Filtration and breakdown of clay clusters during resin transfer molding of nanoclay/glass/epoxy composites

Journal of Composite Materials

Volumn 42, Issue 21, 2008, Pages 2209-2229

  Aktas, Levent ^a   Dharmavaram, Sudha ^a   Hamidi, Youssef K ^a   Altan, M Cengiz ^a  

^a University of Oklahoma   (United States)

Author keywords

Electron microprobe analysis; Nanoclay filtration; Resin transfer molding

Indexed keywords

CHLORINE COMPOUNDS; CLAY MINERALS; DISKS (MACHINE COMPONENTS); DISKS (STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS); FORMING; GLASS FIBERS; MOLDING; NANOCOMPOSITES; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; OPTICAL DESIGN; POROUS MATERIALS; RESINS;

A-CENTER; CLOISITE; ELECTRON MICROPROBE ANALYSIS; NANO CLAYS; NANOCLAY FILTRATION;

RESIN TRANSFER MOLDING;

EID: 52349090536     PISSN: 00219983     EISSN: 1530793X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0021998308094556     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Nakamura, Y., Yamaguchi, M., Okubo, M. and Matsumoto, T. (1992). Effect of Particle-Size on Mechanical-Properties of Epoxy-Resin Filled with Angular-Shaped Silica, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 44 (1). 151-158.
2. LeBaron, P.C., Wang, Z. and Pinnavaia, T.J. (1999). Polymer-Layered Silicate Nanocomposites: An Overview, Applied Clay Science, 15 (1-2). 11-29.
3. Ahmadi, S.J., Huang, Y.D. and Li, W. (2004). Synthetic Routes, Properties and Future Applications of Polymer-Layered Silicate Nanocomposites, Journal of Materials Science, 39 (6). 1919-1925.
4. Theng, B.K.G. (1979). Formation and Properties of Clay-Polymer Complexes, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, New York.
5. Usuki, A., Kawasumi, M., Kojima, Y., Okada, A., Kurauchi, T. and Kamigaito, O. (1993). Swelling Behavior of Montmorillonite Cation Exchanged for Omega-Amino Acids by Epsilon-Caprolactam, Journal of Materials Research, 8 (5). 1174-1178.
6. Usuki, A., Kojima, Y., Kawasumi, M., Okada, A., Fukushima, Y., Kurauchi, T. and Kamigaito, O. (1993). Synthesis of Nylon 6-Clay Hybrid, Journal of Materials Research, 8 (5). 1179-1184.
7. Kojima, Y., Usuki, A., Kawasumi, M., Okada, A., Fukushima, Y., Kurauchi, T. and Kamigaito, O. (1993). Mechanical-Properties of Nylon 6-Clay Hybrid, Journal of Materials Research, 8 (5). 1185-1189.
8. Fukushima, Y. and Inagaki, S. (1987). Synthesis of An Intercalated Compound of Montmorillonite and 6-Polyamide, Journal of Inclusion Phenomena, 5 (4). 473-482.
9. Cho, J.W. and Paul, D.R. (2001). Nylon 6 Nanocomposites by Melt Compounding, Polymer, 42 (3). 1083-1094.
10. Maiti, P., Nam, P.H., Okamoto, M., Hasegawa, N. and Usuki, A. (2002). Influence of Crystallization on Intercalation, Morphology, and Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene/ Clay Nanocomposites, Macromolecules, 35 (6). 2042-2049.
11. Chen, L., Wong, S.C. and Pisharath, S. (2003). Fracture Properties of Nanoclay-Filled Polypropylene, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 88 (14). 3298-3305.
12. Liu, T.X., Lim, K.P., Tjiu, W.C., Pramoda, K.P. and Chen, Z.K. (2003). Preparation and Characterization of Nylon 11/Organoclay Nanocomposites, Polymer, 44 (12). 3529-3535.
13. Wang, D.Y., Zhu, J., Yao, Q. and Wilkie, C.A. (2002). A Comparison of Various Methods for The Preparation of Polystyrene And Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Clay Nanocomposites, Chemistry of Materials, 14 (9). 3837-3843.
14. Shah, R.K. and Paul, D.R. (2004). Nylon 6 Nanocomposites Prepared By a Melt Mixing Masterbatch Process, Polymer, 45 (9). 2991-3000.
15. Shen, L., Phang, I.Y., Chen, L., Liu, T.X. and Zeng, K.Y. (2004). Nanoindentation and Morphological Studies on Nylon 66 Nanocomposites. I. Effect of Clay Loading, Polymer, 45 (10). 3341-3349.
16. Xu, L.Q. and Lee, L.J. (2004). Effect of Nanoclay on Shrinkage Control of Low Profile Unsaturated Polyester (UP) Resin Cured at Room Temperature, Polymer, 45 (21). 7325-7334.
17. Lan, T. and Pinnavaia, T.J. (1994). Clay-Reinforced Epoxy Nanocomposites, Chemistry of Materials, 6 (12). 2216-2219.
18. Abot, J.L., Yasmin, A. and Daniel, I.M. (2003). Mechanical and Thermoviscoelastic Behavior Of Clay/Epoxy Nanocomposites, Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 740: 16.5.1-16.5.6.
19. Pinnavaia, T.J., Lan, T., Kaviratna, P.D., Wang, Z. and Shi, H.H. (1995). Clay-Reinforced Epoxy Nanocomposites - Synthesis, Properties and Mechanism of Formation, Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, 210: 61-MSE.
20. Wang, M.S. and Pinnavaia, T.J. (1994). Clay Polymer Nanocomposites Formed from Acidic Derivatives of Montmorillonite and An Epoxy-Resin, Chemistry of Materials, 6 (4). 468-474.
