Bone marrow mesenchymal cells: How do they contribute to tissue repair and are they really stem cells?

Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis

Volumn 59, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 369-378

  Kuroda, Yasumasa ^a   Kitada, Masaaki ^a   Wakao, Shohei ^a   Dezawa, Mari ^a  

^a TOHOKU UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

Author keywords

Adult stem cells; Cytokines; Mesenchymal stem cells; Repair; Transdifferenitation

Indexed keywords

ADULT STEM CELL; BONE DEFECT; BONE MARROW CELL; BONE REMODELING; CELL FUNCTION; CELL HETEROGENEITY; CELL HOMING; CELL SPECIFICITY; CELL TRANSDIFFERENTIATION; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; LIVER DYSFUNCTION; LIVER INJURY; LIVER REGENERATION; MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; MUSCLE REGENERATION; NONHUMAN; OSTEOARTHRITIS; OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA; PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION; PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL; REGENERATIVE MEDICINE; REVIEW; SPINAL CORD INJURY; TISSUE REPAIR; TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY; TROPISM;

ADIPOCYTES; ADULT; BONE MARROW CELLS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL MOVEMENT; CELLS, CULTURED; HUMANS; MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS; MESODERM; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; OSTEOBLASTS; REGENERATIVE MEDICINE; WOUND HEALING;

