinson M, Lawrence J, Anjorin A, Curtis D, Scolnick EM, Daly MJ, Blackwood DH, Gurling HM, Purcell SM. 2008. Whole-genome association study of bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 13:558-569.
44. Speliotes EK, Willer CJ, Berndt SI, Monda KL, Thorleifsson G, Jackson AU, Allen HL, Lindgren CM, Luan J, Mägi R, Randall JC, Vedantam S, Winkler TW, Qi L, Workalemahu T, Heid IM, Steinthorsdottir V, Stringham HM, Weedon MN, Wheeler E, Wood AR, Ferreira T, Weyant RJ, Segrè AV, Estrada K, Liang L, Nemesh J, Park JH, Gustafsson S, Kilpeläinen TO, Yang J, Bouatia-Naji N, Esko T, Feitosa MF, Kutalik Z, Mangino M, Raychaudhuri S, Scherag A, Smith AV, Welch R, Zhao JH, Aben KK, Absher DM, Amin N, Dixon AL, Fisher E, Glazer NL, Goddard ME, Heard-Costa NL, Hoesel V, Hottenga JJ, Johansson A, Johnson T, Ketkar S, Lamina C, Li S, Moffatt MF, Myers RH, Narisu N, Perry JR, Peters MJ, Preuss M, Ripatti S, Rivadeneira F, Sandholt C, Scott LJ, Timpson NJ, Tyrer JP, van Wingerden S, Watanabe RM, White CC, Wiklund F, Barlassina C, Chasman DI, Cooper MN, Jansson JO, Lawrence RW, Pellikka N, Prokopenko I, Shi J, Thiering E, Alavere H, Alibrandi MT, Almgren P, Arnold AM, Aspelund T, Atwood LD, Balkau B, Balmforth AJ, Bennett AJ, Ben-Shlomo Y, Bergman RN, Bergmann S, Biebermann H, Blakemore AI, Boes T, Bonnycastle LL, Bornstein SR, Brown MJ, Buchanan TA, Busonero F, Campbell H, Cappuccio FP, Cavalcanti-Proença C, Chen YD, Chen CM, Chines PS, Clarke R, Coin L, Connell J, Day IN, Heijer M, Duan J, Ebrahim S, Elliott P, Elosua R, Eiriksdottir G, Erdos MR, Eriksson JG, Facheris MF, Felix SB, Fischer-Posovszky P, Folsom AR, Friedrich N, Freimer NB, Fu M, Gaget S, Gejman PV, Geus EJ, Gieger C, Gjesing AP, Goel A, Goyette P, Grallert H, Grässler J, Greenawalt DM, Groves CJ, Gudnason V, Guiducci C, Hartikainen AL, Hassanali N, Hall AS, Havulinna AS, Hayward C, Heath AC, Hengstenberg C, Hicks AA, Hinney A, Hofman A, Homuth G, Hui J, Igl W, Iribarren C, Isomaa B, Jacobs KB, Jarick I, Jewell E, John U, Jørgensen T, Jousilahti P, Jula A, Kaakinen M, Kajantie E, Kaplan LM, Kathiresan S, Kettunen J, Kinnunen L, Knowles JW, Kolcic I, König IR, Koskinen S, Kovacs P, Kuusisto J, Kraft P, Kvaløy K, Laitinen J, Lantieri O, Lanzani C, Launer LJ, Lecoeur C, Lehtimäki T, Lettre G, Liu J, Lokki ML, Lorentzon M, Luben RN, Ludwig B, Manunta P, MAGIC, Marek D, Marre M, Martin NG, McArdle WL, McCarthy A, McKnight B, Meitinger T, Melander O, Meyre D, Midthjell K, Montgomery GW, Morken MA, Morris AP, Mulic R, Ngwa JS, Nelis M, Neville MJ, Nyholt