The role of gravity waves in the quasi-biennial oscillation

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 102, Issue 22, 1997, Pages

  Dunkerton, Timothy J ^a  

^a NORTHWEST RESEARCH ASSOCIATES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 5344272545     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/96jd02999     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Alexander, M. J., and L. Pfister, Gravity wave momentum flux in the lower stratosphere over convection, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2029-2032, 1995.
2. Allen, S. J., and R. A. Vincent, Gravity wave activity in the lower atmosphere: Seasonal and latitudinal variations, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 1327-1350, 1995.
3. Andrews, D. G., and M. E. McIntyre, Planetary waves in horizontal and vertical shear: The generalized Eliassen-Palm relation and the mean zonal acceleration, J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 2031-2048, 1976.
4. Andrews, D. G., J. R. Holton, and C. B. Leovy, Middle Atmosphere Dynamics, 489 pp., Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1987.
5. Avallone, L. M., and M. J. Prather, Photochemical evolution of ozone in the lower tropical stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1457-1461, 1996.
6. Bergman, J. W., and M. L. Salby, Equatorial wave activity derived from fluctuations in observed convection, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3791-3806, 1994.
7. Booker, J. R., and F. P. Bretherton, The critical layer for internal gravity waves in a shear flow, J. Fluid Mech., 27, 513-539, 1967.
8. Brewer, A. W., Evidence for a world circulation provided by the measurements of helium and water vapor distribution in the stratosphere, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 75, 351-363, 1949.
9. Cadet, D., and H. Teitelbaum, Observational evidence of internal inertia-gravity waves in the tropical stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 892-907, 1979.
10. Chen, P., The influences of zonal flow on wavebreaking and tropical/ extratropical interaction in the lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., in press, 1995.
11. Dickinson, R. E., Method of parameterization for infrared cooling between altitudes of 30 and 70 km, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 4451-4457, 1973.
12. Dobson, G. M. B., Origin and distribution of the polyatomic molecules in the atmosphere, Proc. R. Soc. London A, 236, 187-192, 1956.
13. Dopplick, T. G., Radiative heating of the global atmosphere: Corrigendum, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1812-1817, 1979.
14. Dunkerton, T. J., On the mean meridional mass motions of the stratosphere and mesosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 2325-2333, 1978.
15. Dunkerton, T. J., Wave transience in a compressible atmosphere, 1. Transient internal wave, mean-flow interaction, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 281-297, 1981.
16. Dunkerton, T. J., Shear zone asymmetry in the observed and simulated quasi-biennial oscillations, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 461-469, 1982a.
17. Dunkerton, T. J., Wave transience in a compressible atmosphere, Part 3: the saturation of internal gravity waves in the mesosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1042-1051, 1982b.
18. Dunkerton, T. J., Theory of the mesopause semiannual oscillation, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2681-2690, 1982c.
19. Dunkerton, T. J., Laterally-propagating Rossby waves in the easterly acceleration phase of the quasi-biennial oscillation, Atmos.-Ocean., 21, 55-68, 1983.
20. Dunkerton, T. J., A two-dimensional model of the quasi-biennial oscillation, J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1151-1160, 1985.
21. Dunkerton, T. J., Nonlinear Hadley circulation driven by asymmetric differential heating, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 956-974, 1989.
22. Dunkerton, T. J., Annual variation of deseasonalized mean flow acceleration in the equatorial lower stratosphere, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 68, 499-508, 1990.
23. Dunkerton, T. J., Nonlinear propagation of zonal winds in an atmosphere with Newtonian cooling and equatorial wave driving, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 236-263, 1991a.
24. Dunkerton, T. J., Intensity variation and coherence of 3-6 day equatorial waves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 1469-1472, 1991b.
25. Dunkerton, T. J., Observation of 3-6 day meridional wind oscillations over the tropical Pacific, 1973-1992: Vertical structure and interannual variability, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3292-3307, 1993.
