Implications for atmospheric dynamics derived from global observations of gravity wave momentum flux in stratosphere and mesosphere

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 116, Issue 19, 2011, Pages

  Ern, M ^a   Preusse, P ^a   Gille, J C ^b,c   Hepplewhite, C L ^d   Mlynczak, M G ^e   Russell, J M ^f   Riese, M ^a  

^a FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM JÜLICH   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^c NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^e NASA LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^f HAMPTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION; GRAVITY WAVES; HYDRODYNAMICS; SOLAR ENERGY; SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTS; TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT; UPPER ATMOSPHERE; WAVES;

11-YEAR SOLAR CYCLE; ABSOLUTE VALUES; ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS; DEEP CONVECTION; FOURIER DECOMPOSITION; GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION; GLOBAL OBSERVATION; GRAVITY WAVE MOMENTUM; HIGH LATITUDES; HIGH-RESOLUTION DYNAMICS LIMB SOUNDERS; LONGITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION; MOMENTUM FLUX; NEGATIVE CORRELATION; POLAR-NIGHT JET; QUASI TWO-DAY WAVES; QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; SATELLITE INSTRUMENTS; SOLAR FLUX; SOUNDING OF THE ATMOSPHERE USING BROADBAND EMISSION RADIOMETRY; TIME-SCALES; WIND REVERSALS;

MOMENTUM;

FLUX MEASUREMENT; GRAVITY WAVE; INSTRUMENTATION; LONGITUDINAL GRADIENT; MEASUREMENT METHOD; MESOSPHERE; MOMENTUM; OBSERVATIONAL METHOD; QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; RADIOMETER; RESOLUTION; STRATOSPHERE; SUBTROPICAL REGION; TEMPERATURE EFFECT; TILT; TWO-DIMENSIONAL MODELING;

EID: 80054032059     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2011JD015821     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. Alexander, M. J., and T. J. Dunkerton (1999), A spectral parameterization of mean-flow forcing due to breaking gravity waves, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 4167-4182. (Pubitemid 30542358)
2. Alexander, M. J., and D. A. Ortland (2010), Equatorial waves in High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) data, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D24111, doi:10.1029/2010JD014782.
3. Alexander, M. J., et al. (2008), Global estimates of gravity wave momentum flux from High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder Observations, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D15S18, doi:10.1029/2007JD008807.
4. Alexander, M. J., et al. (2010), Recent developments in gravity-wave effects in climate models and the global distribution of gravity-wave momentum flux from observations and models, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 136, 1103-1124, doi:10.1002/qj.637.
5. Baldwin, M. P., and T. J. Dunkerton (1999), Propagation of the Arctic Oscillation from the stratosphere to the troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 30,937-30,946.
6. Baldwin, M. P., and T. J. Dunkerton (2001), Stratospheric harbingers of anomalous weather regimes, Science, 294, 581-584. (Pubitemid 32999552)
7. Becker, E., and D. C. Fritts (2006), Enhanced gravity-wave activity and interhemispheric coupling during the MaCWAVE/MIDAS northern summer program 2002, Ann. Geophys., 24, 1175-1188. (Pubitemid 44770309)
8. Brewer, A. W. (1949), Evidence for a world circulation provided by the measurements of helium and water vapor distribution in the stratosphere, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 75, 351-363.
9. Charron, M., and E. Manzini (2002), Gravity waves from fronts: Parameterization and middle atmosphere response in a general circulation model, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 923-941. (Pubitemid 34842397)
10. de la Torre, A., T. Schmidt, and J. Wickert (2006), A global analysis of wave potential energy in the lower and middle atmosphere from CHAMP and SAC-C GPS-RO long term data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L24809, doi:10.1029/ 2006GL027696. (Pubitemid 47277824)
11. Dobson, G. M. B. (1956), Origin and distribution of the polyatomic molecules in the atmosphere, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 236, 187-193.
12. Dunkerton, T. J. (1997), The role of gravity waves in the quasi-biennial oscillation, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26,053-26,076. (Pubitemid 127682901)
13. Eckermann, S. D., and P. Preusse (1999), Global measurements of stratospheric mountain waves from space, Science, 286, 1534-1537, doi:10.1126/science.286.5444.1534.
