Considerations on a possible viral etiology for B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood

Journal of Immunotherapy

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 89-100

  Smith, Malcolm ^a  

^a NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia; B precursor; Children; Etiology; JC virus

Indexed keywords

ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA; B LYMPHOCYTE; CANCER RISK; FETUS RISK; GENETIC STABILITY; HUMAN; INFECTION RATE; JC VIRUS; LEUKEMOGENESIS; MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SOCIOECONOMICS; STEM CELL; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

ADULT; CHILD; FEMALE; GENOME; HUMANS; JC VIRUS; LEUKEMIA, LYMPHOCYTIC, ACUTE, L1; LEUKEMIA, PRE-B-CELL; POLYOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, INFECTIOUS; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53; TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS;

EID: 0031451492     PISSN: 15249557     EISSN: 15374513     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00002371-199703000-00001     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. Greaves MF, Alexander FE. An infectious etiology for common acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood? Leukemia 1993;7:349-60.
2. Evans A. Viral infections of humans: epidemiology and con-trol, 3rd ed. New York: Plenum Press. 1989.
3. Parkin D, Stiller C. Draper G, Bieber C. The international incidence of childhood cancer. Int J Cancer 1988;42:511-20.
4. Linet MS, Devesa SS. Descriptive epidemiology of childhood leukaemia. Br J Cancer 1991;63:424-9.
5. Williams CK, Folami AO, Laditan AA. Ukaejiofo EO. Childhood acute leukaemia in a tropical population. Br J Cancer 1982;46:89-94.
6. Fleming AF. The epidemiology of lymphomas and leukaemias in Africa-an overview. Leuk Res 1985;9:735-40.
7. Greaves M, Pegram S, Chan L. Collaborative Group Study of the Epidemiology of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia Subtypes: background and first report. In: Greaves M, Chan L, eds. Epidemiology of leukaemia and lymphoma. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1985:55-73.
8. Okpala IE, Abayomi NA, Gevao SM, Ahmed S, Aken’ova YA, Essien EM. Changing patterns of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in Nigeria, Tokai. J Exp Clin Med 1989;14:301-7.
9. Draper G, Vincent T, O’Conor C, Stiller C. Socioeconomic factors and variation in incidence rates between county districts. In: Draper G, ed. The geographical epidemiology of childhood leukaemia and non-Hodgkin ‘s lymphoma in Great Britain. London: OPCS, 1991:37-46.
10. Greaves M. Stem cell origins of leukaemia and curability. Br J Cancer 1993;67:413-23.
11. McWhirter W. The relationship of incidence of childhood lymphoblastic leukaemia to social class. Br J Cancer 1982;46:640-5.
12. Kaye SA, Robison LL. Smithson WA, Gunderson P, King FL, Neglia JP. Maternal reproductive history and birth characteristics in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer 1991;68:1351-5.
13. Kinlen LJ. Clarke K, Hudson C. Evidence from population mixing in British New Towns 1946-85 of an infective basis for childhood leukaemia [see Comments]. Lancet 1990; 336:577-82.
14. Kinlen L. Evidence for an infective cause of childhood leukaemia: comparison of a Scottish new town with nuclear reprocessing sites in Britain [see Comments]. Lancet 1988; 2:1323-7.
15. Petridou E, Hsieh CC. Kotsifakis G, Skalkidis Y, Trichopoulos D. Absence of leukaemia clustering on Greek islands [Letter] [see Comments]. Lancet 1991;338:1204-5.
16. Laplanche A. de Vathaire F. Leukaemia mortality in French communes (administrative units) with a large and rapid population increase [see Comments]. Br J Cancer 1994;69:110-3.
17. Kinlen LJ, Hudson C. Childhood leukaemia and poliomyelitis in relation to military encampments in England and Wales in the period of national military service, 1950-63. BMJ 1991;303:1357-62.
18. Kinlen LJ, Dickson M, Stiller CA. Childhood leukaemia and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma near large rural construction sites, with a comparison with Sellafield nuclear site [published erratum appears in BMJ 1995;310:911]. BMJ 1995;310:763-8.