26. Dunkerton, T. J., Horizontal buoyancy flux of internal gravity waves in vertical shear, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 73, 747-755, 1995.
27. Dunkerton, T. J., and M. P. Baldwin, Quasi-biennial modulation of planetary wave fluxes in the northern hemisphere winter, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1043-1061, 1991.
28. Dunkerton, T. J., and M. P. Baldwin, Observation of 3-6 day meridional wind oscillations over the tropical Pacific, 1973-1992: Horizontal structure and propagation, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1585-1601, 1995.
29. Dunkerton, T. J., and D. P. Delisi, Climatology of the equatorial lower stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 376-396, 1985.
30. Dunkerton, T. J., and D. P. Delisi, Interaction of the quasi-biennial oscillation and stratopause semiannual oscillation, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
31. Dunkerton, T. J., and D. J. O'Sullivan, Mixing zone in the tropical stratosphere above 10 mb, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2497-2500, 1996.
32. Eliassen, A., and E. Palm, On the transfer of energy in stationary mountain waves, Geophys. Publ., 22(3), 1960.
33. Fels, S. B., A parameterization of scale-dependent radiative damping rates in the middle atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1141-1152, 1982.
34. Fritts, D. C., and W. Lu, Spectral estimates of gravity wave energy and momentum fluxes, II, Parameterization of wave forcing and variability, J. Atmos. Sd., 50, 3695-3713, 1993.
35. Gage, K. S., and G. C. Reid, Longitudinal variations in tropical tropopause properties in relation to tropical convection and El Niño-Southern Oscillation events, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 14,197-14,203, 1987.
36. Garcia, R. R., Parameterization of planetary wave breaking in the middle atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1405-1419, 1991.
37. Garcia, R. R., T. J. Dunkerton, R. S. Lieberman, and R. A. Vincent, Climatology of the semiannual oscillation of the tropical middle atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
38. Gille, J. C., and L. V. Lyjak, Radiative heating and cooling rates in the middle atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 2215-2229, 1986.
39. Grant, W. B., et al., Aerosol-associated changes in tropical stratospheric ozone following the eruption of Mount Pinatubo, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 8197-8211, 1994.
40. Gray, L. J., and T. J. Dunkerton, The role of the seasonal cycle in the quasi-biennial oscillation of ozone, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2429-2451, 1990.
41. Gray, L. J., and J. A. Pyle, A two dimensional model of the quasibiennial oscillation of ozone, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 203-220, 1989.
42. Hamilton, K., The vertical structure of the quasi-biennial oscillation: Observations and theory, Atmos. Ocean, 19, 236-250, 1981.
43. Hamilton, K., Mean wind evolution in the tropical lower stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 2113-2125, 1984.
44. Hamilton, K. P., Climatological statistics of stratospheric inertiagravity waves deduced from historical rocketsonde wind and temperature data, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 20,831-20,840, 1991.
45. Hamilton, K., and J. D. Mahlman, General circulation model simulation of the semiannual oscillation of the tropical middle atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3212-3235, 1988.
46. Hasebe, F., Quasi-biennial oscillations of ozone and diabatic circulation in the equatorial stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 729-745, 1994.
47. Hayashi, Y., and D. G. Golder, Kelvin and mixed Rossby-gravity waves appearing in the GFDL 'SKYHI' general circulation model and the FGGE data set: Implications for their generation mechanism and role in the QBO, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 72, 901-935, 1994.
48. Haynes, P. H., C. J. Marks, M. E. McIntyre, T. G. Shepherd, and K. P. Shine, On the 'downward control' of extratropical diabatic circulations by eddy-induced mean zonal forces, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 651-678, 1991.
49. Held, I. M., and A. Y. Hou, Nonlinear axially symmetric circulations in a nearly inviscid atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 515-533, 1980.
50. Held, I. M., and P. J. Phillips, A barotropic model of the interaction between the Hadley cell and a Rossby wave, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 856-869, 1990.
