Effect of distribution media length and multiwalled carbon nanotubes on the formation of voids in VARTM composites

Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology

Volumn 133, Issue 4, 2011, Pages

  Aktas, Levent ^a   Bauman, Duane P ^a   Bowen, Scott T ^a   Saha, Mrinal C ^a   Altan, M Cengiz ^a  

^a University of Oklahoma   (United States)

Author keywords

carbon nanotubes; distribution media; VARTM; voids

Indexed keywords

BENDING STRENGTH; CARBON NANOTUBES; DISPERSIONS; EPOXY RESINS; LAMINATED COMPOSITES; MORPHOLOGY; NANOTUBES; PAPER LAMINATES; RESIN TRANSFER MOLDING; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; VACUUM APPLICATIONS; WEAVING;

CARBON FIBER-EPOXY LAMINATES; DISTRIBUTION MEDIA; MICROSTRUCTURE CHANGES; MINIMUM DISTRIBUTIONS; NANOTUBE DISPERSIONS; NANOTUBE FUNCTIONALIZATION; VARTM; VOIDS;

MULTIWALLED CARBON NANOTUBES (MWCN);

EID: 80054793474     PISSN: 00944289     EISSN: 15288889     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1115/1.4004700     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Shaffer, M. S. P., Qian, H., Greenhalgh, E. S., and Bismarck, A., 2010, "Carbon Nanotube-Based Hierarchical Composites: A Review," J. Mater. Chem., 20(23), pp. 4751-4762.
2. Thostenson, E. T., Li, C. Y., and Chou, T. W., 2005, "Nanocomposites in Context," Compos. Sci. Technol., 65(3-4), pp. 491-516. (Pubitemid 40084026)
3. Chou, T. W., and Thostenson, E. T., 2006, "Processing-Structure- Multi-Functional Property Relationship in Carbon Nanotube=Epoxy Composites," Carbon, 44(14), pp. 3022-3029. (Pubitemid 44415713)
4. Klosterman, D., Williams, M., Heitkamp, C., Donaldson, R., and Browning, C., 2007, "Fabrication and Evaluation of Epoxy Nanocomposites and Carbon= Epoxy Composite Laminates Containing Oxidized Carbon Nanofibers," SAMPE J., 43(4), pp. 7-17. (Pubitemid 47131329)
5. Johnson, R. J., and Pitchumani, R., 2007, "Flow Control Using Localized Induction Heating in a Vartm Process," Compos. Sci. Technol., 67(3-4), pp. 669-684. (Pubitemid 46024410)
6. Johnson, R. J., and Pitchumani, R., 2006, "Simulation of Active Flow Control Based on Localized Preform Heating in a VARTM Process," Composites Part A-Composites, Part A, 37(10), pp. 1815-1830. (Pubitemid 44403196)
7. Johnson, R. J., and Pitchumani, R., 2008, "Active Control of Reactive Resin Flow in a Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM) Process," J. Compos. Mater., 42(12), pp. 1205-1229. (Pubitemid 351707193)
8. Alms, J. B., Glancey, J. L., and Advani, S. G., 2010, "Mechanical Properties of Composite Structures Fabricated with the Vacuum Induced Preform Relaxation Process," Compos. Struc., 92(12), pp. 2811-2816.
9. Rachmadini, Y., Tan, V. B. C., and Tay, T. E., 2010, "Enhancement of Mechanical Properties of Composites Through Incorporation of CNT in VARTM-A Review," J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 29(18), pp. 2782-2807.
10. Chohra, M., Advani, S. G., Gokce, A., and Yarlagadda, S., 2006, "Modeling of Filtration through Multiple Layers of Dual Scale Fibrous Porous Media," Polymer Compos., 27(5), pp. 570-581. (Pubitemid 44519204)
11. Gokce, A., Chohra, M., Advani, S. G., and Walsh, S. M., 2005, "Permeability Estimation Algorithm to Simultaneously Characterize the Distribution Media and the Fabric Preform in Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding Process," Compos. Sci. Technol., 65(14), pp. 2129-2139. (Pubitemid 41371903)
12. Simacek, P., and Advani, S. G., 2007, "Modeling Resin Flow and Fiber Tow Saturation Induced by Distribution Media Collapse in VARTM," Compos. Sci. Technol., 67, pp. 2757-2769. (Pubitemid 47289212)
13. Advani, S. G., Fan, Z. H., and Santare, M. H., 2008, "Interlaminar Shear Strength of Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites Enhanced With Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes," Composites, Part A, 39(3), pp. 540-554.
