Promotional etiology for common childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: The infective lymphoid recovery hypothesis

Leukemia Research

Volumn 35, Issue 11, 2011, Pages 1425-1431

  Richardson, Richard B ^a  

^a ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LIMITED   (Canada)

Author keywords

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia; Child; Etiology; Heat shock; Immune reconstitution; Infections

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE;

ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA; ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; APOPTOSIS; B CELL LEUKEMIA; B LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; BACTERIAL INFECTION; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER INHIBITION; CANCER RISK; CANCER SUSCEPTIBILITY; CELL STRESS; CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA; CONGENITAL DISORDER; CONGENITAL INFECTION; DISEASE ACTIVITY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HEAT SHOCK RESPONSE; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INFECTION SENSITIVITY; LEUKEMOGENESIS; LYMPHOID TISSUE; NONHUMAN; PRE B LYMPHOCYTE; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECURRENT INFECTION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; STEM CELL; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; TH1 CELL; VIRUS INFECTION;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; CHILD; HUMANS; INFECTION; LYMPHOCYTES; PRECURSOR CELL LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 80054006772     PISSN: 01452126     EISSN: 18735835     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2011.07.023     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. Hjalgrim L.L., Rostgaard K., Schmiegelow K., et al. Age- and sex-specific incidence of childhood leukemia by immunophenotype in the Nordic countries. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003, 95:1539-1544.
2. Ford A.M., Bennett C.A., Price C.M., et al. Fetal origins of the TEL-AML1 fusion gene in identical twins with leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998, 95:4584-4588.
3. Maia A.T., van der Velden V.H., Harrison C.J., et al. Prenatal origin of hyperdiploid acute lymphoblastic leukemia in identical twins. Leukemia 2003, 17:2202-2206.
4. Mori H., Colman S.M., Xiao Z., et al. Chromosome translocations and covert leukemic clones are generated during normal fetal development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002, 99:8242-8247.
5. Mullighan C.G., Goorha S., Radtke I., et al. Genome-wide analysis of genetic alterations in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Nature 2007, 446:758-764.
6. Richardson R.B. Factors that elevate the internal radionuclide and chemical retention, dose and health risks to infants and children in a radiological-nuclear emergency. Radiat Prot Dosim 2009, 134:167-180.
7. McNally R.J., Eden T.O. An infectious etiology for childhood acute leukaemia: a review of the evidence. Br J Haematol 2004, 127:243-263.
8. Greaves M. Infection, immune responses and the aetiology of childhood leukaemia. Nat Rev Cancer 2006, 6:193-203.
9. Ward G. The infective theory of acute leukaemia. Br J Child Dis 1917, 14:10-20.
10. Smith M. Considerations on a possible viral etiology for B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood. J Immunother 1997, 20:89-100.
11. Hughes A.M., Crouch S., Lightfoot T., et al. Eczema, birth order, and infection. Am J Epidemiol 2008, 167:1182-1187.
12. Luszczak M. Evaluation and management of infants in young children with fever. Am Fam Physician 2001, 64:1219-1227.
13. Strachan D.P. Hayfever, hygiene, and household size. BMJ 1989, 299:1259-1260.
14. Greaves M.F. Speculations on the cause of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 1988, 2:120-125.
15. Siomek A., Rytarowska A., Szaflarska-Poplawska A., et al. Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with oxidatively damaged DNA in human leukocytes and decreased level of urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine. Carcinogenesis 2006, 27:405-408.
16. McKinney P.A., Juszczak E., Findlay E., et al. Pre- and perinatal risk factors for childhood leukaemia and other malignancies: a Scottish case control study. Br J Cancer 1999, 80:1844-1851.
17. McKinney P.A., Cartwright R.A., Saiu J.M., et al. The inter-regional epidemiological study of childhood cancer (IRESCC): a case control study of aetiological factors in leukaemia and lymphoma. Arch Dis Child 1987, 62:279-287.
18. Roman E., Simpson J., Ansell P., et al. United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study Investigators. Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and infections in the first year of life: a report from the United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study. Am J Epidemiol 2007, 165:496-504.
19. Kinlen L. Evidence and infective cause of childhood leukaemia: comparison of a Scottish new town with nuclear reprocessing sites in Britain. Lancet 1988, 2:1323-1327.