19. Kinlen LJ, John SM. Wartime evacuation and mortality from childhood leukaemia in England and Wales in 1945-9 [published erratum appears in BMJ 1994;309:1336]. BMJ 1994; 309:1197-202.
20. Kinlen LJFOB, Clarke K, Balkwill A, Matthews F. Rural population mixing and childhood leukaemia: effects of the North Sea oil industry in Scotland, including the area near Dounreay nuclear site [published erratum appears in BMJ 1993;307:91). BMJ 1993;306:743-8.
21. Alexander FE. Ricketts TJ, McKinney PA, Cartwright RA. Community lifestyle characteristics and risk of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children [see Comments]. Lancet 1990;336:1461-5.
22. Alexander FE, Cartwright RA, McKinney PA, Ricketts TJ. Leukaemia incidence, social class and estuaries: an ecological analysis. J Public Health Med 1990;12:109-17.
23. van Steensel-Moll HA, Valkenburg HA, van Zanen GE. Childhood leukemia and infectious diseases in the first year of life: a register-based case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 1986;124:590-4.
24. Stark CR, Mantel N. Effects of maternal age and birth order on the risk of mongolism and leukemia. J Natl Cancer Inst 1966;37:687-98.
25. Stark CR, Mantel N. Maternal-age and birth-order effects in childhood leukemia: age of child and type of leukemia. J Natl Cancer Inst 1969;42:857-66.
26. MacMahon B, Newill V. Birth characteristics of children dying of malignant neoplasms. J Natl Cancer Inst 1962; 37:687-98.
27. Stewart A, Webb J, Hewitt D. A survey of childhood malignancies. Br MedJ 1958;28:1495-508.
28. MacMahon B. Is acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children virus-related? Am J Epidemiol 1992;136:916-24.
29. Crawford D. Epstein-Barr virus. In: Zuckerman A, Banatvala J, Pattison J, eds. Principles and practice of clinical virology. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1995:109-34.
30. Pallesen G, Hamilton-Dutoit SJ, Rowe M, Young LS. Expression of Epstein-Barr virus latent gene products in tumour cells of Hodgkin’s disease [see Comments]. Lancet 1991; 337:320-2.
31. Pinkus G, Lones M, Shintaku I, Said J. Immunohistochemical detection of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein in Reed-Sternberg cells and variants of Hodgkin’s disease. Mod Pathol 1994;7:454-61.
32. Burn C, Davies JN, Dodge OG, Nias BC. Hodgkin’s disease in English and African children. J Natl Cancer Inst 1971;46:37-41.
33. Ambinder R, Browning P, Lorenzana I, et al. Epstein-Barr virus and childhood Hodgkin’s disease in Honduras and the United States. Blood 1993;81:462-7.
34. Chang K, Albujar P, Chen I, Johnson R, Weiss L. High prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus in the Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin’s disease occurring in Peru. Blood 1993; 81:496-501.
35. Preciado M, De Matteo E, Diez B, Grinstein S. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein (LMP) in tumor cells of Hodgkin’s disease in pediatric patients. Med Pediatr Oncol 1995;24:1-5.
36. Gaynon P, Steinherz P. Bleyer W, et al. Improved therapy for children with lymphoblastic leukemia and unfavorable presenting features: a follow-up report of the Childrens Cancer Group Study CCG-106. J Clin Oncol 1993;11:2234-42.
37. Zuelzer WW, Cox DE. Genetic aspects of leukemia. Semin Hematol 1969;6:228-49.
38. James WH. Further evidence for the hypothesis that one cause of childhood leukaemia is infection. Paediatric Perinat Epidemiol 1990;4:113-7.
39. Miller RW. Deaths from childhood leukemia and solid tumors among twins and other sibs in the United States, 1960-67. J Natl Cancer Inst 1971;46:203-9.
40. Chaganti RS, Miller DR, Meyers PA, German J. Cytogenetic evidence of the intrauterine origin of acute leukemia in monozygotic twins. N Engl J Med 1979;300:1032-4.