51. Hendon, H. H., and B. Liebmann, The structure and annual variation of antisymmetric fluctuations of tropical convection and their association with Rossby-gravity waves, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 2127-2140, 1991.
52. Hirota, I., and T. Niki, A statistical study of inertia-gravity waves in the middle atmosphere, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 63, 1055-1066, 1985.
53. Hitchman, M. H., and G. Brasseur, Rossby wave activity in a two-dimensional model: Closure for wave driving and meridional eddy diffusivity, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 9405-9417, 1988.
54. Hitchman, M. H., and C. B. Leovy, Estimation of the Kelvin wave contribution to the semiannual oscillation, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1462-1475, 1988.
55. Holton, J. R., The Dynamic Meteorology of the Stratosphere and Mesosphere, 319 pp., Am. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, Mass., 1975.
56. Holton, J. R., and R. S. Lindzen, An updated theory for the quasibiennial cycle of the tropical stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1076-1080, 1972.
57. Holton, J. R., and H.-C. Tan, The influence of the equatorial quasibiennial oscillation on the global circulation at 50 mb, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2200-2208, 1980.
58. Holton, J. R., P. H. Haynes, M. E. McIntyre, A. R. Douglass, R. B. Rood, and L. Pfister, Stratosphere-troposphere exchange, Rev. Geophys., 33, 403-439, 1995.
59. Hostetler, C. A., and C. S. Gardner, Observations of horizontal and vertical wavenumber spectra of gravity wave motions in the stratosphere and mesosphere over the mid-Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 1283-1302, 1994.
60. Karoly, D. J., G. L. Roff, and M. J. Reeder, Gravity wave activity associated with tropical convection detected in TOGA COARE sounding data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 261-264, 1996.
61. 3 from 21°N to 61° in the lower stratosphere during February 1988: Implications for heterogeneous chemistry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 2273-2276, 1991.
62. Kinne, S., O. B. Toon, and M. J. Prather, Buffering of stratospheric circulation by changing amounts of tropical ozone: A Pinatubo case study, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 1927-1930, 1992.
63. Kinnersley, J. S., A realistic three-component planetary wave model, with a wave-breaking parameterization, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 121, 853-881, 1995.
64. Kinnersley, J. S., and S. Pawson, The descent rates of the shear zones of the equatorial QBO, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1937-1949, 1996.
65. Leroy, S. S., and A. P. Ingersoll, Convective generation of gravity waves in Venus's atmosphere: Gravity wave spectrum and momentum transport, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 3717-3737, 1995.
66. Li, D., K. P. Shine, and L. J. Gray, The role of ozone-induced diabatic heating anomalies in the quasi-biennial oscillation, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 121, 937-943, 1995.
67. Lindzen, R. S., Turbulence and stress due to gravity wave and tidal breakdown, J. Geophys. Res., 86C, 9707-9714, 1981.
68. Lindzen, R. S., and J. R. Holton, A theory of the quasi-biennial oscillation, J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 1095-1107, 1968.
69. Lindzen, R. S., and A. Y. Hou, Hadley circulations for zonally averaged heating centered off the equator, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2416-2427, 1988.
70. Lindzen, R. S., and C.-Y. Tsay, Wave structure of the tropical stratosphere over the Marshall Islands area during 1 April-1 July 1958, J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 2008-2021, 1975.
71. Magaña, V., and M. Yanai, Mixed Rossby-gravity waves triggered by lateral forcing, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1473-1486, 1994.
72. Maruyama, T., Annual variations and QBO-synchronized variations of the equatorial wave intensity in the lower stratosphere at Singapore during 1961-1989, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 69, 219-232, 1991.
73. Maruyama, T., Upward transport of westerly momentum due to disturbances of the equatorial lower stratosphere in the period range of about 2 days - A Singapore data analysis for 1983-1993, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 72, 423-432, 1994.