20. Schmiegelow K., Vestergaard T., Nielsen S.M., Hjalgrim H. Etiology of common childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: the adrenal hypothesis. Leukemia 2008, 22:2137-2141.
21. Gilham C., Peto J., Simpson J., et al. UKCCS Investigators. Day care in infancy and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: findings from UK case-control study. BMJ 2005, 330:1294-1297.
22. Urayama K.Y., Buffler P.A., Gallagher E.R., et al. A meta-analysis of the association between day-care attendance and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Int J Epidemiol 2010, 39:718-732.
23. Stiller C.A., Chessels J.M., Fitchett M. Neurofibromatosis and childhood leukaemia/lymphoma; a population-based UKCCSG study. Br J Cancer 1994, 70:969-972.
24. Richardson R.B. Stem cell niches and other factors that influence the sensitivity of bone marrow to radiation-induced bone cancer and leukaemia in children and adults. Int J Radiat Biol 2011, 87:343-359.
25. Stewart A., Kneale G.W. Role of local infections in the recognition of haemopoietic neoplasms. Nature 1969, 223:741-742.
26. Henshaw D.L., Eatough J.P., Richardson R.B. Radon a causative factor in induction of myeloid leukaemia and other cancers. Lancet 1990, 335:1008-1012.
27. Murray R., Heckel P., Hempelmann L. Leukemia in children exposed to ionizing radiation. N Engl J Med 1959, 261:585-589.
28. Ibuki Y., Hayashi A., Suzuki A., Goto R. Low dose irradiation induces expression of heat shock protein 70 mRNA and thermo- and radio-resistance in myeloid leukemia cell line. Biol Pharmacol Bull 1998, 21:434-439.
29. German J. Bloom's syndrome. XX. The first 100 cancers. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1997, 93:100-106.
30. Alter B.P. Cancer in Fanconi anemia, 1927-2001. Cancer 2003, 97:425-440.
31. Zhang X., Li J., Sejas D.P., Pang Q. Hypoxia-reoxygenation induces premature senescence in FA bone marrow hematopoietic cells. Blood 2005, 106:75-85.
32. Sauce D., Larsen M., Fastenackels S., et al. Evidence of premature immune aging in patients thymectomized during early childhood. J Clin Invest 2009, 119:3070-3078.
33. Biggar W.D., Good R.A. Immunodeficiency in ataxia-telangiectasia. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser 1974, 11:271-276.
34. Taylor A.M., Metcalfe J.A., Thick J., Mak Y.F. Leukemia and lymphoma in ataxia telangiectasia. Blood 1996, 87:423-438.
35. Durandy A., Le Deist F., Fischer A., Griscelli C. Impaired T8 lymphocyte-mediated suppressive activity in patients with partial Di George syndrome. J Clin Immunol 1986, 6:265-270.
36. Jeppesen D.L., Hasselbalch H., Lisse I.M., et al. T-lymphocyte subsets, thymic size and breastfeeding in infancy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2004, 15:127-132.
37. Duijts L., Ramadhani M.K., Moll H.A. Breastfeeding protects against infectious diseases during infancy in industrialized countries. A systematic review. Matern Child Nutr 2009, 5:199-210.
38. Kwan M.L., Buffler P.A., Abrams B., Kiley V.A. Breastfeeding and the risk of childhood leukemia: a meta-analysis. Public Health Rep 2004, 119:521-535.
39. Hill D.A., Gridley G., Cnattingius S., et al. Mortality and cancer incidence among individuals with Down syndrome. Arch Intern Med 2003, 163:705-711.
40. Levin S., Schlesinger M., Handzel Z., et al. Thymic deficiency in Down's syndrome. Pediatrics 1979, 63:80-87.
41. Goldacre M.J., Wotton C.J., Seagroatt V., Yeates D. Cancers and immune related diseases associated with Down's syndrome: a record linkage study. Arch Dis Child 2004, 89:1014-1017.
42. Hitzler J.K., Zipursky A. Origins of leukaemia in children with Down Syndrome. Nat Rev Cancer 2005, 5:11-20.
43. Chromosome 21. List of all cancer genes by chromosome. Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol, 2010 [accessed 20.12.10]. http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/Indexbychrom/idxg_21.html.
44. Torre D., Broggini M., Zeroli C., et al. Serum levels of gamma interferon in patients with Down's syndrome. Infection 1995, 23:66-67.
45. Baldridge M.T., King K.Y., Boles N.C., et al. Quiescent haematopoietic stem cells are activated by IFN-gamma in response to chronic infection. Nature 2010, 465:793-797.
46. Einav U., Tabach Y., Getz G., et al. Gene expression analysis reveals a strong signature of an interferon-induced pathway in childhood lymphoblastic leukemia as well as in breast and ovarian cancer. Oncogene 2005, 24:6367-6375.
47. Watson M.S., Carroll A.J., Shuster J.J., et al. Trisomy 21 in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Pediatric Oncology Group study (8602). Blood 1993, 82:3098-3102.
48. Hasle H., Clemmensen I.H., Mikkelsen M. Risks of leukaemia and solid tumours in individuals with Down's syndrome. Lancet 2000, 355:165-169.
49. Smith O.P., Hann I.M., Chessells J.M., et al. Haematological abnormalities in Shwachman-Diamond syndrome. Br J Haematol 1996, 94:279-284.