EID: 80054091287     PISSN: 0004069X     EISSN: 16614917     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00005-011-0139-9     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. G Adas S Arikan O Karatepe, et al. 2011 Mesenchymal stem cells improve the healing of ischemic colonic anastomoses (experimental study) Langenbecks Arch Surg 396 115 126 20953879 10.1007/s00423-010-0717-z
2. M Alvarez-Dolado R Pardal JM Garcia-Verdugo, et al. 2003 Fusion of bone-marrow-derived cells with Purkinje neurons, cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes Nature 425 968 973 14555960 10.1038/nature02069 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXosVOht7s%3D (Pubitemid 37376928)
3. P Bianco P Gehron Robey 2000 Marrow stromal stem cells J Clin Invest 105 1663 1668 10862779 10.1172/JCI10413 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXkt1Wqs74%3D (Pubitemid 30421745)
4. AI Caplan 1991 Mesenchymal stem cells J Orthop Res 9 641 650 1870029 10.1002/jor.1100090504 1:STN:280:DyaK3Mzjt1OksA%3D%3D
5. P Charbord 2010 Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: historical overview and concepts Hum Gene Ther 21 1045 1056 20565251 10.1089/hum.2010.115 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtFehu7%2FP
6. J Chen Y Li M Katakowski, et al. 2003 Intravenous bone marrow stromal cell therapy reduces apoptosis and promotes endogenous cell proliferation after stroke in female rat J Neurosci Res 73 778 786 12949903 10.1002/jnr.10691 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXnt1Wqu7g%3D (Pubitemid 37071731)
7. T Chino K Tamai T Yamazaki, et al. 2008 Bone marrow cell transfer into fetal circulation can ameliorate genetic skin diseases by providing fibroblasts to the skin and inducing immune tolerance Am J Pathol 173 803 814 18688022 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070977 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtFCitL7J
8. M Chopp XH Zhang Y Li, et al. 2000 Spinal cord injury in rat: treatment with bone marrow stromal cell transplantation Neuroreport 11 3001 3005 11006983 10.1097/00001756-200009110-00035 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvltFaqtw%3D%3D
9. L Crigler RC Robey A Asawachaicharn, et al. 2006 Human mesenchymal stem cell subpopulations express a variety of neuro-regulatory molecules and promote neuronal cell survival and neuritogenesis Exp Neurol 198 54 64 16336965 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.10.029 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xhs1Snsrk%3D (Pubitemid 43243744)
10. AS de la Garza-Rodea I van der Velde H Boersma, et al. 2011 Long-term contribution of human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells to skeletal muscle regeneration in mice Cell Transplant 20 217 231 10.3727/096368910X522117
11. M Dezawa H Ishikawa Y Itokazu, et al. 2005 Bone marrow stromal cells generate muscle cells and repair muscle degeneration Science 309 314 317 16002622 10.1126/science.1110364 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXlsl2jtLs%3D (Pubitemid 40967871)
12. M Dezawa H Kanno M Hoshino, et al. 2004 Specific induction of neuronal cells from bone marrow stromal cells and application for autologous transplantation J Clin Invest 113 1701 1710 15199405 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2cXkvFyjsLY%3D (Pubitemid 39071662)
13. M Dezawa I Takahashi M Esaki, et al. 2001 Sciatic nerve regeneration in rats induced by transplantation of in vitro differentiated bone-marrow stromal cells Eur J Neurosci 14 1771 1776 11860471 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01814.x 1:STN:280:DC%2BD387isVejsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 35463694)
14. G D'Ippolito S Diabira GA Howard, et al. 2004 Marrow-isolated adult multilineage inducible (MIAMI) cells, a unique population of postnatal young and old human cells with extensive expansion and differentiation potential J Cell Sci 117 Pt 14 2971 2981 15173316 10.1242/jcs.01103 (Pubitemid 39117672)
15. CG Fan QJ Zhang JR Zhou 2011 Therapeutic potentials of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human umbilical cord Stem Cell Rev 7 195 207 20676943 10.1007/s12015-010-9168-8
16. Ferrari D, Gulinelli S, Salvestrini V et al (2011) Purinergic stimulation of human mesenchymal stem cells potentiates their chemotactic response to CXCL12 and increases the homing capacity and production of proinflammatory cytokines. Exp Hematol 39:360-374.e1-5
17. G Ferrari G Cusella-De Angelis M Coletta, et al. 1998 Muscle regeneration by bone marrow-derived myogenic progenitors Science 279 1528 1530 9488650 10.1126/science.279.5356.1528 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXhs1Kmtbs%3D (Pubitemid 28217075)
18. AJ Friedenstein RK Chailakhjan KS Lalykina 1970 The development of fibroblast colonies in monolayer cultures of guinea-pig bone marrow and spleen cells Cell Tissue Kinet 3 393 403 5523063 1:STN:280:DyaE38%2FmsFGmsg%3D%3D
19. AJ Friedenstein KV Petrakova AI Kurolesova, et al. 1968 Heterotopic of bone marrow. Analysis of precursor cells for osteogenic and hematopoietic tissues Transplantation 6 230 247 5654088 10.1097/00007890-196803000-00009 1:STN:280:DyaF1c3ns1Ciug%3D%3D
20. FH Gage 2000 Mammalian neural stem cells Science 287 1433 1438 10688783 10.1126/science.287.5457.1433 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXhsV2qtrg%3D (Pubitemid 30127128)