74. McIntyre, M. E., and T. N. Palmer, Breaking planetary waves in the stratosphere, Nature, 305, 593-600, 1983.
75. McIntyre, M. E., and T. N. Palmer, The 'surf zone' in the stratosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 46, 825-849, 1984.
76. Mengel, J. G., H. G. Mayr, K. L. Chan, C. O. Hines, C. A. Reddy, N. F. Arnold, and H. S. Porter, Equatorial oscillations in the middle atmosphere generated by small-scale gravity waves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3027-3030, 1995.
77. Mote, P. W., K. H. Rosenlof, J. R. Holton, R. S. Harwood, and J. W. Waters, Seasonal variations of water vapor in the tropical lower stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 1093-1096, 1995.
78. Mote, P. W., K. H. Rosenlof, M. E. McIntyre, E. S. Carr, J. C. Gille, J. R. Holton, J. S. Kinnersley, H. C. Pumphrey, J. M. Russell III, and J. W. Waters, An atmospheric tape recorder: The imprint of tropical tropopause temperatures on stratospheric water vapor, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3989-4006, 1996.
79. Murphy, D. M., D. W. Fahey, M. H. Proffitt, S. C. Liu, K. R. Chan, C. S. Eubank, S. R. Kawa, and K. K. Kelly, Reactive nitrogen and its correlation with ozone in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 8751-8773, 1993.
80. Naujokat, B., An update of the observed quasi-biennial oscillation of the stratospheric winds over the tropics, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1873-1877, 1986.
81. Ogino, S., M. D. Yamanaka, and S. Fukao, Meridional variation of lower stratospheric gravity wave activity: A quick look at Hakuho-Maru J-COARE cruise rawinsonde data, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 73, 407-413, 1995.
82. Olaguer, E. P., H. Yang, and K. K. Tung, A reexamination of the radiative balance of the stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1242-1263, 1992.
83. Oort, A. H., Global atmospheric circulation statistics, 1958-1973, NOAA Prof. Pap. 14, 180 pp., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, D. C., 1983.
84. O'Sullivan, D. J., The interaction of extratropical Rossby waves with westerly QBO winds, J. Geophys. Res., in press, 1996.
85. O'Sullivan, D., and P. Chen, Modeling QBO influence on isentropic tracer transport in the subtropics, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 6811-6821, 1996.
86. Parker, D. E., Equatorial Kelvin waves at 100 millibars, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 99, 116-129, 1973.
87. Pfister, L., S. Scott, M. Loewenstein, S. Bowen, and M. Legg, Mesoscale disturbances in the tropical stratosphere excited by convection: Observations and effects on the stratospheric momentum budget, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1058-1075, 1993a.
88. Pfister, L., K. R. Chan, T. P. Bui, S. Bowen, M. Legg, B. Gary, K. Kelly, M. Proffitt, and W. Starr, Gravity waves generated by a tropical cyclone during the STEP tropical field program: A case study, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 8611-8638, 1993b.
89. Plumb, R. A., The interaction of two internal waves with the mean flow: Implications for the theory of the quasi-biennial oscillation, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1847-1858, 1977.
90. Plumb, R. A., A "tropical pipe" model of stratospheric transport, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3957-3972, 1996.
91. Plumb, R. A., and R. C. Bell, A model of the quasi-biennial oscillation on an equatorial beta-plane, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 108, 335-352, 1982.
92. Plumb, R. A., and A. Y. Hou, The response of a zonally symmetric atmosphere to subtropical thermal forcing: Threshold behavior, J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1790-1799, 1992.
93. Plumb, R. A., and A. D. McEwan, The instability of a forced standing wave in a viscous stratified fluid: A laboratory analog of the quasibiennial oscillation, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1827-1839, 1978.
94. Randel, W. J., Upper tropospheric equatorial waves in ECMWF analyses, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 118, 365-394, 1992.
95. 2O in the NCAR CCM2: Comparison with CLAES data and global budget analyses, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2834-2845, 1994.