21. Timmerman, J.F., Hayes, B.S. and Seferis, J.C. (2002). Nanoclay Reinforcement Effects on the Cryogenic Microcracking of Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites, Composites Science and Technology, 62 (9). 1249-1258.
22. Becker, O., Varley, R.J. and Simon, G.P. (2003). Use of Layered Silicates to Supplementarily Toughen High Performance Epoxy-Carbon Fiber Composites, Journal of Materials Science Letters, 22 (20). 1411-1414.
23. Miyagawa, H., Rich, M.J. and Drzal, L.T. (2004). Amine-Cured Epoxy/Clay Nanocomposites. I. Processing and Chemical Characterization, Journal of Polymer Science Part B-Polymer Physics, 42 (23). 4384-4390.
24. Kashiwagi, T., Harris, R.H., Zhang, X., Briber, R.M., Cipriano, B.H., Raghavan, S.R., Awad, W.H. and Shields, J.R. (2004). Flame Retardant Mechanism of Polyamide 6-Clay Nanocomposites, Polymer, 45 (3). 881-891.
25. Giannelis, E.P. (1998). Polymer-Layered Silicate Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Properties and Applications, Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 12 (10-11). 675-680.
26. Haque, A., Shamsuzzoha, M., Hussain, F. and Dean, D. (2003). S2-Glass/Epoxy Polymer Nanocomposites: Manufacturing, Structures, Thermal and Mechanical Properties, Journal of Composite Materials, 37 (20). 1821-1837.
27. Yasmin, A., Abot, J.L. and Daniel, I.M. (2003). Processing Of Clay/Epoxy Nanocomposites With a Three-Roll Mill Machine, Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 740: 13.7.1-13.7.6.
28. Kornmann, X., Lindberg, H. and Berglund, L.A. (2001). Synthesis of Epoxy-Clay Nanocomposites: Influence of the Nature of the Clay on Structure, Polymer, 42 (4). 1303-1310.
29. Cai, J.F.J. and Salovey, R. (1999). Model Filled Rubber IV: Dependence of Stress-Strain Relationship on Filler Particle Morphology, Journal of Materials Science, 34 (19). 4719-4726.
30. Singh, R.P., Zhang, M. and Chan, D. (2002). Toughening of a Brittle Thermosetting Polymer: Effects of Reinforcement Particle Size and Volume Fraction, Journal of Materials Science, 37 (4). 781-788.
31. Siviour, C.R., Gifford, M.J., Walley, S.M., Proud, W.G. and Field, J.E. (2004). Particle Size Effects on The Mechanical Properties of a Polymer Bonded Explosive, Journal of Materials Science, 39 (4). 1255-1258.
32. Wagener, R. and Reisinger, T.J.G. (2003). A Rheological Method to Compare the Degree of Exfoliation of Nanocomposites, Polymer, 44 (24). 7513-7518.
33. Bragg, W.H. and Bragg, W.L. (1913). The Reclection of X-Rays By Crystals, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (A), 88: 428-438.
34. Cloisite® 25A Material Data Sheet, Southern Clay Products Inc., Gonzales, TX.
35. Olivero, K.A., Hamidi, Y.K., Aktas, L. and Altan, M.C. (2004). Effect of Preform Thickness and Volume Fraction on Injection Pressure and Mechanical Properties of Resin Transfer Molded Composites, Journal of Composite Materials, 38 (11). 937-957.
36. Barraza, H.J., Hamidi, Y.K., Aktas, L., O'Rear, E.A. and Altan, M.C. (2004). Porosity Reduction in The High-Speed Processing of Glass-Fiber Composites By Resin Transfer Molding (RTM), Journal of Composite Materials, 38 (3). 195-226.
37. Ronnhult, T., Brox, B. and Fritze, G. (1987). The Influence of Surface-Topography on the X-Ray-Intensity in Electron-Microprobe Analysis (Eds/Wds), Scanning, 9 (2). 81-87.
38. Hamidi, Y.K., Aktas, L. and Altan, M.C. (2008). Effect of Nanoclay Content on Void Morphology in Resin Transfer Molded Composites, Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 21 (2). 141-163.
39. Aktas, L., Dharmavaram, S., Hamidi, Y.K. and Altan, M.C. (2005). Quantitative Analyses of Nanoclay Dispersion in Molded Epoxy Disks: Effects of Mixing Temperature, In: Nanomaterials: New Research, Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, New York, pp. 197-218.
40. Aktas, L., Hamidi, Y.K. and Altan, M.C. (2004). Characterisation of Nanoclay Dispersion in Resin Transfer Moulded Glass/Nanoclay/Epoxy Composites, Plastics, Rubbers and Composites, 33 (6). 267-272.
41. Tamhane, A.C. and Dunlop, D.D. (2000). Statistics and Data Analysis, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
42. ASTM E1640-99, 'Standard Test Method for Assignment of the Glass Transition Temperature by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis'.
43. Tien, Y.I. and Wei, K.H. (2002). The Effect of Nano-Sized Silicate Layers From Montmorillonite on Glass Transition, Dynamic Mechanical, and Thermal Degradation Properties of Segmented Polyurethane, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 86 (7). 1741-1748.