21. ES Gilchrist JN Plevris 2010 Bone marrow-derived stem cells in liver repair: 10 years down the line Liver Transpl 16 118 129 20104479 10.1002/lt.21965
22. M Gnecchi H He N Noiseux, et al. 2006 Evidence supporting paracrine hypothesis for Akt-modified mesenchymal stem cell-mediated cardiac protection and functional improvement FASEB J 20 661 669 16581974 10.1096/fj.05-5211com 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XjtlensLc%3D (Pubitemid 44933310)
23. MY Gordon N Levicar M Pai, et al. 2006 Characterization and clinical application of human CD34+ stem/progenitor cell populations mobilized into the blood by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor Stem Cells 24 1822 1830 16556705 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0629 (Pubitemid 44474196)
24. DA Grove J Xu R Joodi, et al. 2011 Attenuation of early airway obstruction by mesenchymal stem cells in a murine model of heterotopic tracheal transplantation J Heart Lung Transplant 30 341 350 21093298 10.1016/j.healun. 2010.09.012
25. RG Harris EL Herzog EM Bruscia, et al. 2004 Lack of a fusion requirement for development of bone marrow-derived epithelia Science 305 90 93 15232107 10.1126/science.1098925 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXlt1Cqs7o%3D (Pubitemid 38869378)
26. X He J Ma E Jabbari 2010 Migration of marrow stromal cells in response to sustained release of stromal-derived factor-1alpha from poly(lactide ethylene oxide fumarate) hydrogels Int J Pharm 390 107 116 20219655 10.1016/j.ijpharm. 2009.12.063 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXksFShtr0%3D
27. HS Hong J Lee E Lee, et al. 2009 A new role of substance P as an injury-inducible messenger for mobilization of CD29(+) stromal-like cells Nat Med 15 425 435 19270709 10.1038/nm.1909 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXivVKksrc%3D
28. EM Horwitz K Le Blanc M Dominici, et al. 2005 Clarification of the nomenclature for MSC: the International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement Cytotherapy 7 393 395 16236628 10.1080/14653240500319234 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2MrlvF2itQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 41671625)
29. EM Horwitz DJ Prockop LA Fitzpatrick, et al. 1999 Transplantability and therapeutic effects of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells in children with osteogenesis imperfecta Nat Med 5 309 313 10086387 10.1038/6529 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXhsVSltLk%3D (Pubitemid 29124367)
30. Y Jiang BN Jahagirdar RL Reinhardt, et al. 2002 Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow Nature 418 41 49 12077603 10.1038/nature00870 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XltVantrs%3D (Pubitemid 34742565)
31. T Kitaori H Ito EM Schwarz, et al. 2009 Stromal cell-derived factor 1/CXCR4 signaling is critical for the recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells to the fracture site during skeletal repair in a mouse model Arthritis Rheum 60 813 823 19248097 10.1002/art.24330 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXktVGmsb0%3D
32. M Korbling Z Estrov 2003 Adult stem cells for tissue repair-a new therapeutic concept? N Engl J Med 349 570 582 12904523 10.1056/NEJMra022361 (Pubitemid 36951370)
33. M Kucia R Reca FR Campbell, et al. 2006 A population of very small embryonic-like (VSEL) CXCR4(+)SSEA-1(+)Oct-4 + stem cells identified in adult bone marrow Leukemia 20 857 869 16498386 10.1038/sj.leu.2404171 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XjslOhtbY%3D
34. Y Kuroda M Kitada S Wakao, et al. 2010 Unique multipotent cells in adult human mesenchymal cell populations Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107 8639 8643 20421459 10.1073/pnas.0911647107 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXmsFWmtL0%3D
35. SA Kuznetsov MH Mankani S Gronthos, et al. 2001 Circulating skeletal stem cells J Cell Biol 153 1133 1140 11381097 10.1083/jcb.153.5.1133 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXktVagsLo%3D (Pubitemid 34289251)
36. SA Kuznetsov MH Mankani AI Leet, et al. 2007 Circulating connective tissue precursors: extreme rarity in humans and chondrogenic potential in guinea pigs Stem Cells 25 1830 1839 17464083 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0140 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXos12htbk%3D (Pubitemid 47121863)
37. T Lapidot I Petit 2002 Current understanding of stem cell mobilization: the roles of chemokines, proteolytic enzymes, adhesion molecules, cytokines, and stromal cells Exp Hematol 30 973 981 12225788 10.1016/S0301-472X(02)00883-4 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XmvVCqsrY%3D (Pubitemid 35286613)
38. Y Li M Chopp J Chen, et al. 2000 Intrastriatal transplantation of bone marrow nonhematopoietic cells improves functional recovery after stroke in adult mice J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 20 1311 1319 10994853 10.1097/00004647-200009000- 00006 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvksVCkuw%3D%3D
39. H Liu W Xue G Ge, et al. 2010 Hypoxic preconditioning advances CXCR4 and CXCR7 expression by activating HIF-1alpha in MSCs Biochem Biophys Res Commun 401 509 515 20869949 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.09.076 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtlKht7nK
40. S Makino K Fukuda S Miyoshi, et al. 1999 Cardiomyocytes can be generated from marrow stromal cells in vitro J Clin Invest 103 697 705 10074487 10.1172/JCI5298 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXhsF2is7s%3D (Pubitemid 29122423)