41. Ford AM, Ridge SA, Cabrera ME et al. In utero rearrangements in the trithorax-related oncogene in infant leukaemias. Nature 1993;363:358-60.
42. Gill Super HJ, Rothberg PG, Kobayashi H, Freeman Al, Diaz MO, Rowley JD. Clonal, nonconstitutional rearrangements of the MLL gene in infant twins with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: in utero chromosome rearrangement of 1 lq23. Blood 1994;83:641-4.
43. Mahmoud HH, Ridge SA, Behm FG, et al. Intrauterine monoclonal origin of neonatal concordant acute lymphoblastic leukemia in monozygotic twins. Med Pediatr Oncol 1995;24:77-81.
44. Look A, Roberson P, Williams D, et al. Prognostic importance of blast cell DNA content in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 1985;65:1079-86.
45. Smets LA, Slater R, van Wering ER, et al. DNA index and %S-phase cells determined in acute lymphoblastic leukemia of children: a report from studies ALL V, ALL VI, and ALL VII (1979-1991) of the Dutch Childhood Leukemia Study Group and The Netherlands Workgroup on Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. Med Pediatr Oncol 1995;25:437-44.
46. Pui CH, Crist W, Look A. Biology and clinical significance of cytogenetic abnormalities in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 1990:76:1449-63.
47. Neglia J, Meadows A, Robison L. et al. Second neoplasms after acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood. N Engl J Med 1991;325:1330-6.
48. Hawkins M, Wilson L, Stovall M, et al. Epipodophyllotoxins, alkylating agents, and radiation and risk of secondary leukaemia after childhood cancer. Br Med J 1992;304:951-8.
49. Cnattingius S, Zack MM, Ekbom A, et al. Prenatal and neonatal risk factors for childhood lymphatic leukemia. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;87:908-14.
50. Hartwell L, Kastan M. Cell cycle control and cancer. Science 1994;266:1821-8.
51. Fukawawa K, Choi T, Kuriyama R, et al. Abnormal centro-some amplification in the absence of p53. Science 1996; 271:1744-7.
52. Lodish H. Baltimore D, Berk A. Ziipursky S. Matsudaira P, Darnell J. Molecular cell biology, 3rd ed. New York: Scientific American Books. 1995.
53. Brown CR, Doxsey SJ, White E, Welch WJ. Both viral (adenovirus El B) and cellular (hsp 70, p53) components interact with centrosomes. J Cell Physiol 1994;160:47-60.
54. Ornitz DM, Hammer RE, Messing A, Palmiter RD, Brinster RL. Pancreatic neoplasia induced by SV40 T-antigen expression in acinar cells of transgenic mice. Science 1987; 238:188-93.
55. Levine DS, Sanchez CA, Rabinovitch PS. Reid BJ. Formation of the tetraploid intermediate is associated with the development of cells with more than four centrioles in the elastasesimian virus 40 tumor antigen transgenic mouse model of pancreatic cancer (published erratum appears in Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991:88:8282], Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:6427-31.
56. Baum P, Yip C, Goetsch L. Byers B. A yeast gene essential for regulation of spindle pole duplication. Mol Cell Biol 1988;8:5386-97.
57. Laffin J, Fogleman D, Lehman JM. Correlation of DNA content. p53, T antigen, and V antigen in simian virus 40-infected human diploid cells. Cytometry 1989;10:205-13.
58. Staib C, Pesch J, Gerwig R, et al. p53 inhibits JC virus DNA replication in vivo and interacts with JC virus large T-antigen. Virology 1996;219:237-46.
59. Thukral SK, Blain GC. Chang KK, Fields S. Distinct residues of human p53 implicated in binding to DNA. simian virus 40 large T antigen, 53BP1. and 53BP2. Mol Cell Biol 1994;14:8315-21.
60. Levine AJ. The p53 protein and its interactions with the oncogene products of the small DNA tumor viruses. Virology 1990;177:419-26.
61. Sarnow P. Ho YS. Williams J. Levine AJ. Adenovirus E1B-58kd tumor antigen and SV40 large tumor antigen are physically associated with the same 54 kd cellular protein in transformed cells. Cell 1982:28:387-94.