14. Ern, M., and P. Preusse (2009a), Wave fluxes of equatorial Kelvin waves and QBO zonal wind forcing derived from SABER and ECMWF temperature space-time spectra, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3957-3986, doi:10.5194/acp-9-3957-2009.
15. Ern, M., and P. Preusse (2009b), Quantification of the contribution of equatorial Kelvin waves to the QBO wind reversal in the stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L21801, doi:10.1029/2009GL040493.
16. Ern, M., P. Preusse, M. J. Alexander, and C. D. Warner (2004), Absolute values of gravity wave momentum flux derived from satellite data, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D20103, doi:10.1029/2004JD004752. (Pubitemid 40098437)
17. Ern, M., P. Preusse, and C. D. Warner (2005), A comparison between CRISTA satellite data and Warner and McIntyre gravity wave parameterization scheme: Horizontal and vertical wavelength filtering of gravity wave momentum flux, Adv. Space Res., 35, 2017-2023, doi:10.1016/j. asr.2005.04.109. (Pubitemid 41395215)
18. Ern, M., P. Preusse, and C. D. Warner (2006), Some experimental constraints for spectral parameters used in the Warner and McIntyre gravity wave parameterization scheme, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4361-4381, doi:10.5194/acp-6- 4361-2006. (Pubitemid 44495008)
19. Ern, M., P. Preusse, M. Krebsbach, M. G. Mlynczak, and J. M. Russell III (2008), Equatorial wave analysis from SABER and ECMWF temperatures, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 845-869, doi:10.5194/acp-8-845-2008.
20. Ern, M., C. Lehmann, M. Kaufmann, and M. Riese (2009a), Spectral wave analysis at the mesopause from SCIAMACHY airglow data compared to SABER temperature spectra, Ann. Geophys., 27, 407-416.
21. Ern, M., H.-K. Cho, P. Preusse, and S. D. Eckermann (2009b), Properties of the average distribution of equatorial Kelvin waves investigated with the GROGRAT ray tracer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7973-7995, doi:10.5194/acp-9-7973- 2009.
22. Fetzer, E. J., and J. C. Gille (1994), Gravity wave variances in LIMS temperatures: I. Variability and comparison with background winds, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2461-2483.
23. Forbes, J. M., J. Russell, S. Miyahara, X. Zhang, S. Palo, M. Mlynczak, C. J. Mertens, and M. E. Hagan 2006 Troposphere-thermosphere tidal coupling as measured by the SABER instrument on TIMED during July-September 2002 J. Geophys. Res., 111, A10S06, doi:10.1029/ 2005JA011492.
24. Fritts, D. C., and M. J. Alexander (2003), Gravity wave dynamics and effects in the middle atmosphere, Rev. Geophys., 41(1), 1003, doi:10.1029/ 2001RG000106.
25. Fritts, D. C., and T. E. VanZandt (1993), Spectral estimates of gravity wave energy and momentum fluxes. Part I: Energy dissipation, acceleration, and constraints, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3685-3694. (Pubitemid 24401375)
26. Fröhlich, K., T. Schmidt, M. Ern, P. Preusse, A. de la Torre, J. Wickert, and C. Jacobi (2007), The global distribution of gravity wave energy in the lower stratosphere derived from GPS data and gravity wave modelling: attempt and challenges, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 69, 2238-2248, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2007.07.005. (Pubitemid 350123408)
27. Garcia, R. R., and W. J. Randel (2008), Acceleration of the Brewer Dobson circulation due to increases in greenhouse gases, J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 2731-2739.
28. Garcia, R. R., R. Lieberman, J. M. Russell III, and M. G. Mlynczak (2005), Large-scale waves in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere observed by SABER, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 4384-4399. (Pubitemid 43125948)
29. Gardner, C. S. (1994), Diffusive filtering theory of gravity wave spectra in the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 20,601-20,622.
30. Gavrilov, N. M., A. H. Manson, and C. E. Meek (1995), Climatological monthly characteristics of middle atmosphere gravity waves (10 min-10 h) during 1979-1993 at Saskatoon, Ann. Geophys., 13, 285-295.