41. TA Markel Y Wang JL Herrmann, et al. 2008 VEGF is critical for stem cell-mediated cardioprotection and a crucial paracrine factor for defining the age threshold in adult and neonatal stem cell function Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295 H2308 H2314 18849336 10.1152/ajpheart.00565.2008 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsFSntb3F
42. E Meng Z Guo H Wang, et al. 2008 High mobility group box 1 protein inhibits the proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells and promotes their migration and differentiation along osteoblastic pathway Stem Cells Dev 17 805 813 18715162 10.1089/scd.2007.0276 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtFaisrnK
43. E Mezey KJ Chandross G Harta, et al. 2000 Turning blood into brain: cells bearing neuronal antigens generated in vivo from bone marrow Science 290 1779 1782 11099419 10.1126/science.290.5497.1779 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXovVOhu70%3D (Pubitemid 32004811)
44. Y Misao G Takemura M Arai, et al. 2006 Bone marrow-derived myocyte-like cells and regulation of repair-related cytokines after bone marrow cell transplantation Cardiovasc Res 69 476 490 16368087 10.1016/j.cardiores.2005.11. 001 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xls1ajtg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 43098804)
45. KA Molyneaux H Zinszner PS Kunwar, et al. 2003 The chemokine SDF1/CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 regulate mouse germ cell migration and survival Development 130 4279 4286 12900445 10.1242/dev.00640 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3sXnvVWnt7s%3D (Pubitemid 37185317)
46. T Niedzwiedzki Z Dabrowski H Miszta, et al. 1993 Bone healing after bone marrow stromal cell transplantation to the bone defect Biomaterials 14 115 121 8435454 10.1016/0142-9612(93)90221-M 1:STN:280:DyaK3s7mvVyisw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 23072685)
47. D Orlic J Kajstura S Chimenti, et al. 2001 Bone marrow cells regenerate infarcted myocardium Nature 410 701 705 11287958 10.1038/35070587 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXivFSmsb4%3D (Pubitemid 32290358)
48. J Oswald S Boxberger B Jorgensen, et al. 2004 Mesenchymal stem cells can be differentiated into endothelial cells in vitro Stem Cells 22 377 384 15153614 10.1634/stemcells.22-3-377 (Pubitemid 38736621)
49. ME Owen J Cave CJ Joyner 1987 Clonal analysis in vitro of osteogenic differentiation of marrow CFU-F J Cell Sci 87 Pt 5 731 738 3499442
50. S Oyagi M Hirose M Kojima, et al. 2006 Therapeutic effect of transplanting HGF-treated bone marrow mesenchymal cells into CCl4-injured rats J Hepatol 44 742 748 16469408 10.1016/j.jhep.2005.10.026 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD28XisFyqtL0%3D
51. HC Park YS Shim Y Ha, et al. 2005 Treatment of complete spinal cord injury patients by autologous bone marrow cell transplantation and administration of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor Tissue Eng 11 913 922 15998231 10.1089/ten.2005.11.913 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXlsl2jtb8%3D (Pubitemid 40960794)
52. AM Parr CH Tator A Keating 2007 Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells for the repair of central nervous system injury Bone Marrow Transplant 40 609 619 17603514 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705757 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2srlslKqsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 47456475)
53. BE Petersen WC Bowen KD Patrene, et al. 1999 Bone marrow as a potential source of hepatic oval cells Science 284 1168 1170 10325227 10.1126/science.284. 5417.1168 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXjtlajsL4%3D (Pubitemid 29288406)
54. D Philp M Nguyen B Scheremeta, et al. 2004 Thymosin beta4 increases hair growth by activation of hair follicle stem cells FASEB J 18 385 387 14657002 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXht1GjtLw%3D
55. DG Phinney 2007 Biochemical heterogeneity of mesenchymal stem cell populations: clues to their therapeutic efficacy Cell Cycle 6 2884 2889 18000405 10.4161/cc.6.23.5095 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsFOltLg%3D
56. DG Phinney DJ Prockop 2007 Concise review: mesenchymal stem/multipotent stromal cells: the state of transdifferentiation and modes of tissue repair-current views Stem Cells 25 2896 2902 17901396 10.1634/stemcells.2007- 0637 (Pubitemid 350127874)
57. MF Pittenger AM Mackay SC Beck, et al. 1999 Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells Science 284 143 147 10102814 10.1126/science.284.5411.143 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXitlCnu7o%3D (Pubitemid 29282067)
58. G Prindull D Zipori 2004 Environmental guidance of normal and tumor cell plasticity: epithelial mesenchymal transitions as a paradigm Blood 103 2892 2899 15070660 10.1182/blood-2003-08-2807 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjsVahurk%3D (Pubitemid 38451657)
59. DJ Prockop 1997 Marrow stromal cells as stem cells for nonhematopoietic tissues Science 276 71 74 9082988 10.1126/science.276.5309.71 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXitlyqt7g%3D (Pubitemid 27161245)