62. Yew P, Berk A. Inhibition of p53 transactivation required for transformation by adenovirus early IB proteins. Nature 1992:357:82-5.
63. Wang X, Forrester K, Yeh H, Feitelson M, Gu JR, Harris C. Hepatitis B virus X protein inhibits p53 sequence-specific DNA binding, transcriptional activity, and association with transcription factor ERCC3. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:2230-4.
64. Werness BA, Levine AJ, Howley PM. Association of human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 E6 proteins with p53. Sci-ence 1990;248:76-9.
65. Scheffner M, Werness BA. Huibregtse. JM. Levine AJ, Howley PM. The E6 oncoportein encoded by human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 promotes the degradation of p53. Cell 1990;63:1129-36.
66. Szekely L. Selivanouva G. Magnusson KP. Klein G, Wiman KG. EBNA-5, an Epstein-Barr virus-encoded nuclear antigen, binds to the retinoblastoma and p53 proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:5455-9.
67. McCance D. Papillomaviruses. In: Zuckerman A, Banatvala J, Pattison J, eds. Principles and practice of clinical virology, 3rd ed. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1995:621-33.
68. Walker AM, van Noord PA. No seasonality in the diagnosis of acute leukemia in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 1982;69:1283-7.
69. Gardner J, Knowles W. Human polyomaviruses. In: Zuckerman A, Banatvala J, Pattison J. eds. Principles and practice of clinical virology. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1995: 635-51.
70. Major EO, Amemiya K, Tornatore CS, Houff SA, Berger JR. Pathogenesis and molecular biology of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, the JC virus-induced demyelinating disease of the human brain. Clin Microbiol Rev 1992;5:49-73.
71. Guo J, Kitamura T, Ebihara H, et al. Geographical distribution of the human polyomavirus JC virus type A and B and isolation of a new type from Ghana. J Gen Virol 1996;77:919-27.
72. Markowitz RB. Thompson HC, Mueller JF, Cohen JA, Dynan WS. Incidence of BK virus and JC virus viruria in human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected subjects. J Infect Dis 1993;167:13-20.
73. Monini P, Rotola A, de Lellis L, et al. Latent BK virus infection and Kaposi’s sarcoma pathogenesis. Int J Cancer 1996;66:717-22.
74. Dorries K, Vogel E, Gunther S. Czub S. Infection of human polyomaviruses JC and BK in peripheral blood leukocytes from immunocompetent individuals. Virology 1994; 198:59-70.
75. Kunitake T, Kitamura T, Guo J, Taguchi F, Kawabe K, Yogo Y. Parent-to-child transmission is relatively common in the spread of the human polyomavirus JC virus. J din Microbiol 1995:33:1448-51.
76. Walker D, Padgett B. The epidemiology of human polyomaviruses. In: Sever J, Madden D, eds. Polyomaviruses and human neurological diseases. New York: Alan R. Liss. 1983:99-106.
77. Taguchi F. Kajioka J, Miyamura. T. Prevalence rate and age of acquisition of antibodies against JC virus and BK virus in human sera. Microbiol Immunol 1982;26:1057-64.
78. Gibson PE. Field AM, Gardner SD, Coleman DV. Occurrence of IgM antibodies against BK and JC polyomaviruses during pregnancy. J Clin Pathol 1981;34:674-9.
79. Andrews C, Daniel R, Shah K. Serologic studies of papovavirus in pregnant women and renal transplant recipients. In: Sever J, Madden D, eds. Polyomaviruses and human neurological disease. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1983:133-41.
80. Fraumeni J, Miller R. Epidemiology of human leukemia: recent observations. J Nall Cancer Inst 1967;38:593-605.
81. Coleman DV, Gardner SD, Mulholland C. et al. Human polyomavirus in pregnancy: a model for the study of defense mechanisms to virus reactivation. Clin Exp Immunol 1983;53:289-96.
82. Coleman DV, Wolfendale MR, Daniel RA. et al. A prospective study of human polyomavirus infection in pregnancy. J Infect Dis 1980;142:1-8.