31. Gavrilov, N. M., S. Fukao, T. Nakamura, C. Jacobi, D. Kürschner, A. H. Manson, and C. E. Meek (2002), Comparative study of interannual changes of the mean winds and gravity wave activity in the middle atmo-sphere over Japan, Central Europe and Canada, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 64, 1003-1010. (Pubitemid 34789143)
32. Gavrilov, N. M., D. M. Riggin, and D. C. Fritts (2004), Interannual variations of the mean wind and gravity wave variances in the middle atmosphere over Hawaii, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 66, 637-645, doi:10.1016/j. jastp.2004.01.015. (Pubitemid 38672555)
33. Gille, J. C., J. J. Barnett, J. Whitney, M. Dials, D. Woodard, W. Rudolf, A. Lambert, and W. Mankin (2003), The High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) experiment on Aura, Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., 5152, 162-171.
34. Gille, J. C., et al. (2008), High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder: Experiment overview, recovery, and validation of initial temperature data, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D16S43, doi:10.1029/2007JD008824.
35. Giorgetta, M. A., L. Bengtsson, and K. Arpe (1999), An investigation of QBO signals in the east Asian and Indian monsoon in GCM experiments, Clim. Dyn., 15, 435-450. (Pubitemid 29450030)
36. Gong, J., M. A. Geller, and L. Wang (2008), Source spectra information derived from U.S. high-resolution radiosonde data, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D10106, doi:10.1029/2007JD009252.
37. Grossmann, K. U., D. Offermann, O. Gusev, J. Oberheide, M. Riese, and R. Spang (2002), The CRISTA-2 Mission, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D23), 8173, doi:10.1029/2001JD000667.
38. Hertzog, A., G. Boccara, R. A. Vincent, F. Vial, and P. Coquerez (2008), Estimation of gravity-wave momentum flux and phase speeds from longduration stratospheric balloon flights: 2. Results from the Vorcore campaign in Antarctica, J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 3056-3070.
39. Hines, C. O. (1997a), Doppler-spread parameterization of gravity-wave momentum deposition in the middle atmosphere. Part 1: Basic formulation, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 59, 371-386.
40. Hines, C. O. (1997b), Doppler-spread parameterization of gravity-wave momentum deposition in the middle atmosphere. Part 2: Broad and quasi monochromatic spectra and implementation, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 59, 387-400.
41. Hoffmann, L., and M. J. Alexander (2010), Occurrence frequency of convective gravity waves during the North American thunderstorm season, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D20111, doi:10.1029/2010JD014401.
42. Hoffmann, P., W. Singer, D. Keuer, W. K. Hocking, M. Kunze, and Y. Murayama (2007), Latitudinal and longitudinal variability of mesospheric winds and temperatures during stratospheric warming events, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 69, 2355-2366, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2007. 06.010. (Pubitemid 350112117)
43. Holton, J. R. (1982), The role of gravity wave induced drag and diffusion in the momentum budget of the mesosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 791-799.
44. Holton, J. R. (1983), The influence of gravity wave breaking on the general circulation of the middle atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2497-2507.
45. Holton, J. R. (1984), The generation of mesospheric planetary waves by zonally asymmetric gravity wave breaking, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 3427-3430.
46. Holton, J. R., and H.-C. Tan (1980), The influence of the equatorial quasibiennial oscillation on the global circulation at 50 mb, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2200-2208.
47. Jacobi, C., K. Fröhlich, and A. Pogoreltsev (2006a), Quasi two-day-wave modulation of gravity wave flux and consequences for the planetary wave propagation in a simple circulation model, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 68, 283-292, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2005.01.017. (Pubitemid 43204629)
48. Jacobi, C., N. M. Gavrilov, D. Kürschner, and K. Fröhlich (2006b), Gravity wave climatology and trends in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere region deduced from low-frequency drift measurements 1984-2003 (52.1°N, 13.2°E), J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 68, 1913-1923, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2005.12.007. (Pubitemid 44780654)
49. Jiang, J. H., S. D. Eckermann, D. L. Wu, and J. Ma (2004a), A search for mountain waves in MLS stratospheric limb radiances from the winter Northern Hemisphere: Data analysis and global mountain wave modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D03107, doi:10.1029/2003JD003974.
50. Jiang, J. H., B. Wang, K. Goya, K. Hocke, S. D. Eckermann, J. Ma, D. L. Wu, and W. G. Read (2004b), Geographical distribution and interseasonal variability of tropical deep convection: UARS MLS observations and analyses, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D03111, doi:10.1029/2003JD003756.