60. J Qiu M Nishimura Y Wang, et al. 2008 Early release of HMGB-1 from neurons after the onset of brain ischemia J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 28 927 938 18000511 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600582 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXltVGkt7k%3D (Pubitemid 351589627)
61. LC Rogers NJ Bevilacqua DG Armstrong 2008 The use of marrow-derived stem cells to accelerate healing in chronic wounds Int Wound J 5 20 25 18179555 10.1111/j.1742-481X.2007.00349.x (Pubitemid 351379725)
62. V Schachinger B Assmus S Erbs, et al. 2009 Intracoronary infusion of bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells abrogates adverse left ventricular remodelling post-acute myocardial infarction: insights from the reinfusion of enriched progenitor cells and infarct remodelling in acute myocardial infarction (REPAIR-AMI) trial Eur J Heart Fail 11 973 979 19789401 10.1093/eurjhf/hfp113
63. S Snykers J De Kock V Rogiers, et al. 2009 In vitro differentiation of embryonic and adult stem cells into hepatocytes: state of the art Stem Cells 27 577 605 19056906 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0963 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXkvVKgurw%3D
64. JL Spees SD Olson J Ylostalo, et al. 2003 Differentiation, cell fusion, and nuclear fusion during ex vivo repair of epithelium by human adult stem cells from bone marrow stroma Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 2397 2402 12606728 10.1073/pnas.0437997100 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXitVaju7s%3D (Pubitemid 36297510)
65. Y Takashima T Era K Nakao, et al. 2007 Neuroepithelial cells supply an initial transient wave of MSC differentiation Cell 129 1377 1388 17604725 10.1016/j.cell.2007.04.028 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXotV2hsLs%3D (Pubitemid 46970707)
66. N Terada T Hamazaki M Oka, et al. 2002 Bone marrow cells adopt the phenotype of other cells by spontaneous cell fusion Nature 416 542 545 11932747 10.1038/nature730 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XivVOntLk%3D (Pubitemid 34288856)
67. S Terai I Sakaida N Yamamoto, et al. 2003 An in vivo model for monitoring trans-differentiation of bone marrow cells into functional hepatocytes J Biochem 134 551 558 14607982 10.1093/jb/mvg173 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhtVWgtbrK (Pubitemid 37442878)
68. S Terai N Yamamoto K Omori, et al. 2002 A new cell therapy using bone marrow cells to repair damaged liver J Gastroenterol 37 suppl 14 162 163 12572886 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XpsleqtbY%3D (Pubitemid 35385951)
69. ED Thomas 2000 Landmarks in the development of hematopoietic cell transplantation World J Surg 24 815 818 10833248 10.1007/s002680010130 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c3ptlCqsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 30437478)
70. JE Till CE McCulloch 1961 A direct measurement of the radiation sensitivity of normal mouse bone marrow cells Radiat Res 14 213 222 13776896 10.2307/3570892 1:STN:280:DyaF3c%2FpslSgug%3D%3D
71. J Tolar K Le Blanc A Keating, et al. 2010 Concise review: hitting the right spot with mesenchymal stromal cells Stem Cells 28 1446 1455 20597105 10.1002/stem.459
72. KC Vallabhaneni S Tkachuk Y Kiyan, et al. 2011 Urokinase receptor mediates mobilization, migration, and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells Cardiovasc Res 90 113 121 21088115 10.1093/cvr/cvq362 1:CAS:528: DC%2BC3MXjsFygsbY%3D
73. IL Weissman JA Shizuru 2008 The origins of the identification and isolation of hematopoietic stem cells, and their capability to induce donor-specific transplantation tolerance and treat autoimmune diseases Blood 112 3543 3553 18948588 10.1182/blood-2008-08-078220 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtlCntr3F
74. S Wislet-Gendebien G Hans P Leprince, et al. 2005 Plasticity of cultured mesenchymal stem cells: switch from nestin-positive to excitable neuron-like phenotype Stem Cells 23 392 402 15749934 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0149 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXjtFyjtbg%3D (Pubitemid 40404458)
75. W Wojakowski M Kucia E Zuba-Surma, et al. 2011 Very small embryonic-like stem cells in cardiovascular repair Pharmacol Ther 129 21 28 20971132 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.09.012 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsF2isr7M
76. KT Wright W El Masri A Osman, et al. 2011 Bone marrow for the treatment of spinal cord injury: mechanisms and clinical application Stem Cells 29 169 178 21732476 10.1002/stem.570 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXks1altrk%3D
77. YX Xu L Chen WK Hou, et al. 2009 Mesenchymal stem cells treated with rat pancreatic extract secrete cytokines that improve the glycometabolism of diabetic rats Transplant Proc 41 1878 1884 19545749 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009. 01.087 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXnsV2ruro%3D
78. T Yoshihara M Ohta Y Itokazu, et al. 2007 Neuroprotective effect of bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells promoting functional recovery from spinal cord injury J Neurotrauma 24 1026 1036 17600518 10.1089/neu.2007.132R (Pubitemid 47015436)
79. J Yu M Li Z Qu, et al. 2010 SDF-1/CXCR4-mediated migration of transplanted bone marrow stromal cells toward areas of heart myocardial infarction through activation of PI3K/Akt J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 55 496 505 20179608 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXmtlamsb8%3D