50. Manary M.J., Muglia L.J., Vogt S.K., Yarasheski K.E. Cortisol and its action on the glucocorticoid receptor in malnutrition and acute infection. Metabolism 2006, 55:550-554.
51. Kawamua M., Hayashi Y., Bessho F., et al. Alterations of the p53 gene and clinical features in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Rinsho Ketsueki 1997, 38:719-726.
52. Yufu Y., Nishimura J., Nawata H. High constitutive expression of heat shock protein 90α in human acute leukemia cells. Leuk Res 1992, 16:597-605.
53. Strahler J.R., Kuick R., Eckerskorn C., et al. Identification of two related markers for common acute lymphoblastic leukemia as heat shock proteins. J Clin Invest 1990, 85:200-207.
54. Ucisik-Akkaya E., Davis C.F., Gorodezky C., et al. HLA complex-linked heat shock protein genes and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia susceptibility. Cell Stress Chaperones 2010, 15:475-485.
55. Klein S.L. The effects of hormones on sex differences in infection: from genes to behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2000, 24:627-638.
56. Goldstein M.G., Li Z. Heat-shock proteins in infection-mediated inflammation-induced tumorigenesis. J Hematol Oncol 2009, 30:2-5.
57. Vedeckis W.V., Ali M., Allen H.R. Regulation of glucocorticoid receptor protein and mRNA levels. Cancer Res 1989, 49:2295-2302. s.
58. Di Naro E., Cromi A., Ghezzi F., et al. Fetal thymic involution: a sonographic marker of the fetal inflammatory response syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006, 194:153-159.
59. Van Baarlen J., Schuurman H.J., Reitsma R., Huber J. Acute thymus involution during infancy and childhood: immunohistology of the thymus and peripheral lymphoid tissues after acute illness. Pediatr Pathol 1989, 9:261-275.
60. Toti P., De Felice C., Occhini R., et al. Spleen depletion in neonatal sepsis and chorioamnionitis. Am J Clin Pathol 2004, 122:765-771.
61. Lafrenz D.E., Feldbush T.L. Role of T cells in the development of memory B cells. Quantitative and qualitative analysis. Immunology 1981, 44:177-186.
62. McKenna R.W., Washington L.T., Aquino D.B., et al. Immunophenotypic analysis of hematogones (B-lymphocyte precursors) in 662 consecutive bone marrow specimens by 4-color flow cytometry. Blood 2001, 98:2498-2507.
63. Guiziry D.E.L., Gendy E.L.W., Farahat N., Hassab H. Phenotypic analysis of bone marrow lymphocytes from children with acute thrombocytopenic purpura. Egypt J Immunol 2005, 12:9-14.
64. Intermesoli T., Mangili G., Salvi A., et al. Abnormally expanded pro-B hematogones associated with congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Am J Hematol 2007, 82:934-936.
65. Fisgin T., Yarali N., Duru F., Kara A. CMV-induced immune thrombocytopenia and excessive hematogones mimicking an acute B-precursor lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Res 2003, 27:193-196.
66. Chang W.L., Coro E.S., Rau F.C., et al. Influenza virus infection causes global respiratory tract B cell response modulation via innate immune signals. J Immunol 2007, 178:1457-1467.
67. Román M., Calhoun W.J., Hinton K.L., et al. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants is associated with predominant Th-2-like response. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997, 156:190-195.
68. Ford A.M., Palmi C., Bueno C., et al. The TEL-AML1 leukemia fusion gene dysregulates the TGF-beta pathway in early B lineage progenitor cells. J Clin Invest 2009, 119:826-836.
69. Abdul-Hai A., Weiss L., Ben-Yehuda A., et al. Interleukin-7 induced facilitation of immunological reconstitution of sublethally irradiated mice following treatment with alloreactive spleen cells in a murine model of B-cell leukemia/lymphoma (BCL1). Bone Marrow Transplant 2007, 40:881-889.
70. Correa R., Resino S., Muñoz-Fernández M.A., et al. Increased interleukin-7 plasma levels are associated with recovery of CD4+ T cells in HIV-infected children. J Clin Immunol 2003, 23:401-406.
71. Guazzarotti L., Trabattoni D., Castelletti E., et al. T lymphocyte maturation is impaired in healthy young individuals carrying trisomy 21 (Down syndrome). Am J Intellect Dev Disabil 2009, 114:100-109.
72. Touw I., Pouwels K., van Agthoven T.H., et al. Interleukin-7 is a growth factor of precursor B and T acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 1990, 75:2097-2101.
73. Nyvold C., Madsen H.O., Ryder L.P., et al. Nordic Society for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. Precise quantification of minimal residual disease at day 29 allows identification of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and an excellent outcome. Blood 2002, 99:1253-1258.
74. Stiller C.A., Parkin D.M. Geographic and ethnic variations in the incidence of childhood cancer. Br Med Bull 1996, 52:682-703.
75. WHO Global Data Bank on Infant and Young Children Feeding, 2009.
76. Dahl S., Schmidt L.S., Vestergaard T., et al. Allergy and the risk of childhood leukaemia: a meta-analysis. Leukemia 2009, 23:2300-2304.