DR, O'Donnell CJ, O'Rahilly S, Ong KK, Oostra B, Paré G, Parker AN, Perola M, Pichler I, Pietiläinen KH, Platou CG, Polasek O, Pouta A, Rafelt S, Raitakari O, Rayner NW, Ridderstråle M, Rief W, Ruokonen A, Robertson NR, Rzehak P, Salomaa V, Sanders AR, Sandhu MS, Sanna S, Saramies J, Savolainen MJ, Scherag S, Schipf S, Schreiber S, Schunkert H, Silander K, Sinisalo J, Siscovick DS, Smit JH, Soranzo N, Sovio U, Stephens J, Surakka I, Swift AJ, Tammesoo ML, Tardif JC, Teder-Laving M, Teslovich TM, Thompson JR, Thomson B, Tönjes A, Tuomi T, van Meurs JB, van Ommen GJ, Vatin V, Viikari J, Visvikis-Siest S, Vitart V, Vogel CI, Voight BF, Waite LL, Wallaschofski H, Walters GB, Widen E, Wiegand S, Wild SH, Willemsen G, Witte DR, Witteman JC, Xu J, Zhang Q, Zgaga L, Ziegler A, Zitting P, Beilby JP, Farooqi IS, Hebebrand J, Huikuri HV, James AL, Kähönen M, Levinson DF, Macciardi F, Nieminen MS, Ohlsson C, Palmer LJ, Ridker PM, Stumvoll M, Beckmann JS, Boeing H, Boerwinkle E, Boomsma DI, Caulfield MJ, Chanock SJ, Collins FS, Cupples LA, Smith GD, Erdmann J, Froguel P, Grönberg H, Gyllensten U, Hall P, Hansen T, Harris TB, Hattersley AT, Hayes RB, Heinrich J, Hu FB, Hveem K, Illig T, Jarvelin MR, Kaprio J, Karpe F, Khaw KT, Kiemeney LA, Krude H, Laakso M, Lawlor DA, Metspalu A, Munroe PB, Ouwehand WH, Pedersen O, Penninx BW, Peters A, Pramstaller PP, Quertermous T, Reinehr T, Rissanen A, Rudan I, Samani NJ, Schwarz PE, Shuldiner AR, Spector TD, Tuomilehto J, Uda M, Uitterlinden A, Valle TT, Wabitsch M, Waeber G, Wareham NJ, Watkins H, Procardis Consortium Wilson JF, Wright AF, Zillikens MC, Chatterjee N, McCarroll SA, Purcell S, Schadt EE, Visscher PM, Assimes TL, Borecki IB, Deloukas P, Fox CS, Groop LC, Haritunians T, Hunter DJ, Kaplan RC, Mohlke KL, O'Connell JR, Peltonen L, Schlessinger D, Strachan DP, van Duijn CM, Wichmann HE, Frayling TM, Thorsteinsdottir U, Abecasis GR, Barroso I, Boehnke M, Stefansson K, North KE, McCarthy MI, Hirschhorn JN, Ingelsson E, Loos RJ. 2010. Association analyses of 249, 796 individuals reveal 18 new loci associated with body mass index. Nat Genet 42:937-948.
45. Stefansson H, Rye DB, Hicks A, Petursson H, Ingason A, Thorgeirsson TE, Palsson S, Sigmundsson T, Sigurdsson AP, Eiriksdottir I, Soebech E, Bliwise D, Beck JM, Rosen A, Waddy S, Trotti LM, Iranzo A, Thambisetty M, Hardarson GA, Kristjansson K, Gudmundsson LJ, Thorsteinsdottir U, Kong A, Gulcher JR, Gudbjartsson D, Stefansson K. 2007. A genetic risk factor for periodic limb movements in sleep. N Engl J Med 357:639-647.