83. Bergsagel DJ, Finegold MJ, Butel JS, Kupsky WJ. Garcea RL. DNA sequences similar to those of simian virus 40 in ependymomas and choroid plexus tumors of childhood. N Engl J Med 1992;326:988-93.
84. Lednicky JA, Garcea RL, Bergsagel DJ, Butel JS. Natural simian virus 40 strains are present in human choroid plexus and ependymoma tumors. Virology 1995;212:710-7.
85. Martini F, Iaccheri L, Lazzarin L. et al. SV40 early region and large T antigen in human brain tumors, peripheral blood cells, and sperm fluids from healthy individuals. Cancer Res 1996;56:4820-5.
86. Major EO, Amemiya K, Elder G, Houff SA. Glial cells of the human developing brain and B cells of the immune system share a common DNA binding factor for recognition of the regulatory sequences of the human polyomavirus, JCV. J Neurosci Res 1990:27:461-71.
87. Houff S, Major E, Katz D. Involvement of JC virus-infected mononuclear cells from the bone marrow and spleen in the pathogenesis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. N Engl J Med 1988;318:301-5.
88. Tornatore C, Berger JR, Houff SA, et al. Detection of JC virus DNA in peripheral lymphocytes from patients with and without progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Ann Neurol 1992;31:454-62.
89. Schneider EM, Dorries K. High frequency of polyomavirus infection in lymphoid cell preparations after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Transplant Proc 1993;25:1271-3.
90. Raj G, Khalili K. Transcriptional regulation: lessons from the human neurotropic polyomavirus. JCV. Virology 1995; 213:283-91.
91. Atwood WJ, Amemiya K, Traub R, Harms J, Major EO. Interaction of the human polyomavirus, JCV, with human B-lymphocytes. Virology 1992;190:716-23.
92. Rieckmann P, Michel U, Kehrl JH. Regulation of JC virus expression in B lymphocytes. J Virol 1994;68:217-22.
93. Neel JV. Major EO, Awa AA, et al. Hypothesis: rogue cell type chromosomal damage in lymphocytes is associated with infection with the JC human polyoma virus and has implications for oncogenesis. Proc Nat! Acad Sci USA 1996; 93:2690-5.
94. Bloom AD, Neel JV, Choi KW, Iida S, Chagnon N. Chromosome aberrations among the Yanomamma Indians. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1970;66:920-7.
95. Neel JV, Awa AA, Kodama Y, Nakano M, Mabuchi K. Rogue lymphocytes among Ukrainians not exposed to radioactive fall-out from the Chernobyl accident: the possible role of this phenomenon in oncogenesis, teratogenesis, and mutagenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:6973-7.
96. Cole C. Polyomavirinae: the viruses and their replication. In: Fields B, Knipe D, Howley P, eds. Fields virology, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1996:1997-2025.
97. Frisque R, Bream G, Cannella M. Human polyomavirus JC virus genome. J Virol 1984;51:458-69.
98. Frisque R, White F. The molecular biology of JC virus, causative agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. In: Roos R, ed. Molecular neurovirology. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1992:25-158.
99. Ramel S, Sanchez CA, Schimke MK, et al. Inactivation of p53 and the development of tetraploidy in the elastase-SV40 T antigen transgenic mouse pancreas. Pancreas 1995; 11:213-22.
100. Haggerty S, Walker DL, Frisque RJ. JC virus-simian virus 40 genomes containing heterologous regulatory signals and chimeric early regions: identification of regions restricting transformation by JC virus. J Virol 1989;63:2180-90.
101. Bollag B, Chuke WF, Frisque RJ. Hybrid genomes of the polyomaviruses JC virus, BK virus, and simian virus 40: identification of sequences important for efficient transformation. J Virol 1989;63:863-72.
102. Walker DL, Padgett BL, ZuRhein GM, Albert AE, Marsh RF. Human papovavirus (JC): induction of brain tumors in hamsters. Science 1973:181:674-6.
103. Miller NR, McKeever PE, London W, Padgett BL, Walker DL, Wallen WC. Brain tumors of owl monkeys inoculated with JC virus contain the JC virus genome. J Virol 1984;49:848-56.