14. Bekyarova, E., Thostenson, E. T., Yu, A., Kim, H., Gao, J., Tang, J., Hahn, H. T., Chou, T. W., Itkis, M. E., and Haddon, R. C., 2007, "Multiscale Carbon Nanotube-Carbon Fiber Reinforcement for Advanced Epoxy Composites," Langmuir, 23(7), pp. 3970-3974. (Pubitemid 46581929)
15. Davis, D. C., Wilkerson, J. W., Zhu, J. A., and Ayewah, D. O. O., 2010, "Improvements in Mechanical Properties of a Carbon Fiber Epoxy Composite Using Nanotube Science and Technology," Compos. Struct., 92(11), pp. 2653-2662.
16. Zhou, Y. X., Pervin, F., Lewis, L., and Jeelani, S., 2008, "Fabrication and Characterization of Carbon=Epoxy Composites Mixed With Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes," Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 475(1-2), pp. 157-165. (Pubitemid 351176507)
17. Abot, J. L., Bardin, G., Spriegel, C., Song, Y., Raghavan, V., and Govindaraju, N., 2011, "Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Nanotube Array Laminated Composite Materials," J. Compos. Mater., 45(3), pp. 321-340.
18. Hosur, M. V., Chowdhury, F., and Jeelani, S., 2007, "Low-Velocity Impact Response and Ultrasonic Nde of Woven Carbon=Epoxy-Nanoclay Nano-composites," J. Compos. Mater., 41(18), pp. 2195-2212. (Pubitemid 47545962)
19. Peila, R., Seferis, J. C., Karaki, T., and Parker, G., 2009, "Effects of Nanoclay on the Thermal and Rheological Properties of a Vartm (Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding) Epoxy Resin," J. Therm Anal. Calorim., 96(2), pp. 587-592.
20. Aktas, L., and Altan, M. C., 2010, "Characterization of Nanocomposite Laminates Fabricated From Aqueous Dispersion of Nanoclay," Polym. Compos., 31(4), pp. 620-629.
21. Aktas, L., and Altan, M. C., 2010, "Effect of Nanoclay Content on Properties of Glass-Waterborne Epoxy Laminates at Low Clay Loading," Mater. Sci. Tech-nol., 26(5), pp. 626-629.
22. Bose, S., and Mahanwar, P. A., 2005, "Influence of Particle Size and Particle Size Distribution on Mica Filled Nylon 6 Composite," J. Mater. Sci., 40(24), pp. 6423-6428. (Pubitemid 43099351)
23. Lengalova, A., Pavlinek, V., Saha, P., Quadrat, O., and Stejskal, J., 2003, "The Effect of Dispersed Particle Size and Shape on the Electrorheological Behaviour of Suspensions," Colloids Surf., A, 227(1-3), pp. 1-8. (Pubitemid 37315846)
24. Nakamura, Y., Yamaguchi, M., Okubo, M., and Matsumoto, T., 1992, "Effect of Particle-Size on Mechanical-Properties of Epoxy-Resin Filled With Angular-Shaped Silica," J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 44(1), pp. 151-158.
25. Siviour, C. R., Gifford, M. J., Walley, S. M., Proud, W. G., and Field, J. E., 2004, "Particle Size Effects on the Mechanical Properties of a Polymer Bonded Explosive," J. Mater. Sci., 39(4), pp. 1255-1258.
26. Bal, S., 2010, "Dispersion and Reinforcing Mechanism of Carbon Nanotubes in Epoxy Nanocomposites," Bull. Mater. Sci., 33(1), pp. 27-31.
27. Park, C., Ounaies, Z., Watson, K. A., Crooks, R. E., Smith, J., Lowther, S. E., Connell, J. W., Siochi, E. J., Harrison, J. S., and Clair, T. L. S., 2002, "Dispersion of Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes by in Situ Polymerization Under Sonication," Chem. Phys. Lett., 364(3-4), pp. 303-308.
28. Cheng, Q. H., Debnath, S., Gregan, E., and Byrne, H. J., 2010, "Ultrasound-Assisted Swnts Dispersion: Effects of Sonication Parameters and Solvent Properties," J. Phys. Chem. C, 114(19), pp. 8821-8827.
29. Kim, J. A., Seong, D. G., Kang, T. J., and Youn, J. R., 2006, "Effects of Surface Modification on Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Cnt=Epoxy Composites," Carbon, 44(10), pp. 1898-1905. (Pubitemid 43796212)
30. Qiu, J. J., Zhang, C., Wang, B., and Liang, R., 2007, "Carbon Nanotube Integrated Multifunctional Multiscale Composites," Nanotechnology, 18(27), pp. 1-11.
31. Akinyede, O., Mohan, R., Kelkar, A., and Sankar, J., 2009, "Static and Fatigue Behavior of Epoxy=Fiberglass Composites Hybridized With Alumina Nano-particles," J. Compos. Mater., 43(7), pp. 769-781.