96. Reed, R. J., and C. L. Vlcek, The annual temperature variation in the lower tropical stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 163-167, 1969.
97. Riggin, D., D. C. Fritts, C. D. Fawcett, and E. Kudeki, Observations of inertia-gravity wave motions in the stratosphere over Jicamarca, Peru, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3239-3242, 1995.
98. Rosenlof, K. H., Seasonal cycle of the residual mean meridional circulation in the stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 5173-5191, 1995.
99. Saravanan, R., A multiwave model of the quasi-biennial oscillation, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2465-2474, 1990.
100. Sato, K., and T. J. Dunkerton, Estimates of momentum flux associated with equatorial Kelvin and gravity waves, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
101. Sato, K., F. Hasegawa, and I. Hirota, Short-period disturbances in the equatorial lower stratosphere, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 72, 859-872, 1994.
102. Shine, K. P., The middle atmosphere in the absence of dynamical heat fluxes, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 113, 603-633, 1987.
103. Stevens, D. E., On symmetric stability and instability of zonal mean flows near the equator, J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 882-893, 1983.
104. Takahashi, M., Simulation of the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation using a general circulation model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 661-664, 1996.
105. Takahashi, M., and B. A. Boville, A three-dimensional simulation of the equatorial quasi-biennial oscillation, J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1020-1035, 1992.
106. Takahashi, M., and T. Kumakura, Equatorial wave behavior in a three-dimensional sector model: Relation to the simulated QBO-like oscillation and comparison with a T21 general circulation model, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 73, 1011-1027, 1995.
107. Takahashi, M., and M. Shiobara, A note on a QBO-like oscillation in a 1/5 sector three-dimensional model derived from a GCM, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 73, 131-137, 1995.
108. Takahashi, M., N. Zhao, and T. Kumakura, Equatorial waves in a general circulation model simulating a quasi-biennial oscillation, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., in press, 1996.
109. Tsuda, T., Y. Murayama, H. Wiryosumarto, S. W. B. Harijono, and S. Kato, Radiosonde observations of equatorial atmospheric dynamics over Indonesia, 1, Equatorial waves and diurnal tides, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 10,491-10,506, 1994.
110. van Loon, H., and R. L. Jenne, The annual wave in the temperature of the low stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 701-705, 1970.
111. Vijayan, L., and C. A. Reddy, Radiative damping of equatorial waves in the middle atmosphere, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 120, 1323-1343, 1994.
112. Vömel, H., S. J. Oltmans, D. Kley, and P. J. Crutzen, New evidence for the stratospheric dehydration mechanism in the equatorial Pacific, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3235-3238, 1995.
113. Wallace, J. M., General circulation of the tropical lower stratosphere, Rev. Geophys., 11, 191-222, 1973.
114. Wallace, J. M., and V. E. Kousky, Observational evidence of Kelvin waves in the tropical stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 900-907, 1968.
115. Waugh, D. W., Seasonal variation of transport out of the tropical stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 4007-4023, 1996.
116. Woodman, R. F., and P. K. Rastogi, Evaluation of effective eddy diffusive coefficients using radar observations of turbulence in the stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 11, 243-246, 1984.
117. Yanai, M., and T. Maruyama, Stratospheric wave disturbances propagating over the equatorial Pacific, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 44, 291-294, 1966.
118. Yanai, M., T. Maruyama, T. Nitta, and Y. Hayashi, Power spectra of large-scale disturbances over the tropical Pacific, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 46, 308-323, 1968.
119. Yulaeva, E., J. R. Holton, J. M. Wallace, On the cause of the annual cycle in tropical lower-stratospheric temperatures, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 169-174, 1994.
120. Zhang, C., On the annual cycle in highest, coldest clouds in the tropics, J. Clim., 6, 1987-1990, 1993.
121. Ziemke, J. R., and J. L. Stanford, Quasi-biennial oscillation and tropical waves in total ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 23,041-23,056, 1994.