46. Stefansson H, Ophoff RA, Steinberg S, Andreassen OA, Cichon S, Rujescu D, Werge T, Pietiläinen OP, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Sigurdsson E, Gustafsson O, Nyegaard M, Tuulio-Henriksson A, Ingason A, Hansen T, Suvisaari J, Lonnqvist J, Paunio T, Børglum AD, Hartmann A, Fink-Jensen A, Nordentoft M, Hougaard D, Norgaard-Pedersen B, Böttcher Y, Olesen J, Breuer R, Möller HJ, Giegling I, Rasmussen HB, Timm S, Mattheisen M, Bitter I, Réthelyi JM, Magnusdottir BB, Sigmundsson T, Olason P, Masson G, Gulcher JR, Haraldsson M, Fossdal R, Thorgeirsson TE, Thorsteinsdottir U, Ruggeri M, Tosato S, Franke B, Strengman E, Kiemeney LA, Genetic Risk Outcome in Psychosis (GROUP), Melle I, Djurovic S, Abramova L, Kaleda V, Sanjuan J, de Frutos R, Bramon E, Vassos E, Fraser G, Ettinger U, Picchioni M, Walker N, Toulopoulou T, Need AC, Ge D, Yoon JL, Shianna KV, Freimer NB, Cantor RM, Murray R, Kong A, Golimbet V, Carracedo A, Arango C, Costas J, Jönsson EG, Terenius L, Agartz I, Petursson H, Nöthen MM, Rietschel M, Matthews PM, Muglia P, Peltonen L, St Clair D, Goldstein DB, Stefansson K, Collier DA. 2009. Common variants conferring risk of schizophrenia. Nature 460:744-747.
47. Sullivan PF, Lin D, Tzeng JY, van den Oord E, Perkins D, Stroup TS, Wagner M, Lee S, Wright FA, Zou F, Liu W, Downing AM, Lieberman J, Close SL. 2008. Genomewide association for schizophrenia in the CATIE study: Results of stage 1. Mol Psychiatry. 13(6):570-584 (Erratum in: Mol Psychiatry 2009; 14:1144).
48. Wichmann HE, Gieger C, Illig T, MONICA/KORA Study Group. 2005. KORA-gen-resource for population genetics, controls and a broad spectrum of disease phenotypes. Gesundheitswesen 67 (Suppl 1): S26-S30.
49. Williams NM, Zaharieva I, Martin A, Langley K, Mantripragada K, Fossdal R, Stefansson H, Stefansson K, Magnusson P, Gudmundsson OO, Gustafsson O, Holmans P, Owen MJ, O'Donovan M, Thapar A. 2010. Rare chromosomal deletions and duplications in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A genome-wide analysis. Lancet 376:1401-1408.
50. Winkelmann J, Schormair B, Lichtner P, Ripke S, Xiong L, Jalilzadeh S, Fulda S, Pütz B, Eckstein G, Hauk S, Trenkwalder C, Zimprich A, Stiasny-Kolster K, Oertel W, Bachmann CG, Paulus W, Peglau I, Eisensehr I, Montplaisir J, Turecki G, Rouleau G, Gieger C, Illig T, Wichmann HE, Holsboer F, Müller-Myhsok B, Meitinger T. 2007. Genome-wide association study of restless legs syndrome identifies common variants in three genomic regions. Nat Genet 39:1000-1006.
51. Won H, Mah W, Kim E, Kim JW, Hahm EK, Kim MH, Cho S, Kim J, Jang H, Cho SC, Kim BN, Shin MS, Seo J, Jeong J, Choi SY, Kim D, Kang C, Kim E. 2011. GIT1 is associated with ADHD in humans and ADHD-like behaviors in mice. Nat Med 17:566-572.
52. Zhou K, Dempfle A, Arcos-Burgos M, Bakker SC, Banaschewski T, Biederman J, Buitelaar J, Castellanos FX, Doyle A, Ebstein RP, Ekholm J, Forabosco P, Franke B, Freitag C, Friedel S, Gill M, Hebebrand J, Hinney A, Jacob C, Lesch KP, Loo SK, Lopera F, McCracken JT, McGough JJ, Meyer J, Mick E, Miranda A, Muenke M, Mulas F, Nelson SF, Nguyen TT, Oades RD, Ogdie MN, Palacio JD, Pineda D, Reif A, Renner TJ, Roeyers H, Romanos M, Rothenberger A, Schafer H, Sergeant J, Sinke RJ, Smalley SL, Sonuga-Barke E, Steinhausen HC, van der Meulen E, Walitza S, Warnke A, Lewis CM, Faraone SV, Asherson P. 2008. Meta-analysis of genome-wide linkage scans of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B:1392-1398.