32. Sadeghian, R., Gangireddy, S., Minaie, B., and Hsiao, K. T., 2006, "Manufacturing Carbon Nanofibers Toughened Polyester=Glass Fiber Composites Using Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding for Enhancing the Mode-I Delamination Resistance," Composites, Part A, 37(10), pp. 1787-1795. (Pubitemid 44403195)
33. Mall, S., Katwyk, D. W., Bolick, R. L., Kelkar, A. D., and Davis, D. C., 2009, "Tension-Compression Fatigue Behavior of a H-Vartm Manufactured Unnotched and Notched Carbon=Epoxy Composite," Compos. Struct., 90(2), pp. 201-207.
34. Rangari, V. K., Bhuyan, M. S., and Jeelani, S., 2010, "Microwave Processing and Characterization of Epon 862=Cnt Nanocomposites," Mater. Sci. Eng., B, 168(1-3), pp. 117-121.
35. Zhou, Y. X., Pervin, F., Jeelani, S., and Mallick, P. K., 2008, "Improvement in Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fabric-Epoxy Composite Using Carbon Nanofibers," J. Mater. Process. Technol., 198(1-3), pp. 445-453. (Pubitemid 350296823)
36. Hamidi, Y. K., Aktas, L., and Altan, M. C., 2008, "Effect of Nanoclay Content on Void Morphology in Resin Transfer Molded Composites," J. Thermoplastic Compos. Mater., 21(2), pp. 141-163. (Pubitemid 351238279)
37. http://www.nanoamor.com/
38. Ghidossi, P., El Mansori, M., and Pierron, F., 2004, "Edge Machining Effects on the Failure of Polymer Matrix Composite Coupons," Composites, Part A, 35(7-8), pp. 989-999.
39. Arola, D. D., and Ramulu, M., 1998, "Net-Shape Machining and the Process-Dependent Failure of Fiber-Reinforced Plastics Under Static Loads," J. Compos. Technol. Res., 20(4), pp. 210-220. (Pubitemid 128483320)
40. Hamidi, Y. K., Aktas, L., and Altan, M. C., 2004, "Formation of Microscopic Voids in Resin Transfer Molded Composites," ASME J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 126(4), pp. 420-426. (Pubitemid 40122728)
41. Hamidi, Y. K., Dharmavaram, S., Aktas, L., and Altan, M. C., 2009, "Effect of Fiber Content on Void Morphology in Resin Transfer Molded E-Glass=Epoxy Composites," ASME J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 131(2), p. 021014.
42. Mathur, R., Heider, D., Hoffmann, C., Gillespie, J. W., Advani, S. G., and Fink, B. K., 2001, "Flow Front Measurements and Model Validation in the Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding Process," Polym. Compos., 22(4), pp. 477-490. (Pubitemid 32839596)
43. Barraza, H. J., Hamidi, Y. K., Aktas, L., O'Rear, E. A., and Altan, M. C., 2004, "Porosity Reduction in the High-Speed Processing of Glass-Fiber Composites by Resin Transfer Molding (RTM)," J. Compos. Mater., 38(3), pp. 195-226.
44. Hamidi, Y. K., Aktas, L., and Altan, M. C., 2005, "Effect of Packing on Void Morphology in Resin Transfer Molded E-Glass=Epoxy Composites," Polym. Compos., 26(5), pp. 614-627. (Pubitemid 43081744)
45. Lin, L. Y., Lee, J. H., Hong, C. E., Yoo, G. H., and Advani, S. G., 2006, "Preparation and Characterization of Layered Silicate=Glass Fiber=Epoxy Hybrid Nanocomposites Via Vacuum-Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VAR-TM)," Compos. Sci. Technol., 66(13), pp. 2116-2125. (Pubitemid 44070617)
46. Aktas, L., Dharmavaram, S., Hamidi, Y. K., and Altan, M. C., 2008, "Filtration and Breakdown of Clay Clusters During Resin Transfer Molding of Nanoclay= Glass=Epoxy Composites," J. Compos. Mater., 42(21), pp. 2209-2229.
47. Akinyede, O., Mohan, R., Kelkar, A., and Sankar, J., 2010, "Processing and Thermo-Physical Characterization of Alumina Particulate Reinforced 3-Phase Hybrid Composite Material System," J. Adv. Mater., 42(3), pp. 5-19.
48. Lucas, A., Zakri, C., Maugey, M., Pasquali, M., Van Der Schoot, P., and Poulin, P., 2009, "Kinetics of Nanotube and Microfiber Scission Under Sonication," J. Phys. Chem. C, 113(48), pp. 20599-20605.
49. Kuentzer, N., Simacek, P., Advani, S. G., and Walsh, S., 2007, "Correlation of Void Distribution to Vartm Manufacturing Techniques," Composites Part A-Composites, Part A, 38(3), pp. 802-813. (Pubitemid 44914130)