51. Karlsson, B., C. E. Randall, S. Benze, M. Mills, V. L. Harvey, S. M. Bailey, and J. M. Russell III (2009), Intra-seasonal variability of polar mesospheric clouds due to inter-hemispheric coupling, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L20802, doi:10.1029/2009GL040348.
52. Kawatani, Y., K. Sato, T. J. Dunkerton, S. Watanabe, S. Miyahara, and M. Takahashi (2010a), The roles of equatorial trapped waves and internal inertia gravity waves in driving the quasi-biennial oscillation. Part I: Zonal mean wave forcing, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 963-980, doi:10.1175/ 2009JAS3222.1.
53. Kawatani, Y., K. Sato, T. J. Dunkerton, S. Watanabe, S. Miyahara, and M. Takahashi (2010b), The roles of equatorial trapped waves and internal inertia gravity waves in driving the quasi-biennial oscillation. Part II: Three-dimensional distribution of wave forcing, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 981-997, doi:10.1175/2009JAS3223.1.
54. Kim, Y.-J., S. D. Eckermann, and H.-Y. Chun (2003), An overview of the past, present and future of gravity-wave drag parametrization for numerical climate and weather prediction models, Atmos. Ocean, 41, 65-98. (Pubitemid 36751367)
55. Krebsbach, M., and P. Preusse (2007), Spectral analysis of gravity wave activity in SABER temperature data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L03814, doi:10.1029/2006GL028040. (Pubitemid 47277626)
56. Lait, L. R., and J. L. Stanford (1988a), Applications of asynoptic spacetime Fourier transform methods to scanning satellite measurements, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3784-3799.
57. Lait, L. R., and J. L. Stanford (1988b), Fast, long-lived features in the polar stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3800-3809.
58. Li, F., J. Austin, and J. Wilson (2008), The strength of the Brewer Dobson circulation in a changing climate: Coupled chemistry climate model simulations, J. Clim., 21, 40-57, doi:10.1175/2007JCLI1663.1. (Pubitemid 351395657)
59. Limpasuvan, V., and D. L. Wu (2003), Two-day wave observations of UARS Microwave Limb Sounder mesospheric water vapor and temperature, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D10), 4307, doi:10.1029/2002JD002903.
60. Lindzen, R. S. (1981), Turbulence and stress due to gravity wave and tidal breakdown, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 9707-9714.
61. Manney, G. L., et al. (2008), The evolution of the stratopause during the 2006 major warming: Satellite data and assimilated meteorological analyses, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D11115, doi:10.1029/2007JD009097.
62. Manzini, E., and N. A. McFarlane (1998), The effect of varying the source spectrum of a gravity wave parameterization in a middle atmosphere general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D24), 31,523-31,539. (Pubitemid 128665584)
63. Marshall, A. G., and A. A. Scaife (2009), Impact of the QBO on surface winter climate, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D18110, doi:10.1029/2009JD011737.
64. McLandress, C., and T. G. Shepherd (2009), Simulated anthropogenic changes in the Brewer Dobson circulation, including its extension to high latitudes, J. Clim., 22, 1516-1540, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2679.1.
65. Mieth, P., J. L. Grenfell, U. Langematz, and M. Kunze (2004), Sensitivity of the Freie Universität Berlin Climate Middle Atmosphere Model (FUB-CMAM) to different gravity-wave drag parameterisations, Ann. Geophys., 22, 2693-2713. (Pubitemid 39403626)
66. Mlynczak, M. G. (1997), Energetics of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere and the SABER instrument, Adv. Space Res., 44, 1177-1183.
67. Mohankumar, K., and P. A. Pillai (2008), Stratosphere troposphere interaction associated with biennial oscillation of Indian summer monsoon, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 70, 764-773, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2007.12.001.
68. Monier, E., and B. C. Weare (2011), Climatology and trends in the forcing of the stratospheric mean flow, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 11, 11,649-11,690, doi:10.5194/acpd-11-11649-2011.
69. Mukhtarov, P., D. Pancheva, and B. Andonov (2009), Global structure and seasonal and interannual variability of the migrating diurnal tide seen in the SABER/TIMED temperatures between 20 and 120 km, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A02309, doi:10.1029/2008JA013759.