104. London WT, Houff SA, Madden DL, et al. Brain tumors in owl monkeys inoculated with a human polyomavirus (JC virus). Science 1978;201:1246-9.
105. Ohsumi S, Ikehara I, Motoi M, Ogawa K, Nagashima K, Yasui K. Induction of undifferentiated brain tumors in rats by a human polyomavirus (JC virus). Jpn J Cancer Res 1985;76:429-31.
106. Ohsumi S, Motoi M, Ogawa K. Induction of undifferentiated tumors by JC virus in the cerebrum of rats. Acta Pathol Jpn 1986;36:815-25.
107. Nagashima K, Yasui K, Kimura J, Washizu M, Yamaguchi K. Mori W. Induction of brain tumors by a newly isolated JC virus (Tokyo-1 strain). Am J Pathol 1984;116:455-63.
108. Matsuda M, Yasui K, Nagashima K, Mori W. Origin of the medulloblastoma experimentally induced by human polyomavirus JC. J Natl Cancer Inst 1987;79:58-91.
109. Small JA, Khoury G, Jay G, Howley PM, Scangos GA. Early regions of JC virus and BK virus induce distinct and tissue specific tumors in transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986;83:8288-92.
110. Miller RW. Deaths from childhood cancer in sibs. N Engl J Med 1968;279:122-6.
111. Wilson DA, Nitschke R, Bowman ME, Chaffin MJ, Sexauer CL, Prince JR. Transient white matter changes on MR images in children undergoing chemotherapy for acute lymphocytic leukemia: correlation with neuropsychologic deficiencies. Radiology 1991;180:205-9.
112. Asato R, Akiyama Y, Ito M, et al. Nuclear magnetic resonance abnormalities of the cerebral white matter in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and malignant lymphoma during and after central nervous system prophylactic treatment with intrathecal methotrexate. Cancer 1992;70:1997-2004.
113. Ito M, Akiyama Y. Asato R, et al. Early diagnosis of leu-koencephalopathy of acute lymphocytic leukemia by MRI. Pediatr Neurol 1991:7:436-9.
114. Matsumoto K, Takahashi S. Sato A, et al. Leukoencephalopathy in childhood hematopoietic neoplasm caused by moderate-dose methotrexate and prophylactic cranial radiotherapy-an MR analysis [see Comments]. IntJ Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1995;32:913-8.
115. Whiteman M, Bowen B, Post M, Bell M. Intracranial infection. In: Atlas S, ed. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spine. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1996:707-70.
116. Moret H, Guichard M, Matheron S, et al. Virological diagnosis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: detection of JC virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue of AIDS patients. J Clin Microbiol 1993;31:3310-3.
117. McGuire D, Barhite S, Hollander H, Miles M. JC virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: predictive value for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy [published erratum appears in Ann Neurol 1995:37:687], Ann Neurol 1995;37:395-9.
118. Fong IW. Britton CB, Luinstra KE, Toma E, Mahony JB. Diagnostic value of detecting JC virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:484-6.
119. Varakis J, ZuRhein GM, Padgett BL, Walker DL. Induction of peripheral neuroblastomas in Syrian hamsters after injection as neonates with JC virus, a human polyoma virus. Cancer Res 1978;38:1718-22.
120. Look A, Hayes F, Shuster J, et al. Clinical relevance of tumor cell ploidy and N-myc gene amplification in childhood neuroblastoma: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. J din Oncol 1991;9:581-91.
121. Shapiro DN, Parham DM. Douglass EC. et al. Relationship of tumor-cell ploidy to histologic subtype and treatment outcome in children and adolescents with unresectable rhabdomyosarcoma [published erratum appears in J din Oncol 1991;9:893]. J Clin Oncol 1991;9:159-66.
122. Pappo AS, Crist WM, Kuttesch J, et al. Tumor-cell DNA content predicts outcome in children and adolescents with clinical group III embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma: the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Committee of the Children’s Cancer Group and the Pediatric Oncology Group [published erratum appears in J Clin Oncol 1994;12:440]. J Clin Oncol 1993;11:1901-5.