70. Norton, W. A., and J. Thuburn (1996), The two-day wave in a middle atmosphere GCM, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2113-2116.
71. Offermann, D., K. U. Grossmann, P. Barthol, P. Knieling, M. Riese, and R. Trant (1999), The cryogenic infrared spectrometers and telescopes for the atmosphere (CRISTA) experiment and middle atmosphere variability, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 16,311-16,325.
72. Orr, A., P. Bechtold, J. F. Scinocca, M. Ern, and M. Janiskova (2010), Improved middle atmosphere climate and forecasts in the ECMWF model through a nonorographic gravity wave drag parameterization, J. Clim., 23, 5905-5926, doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3490.1.
73. Pancheva, D., P. Mukhtarov, and B. Andonov (2010), Global structure, seasonal and interannual variability of the eastward propagating tides seen in the SABER/TIMED temperatures (2002-2007), Adv. Space Res., 46, 257-274, doi:10.1016/j.asr.2010.03.026.
74. Preusse, P., A. Dörnbrack, S. D. Eckermann, M. Riese, B. Schaeler, J. T. Bacmeister, D. Broutman, and K. U. Grossmann (2002), Space-based measurements of stratospheric mountain waves by CRISTA, 1. Sensitivity, analysis method, and a case study, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D23), 8178, doi:10.1029/2001JD000699.
75. Preusse, P., S. D. Eckermann, M. Ern, F. J. Schmidlin, M. J. Alexander, and D. Offermann (2003), Infrared limb sounding measurements of middle atmosphere gravity waves by CRISTA, Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., 4882, 134-148.
76. Preusse, P., et al. (2006), Tropopause to mesopause gravity waves in August: Measurement and modeling, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 68, 1730-1751, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2005.10.019. (Pubitemid 44437804)
77. Preusse, P., S. D. Eckermann, and M. Ern (2008), Transparency of the atmosphere to short horizontal wavelength gravity waves, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D24104, doi:10.1029/2007JD009682.
78. Preusse, P., S. Schroeder, L. Hoffmann, M. Ern, F. Friedl-Vallon, H. Oelhaf, H. Fischer, and M. Riese (2009a), New perspectives on gravity wave remote sensing by spaceborne infrared limb imaging, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2, 299-311.
79. Preusse, P., S. D. Eckermann, M. Ern, J. Oberheide, R. H. Picard, R. G. Roble, M. Riese, J. M. Russell III, and M. G. Mlynczak (2009b), Global ray tracing simulations of the SABER gravity wave climatology, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D08126, doi:10.1029/2008JD011214.
80. Randel, W., M.-L. Chanin, and C. Michaut (2002), SPARC intercomparison of middle atmosphere climatologies, WMO/TD-No. 1142, World Meteorol. Org., Geneva, Switzerland.
81. Randel, W., et al. (2004), The SPARC intercomparison of middle atmosphere climatologies, J. Clim., 17, 986-1003. (Pubitemid 38462913)
82. Ray, E. A., M. J. Alexander, and J. R. Holton (1998), An analysis of the structure and forcing of the equatorial semiannual oscillation in zonal wind, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 1759-1774.
83. Remsberg, E. E., L. L. Gordley, B. T. Marshall, R. E. Thompson, J. Burton, P. Bhatt, V. L. Harvey, G. Lingenfelser, and M. Natarajan (2004), The Nimbus 7 LIMS version 6 radiance conditioning and temperature retrieval methods and results, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 86, 395-424, doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2003.12.007. (Pubitemid 38503179)
84. Remsberg, E. E., et al. (2008), Assessment of the quality of the Version 1.07 temperature-versus-pressure profiles of the middle atmosphere from TIMED/SABER, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D17101, doi:10.1029/ 2008JD010013.
85. Richter, J. H., F. Sassi, and R. R. Garcia (2010), Toward a physically based gravity wave source parameterization in a general circulation model, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 136-156, doi:10.1175/2009JAS3112.1.
86. Riese, M., P. Preusse, R. Spang, M. Ern, M. Jarisch, K. U. Grossmann, and D. Offermann (1997), Measurements of trace gases by the cryogenic infrared spectrometers and telescopes for the atmosphere (CRISTA) experiment, Adv. Space Res., 19, 563-566.
87. Riese, M., R. Spang, P. Preusse, M. Ern, M. Jarisch, D. Offermann, and K. U. Grossmann (1999), Cryogenic infrared spectrometers and telescopes for the atmosphere (CRISTA) data processing and atmospheric temperature and trace gas retrieval, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 16,349-16,367.
88. Russell, J. M., III, M. G. Mlynczak, L. L. Gordley, J. Tansock, and R. Esplin (1999), An overview of the SABER experiment and preliminary calibration results, Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., 3756, 277-288. (Pubitemid 30513942)
89. Salby, M. L. (1982a), Sampling theory for asynoptic satellite observations, Part I: Space-time spectra, resolution, and aliasing, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2577-2600.
90. Salby, M. L. (1982b), Sampling theory for asynoptic satellite observations, Part II: Fast Fourier synoptic mapping, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2601-2614.
91. Salby, M. L. (1984), Survey of planetary-scale traveling waves: The state of theory and observations, Rev. Geophys., 22, 209-236.
92. Sato, K., S. Watanabe, Y. Kawatani, Y. Tomikawa, K. Miyazaki, and M. Takahashi (2009), On the origins of mesospheric gravity waves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L19801, doi:10.1029/2009GL039908.
93. Scinocca, J. F. (2003), An accurate spectral nonorographic gravity wave drag parameterization for general circulation models, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 667-682. (Pubitemid 38362601)
94. Sigmond, M., J. F. Scinocca, and P. J. Kushner (2008), Impact of the stratosphere on tropospheric climate change, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L12706, doi:10.1029/2008GL033573.
95. Song, I.-S., and H.-Y. Chun (2008), A Lagrangian spectral parameterization of gravity wave drag induced by Cumulus convection, J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 1204-1224. (Pubitemid 351888706)
96. Swinbank, R., and D. A. Ortland (2003), Compilation of wind data for the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) Reference Atmosphere Project, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D19), 4615, doi:10.1029/2002JD003135.
97. Tsuda, T., M. Nishida, C. Rocken, and R. H. Ware (2000), A global morphology of gravity wave activity in the stratosphere revealed by the GPS occultation data (GPS/MET), J. Geophys. Res., 105, 7257-7273.
98. Ungermann, J., L. Hoffmann, P. Preusse, M. Kaufmann, and M. Riese (2010), Tomographic retrieval approach for mesoscale gravity wave observations by the PREMIER Infrared Limb-Sounder, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 339-354.
99. Wang, L., and M. J. Alexander (2009), Gravity wave activity during stratospheric sudden warmings in the 2007-2008 Northern Hemisphere winter, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D18108, doi:10.1029/2009JD011867.
100. Wang, L., and M. J. Alexander (2010), Global estimates of gravity wave parameters from GPS radio occultation temperature data, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D21122, doi:10.1029/2010JD013860.
101. Warner, C. D., and M. E. McIntyre (1996), On the propagation and dissipation of gravity wave spectra through a realistic middle atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3213-3235.
102. Warner, C. D., and M. E. McIntyre (2001), An ultrasimple spectral parameterization for nonorographic gravity waves, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 1837-1857. (Pubitemid 32863364)
103. Warner, C. D., A. A. Scaife, and N. Butchart (2005), Filtering of parameterized nonorographic gravity waves in the Met Office unified model, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 1831-1848. (Pubitemid 41135968)
104. Watanabe, S., Y. Kawatani, Y. Tomikawa, K. Miyazaki, M. Takahashi, and K. Sato (2008), General aspects of a T213L256 middle atmosphere general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D12110, doi:10.1029/ 2008JD010026.
105. Wright, C. J., S. M. Osprey, J. J. Barnett, L. J. Gray, and J. C. Gille (2010), High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder measurements of gravity wave activity in the 2006 Arctic stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D02105, doi:10.1029/2009JD011858.
106. Wu, D. L., E. F. Fishbein, W. G. Read, and J. W. Waters (1996), Excitation and evolution of the quasi-2-day wave observed in UARS/MLS temperature measurements, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 728-738.
107. Yan, X., N. Arnold, and J. J. Remedios (2010), Global observations of gravity waves from High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder temperature measurements: A yearlong record of temperature amplitude and vertical wavelength, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D10113, doi:10.1029/ 2008JD011511.