메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 6, Issue 9, 2011, Pages 1037-1047

Drug resistance in human African trypanosomiasis

Author keywords

drug resistance; eflornithine transporter; HAPT1; human African trypanosomiasis; nitroreductase; P2 transporter; sleeping sickness; treatment failure

Indexed keywords

2 AMINOPURINE; AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER; CARRIER PROTEIN; EFLORNITHINE; MELARSOPROL; NIFURTIMOX; PENTAMIDINE; SURAMIN;

EID: 80053517353     PISSN: 17460913     EISSN: 17460921     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.88     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (120)

References (53)
  • 1
    • 73449135758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human African trypanosomiasis
    • Brun R, Blum J, Chappuis F, Burri C. Human African trypanosomiasis. Lancet 375(9709), 148-159 (2010).
    • (2010) Lancet , vol.375 , Issue.9709 , pp. 148-159
    • Brun, R.1    Blum, J.2    Chappuis, F.3    Burri, C.4
  • 3
    • 78650308985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A spectrum of disease in human African trypanosomiasis: The host and parasite genetics of virulence
    • Sternberg JM, Maclean L. A spectrum of disease in human African trypanosomiasis: the host and parasite genetics of virulence. Parasitol. 137(14), 2007-2015 (2010).
    • (2010) Parasitol. , vol.137 , Issue.14 , pp. 2007-2015
    • Sternberg, J.M.1    MacLean, L.2
  • 4
    • 77449155243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Controlling sleeping sickness - A review
    • Welburn SC, Maudlin I, Simarro PP. Controlling sleeping sickness -a review. Parasitology. 136(14), 1943-1949 (2009).
    • (2009) Parasitology , vol.136 , Issue.14 , pp. 1943-1949
    • Welburn, S.C.1    Maudlin, I.2    Simarro, P.P.3
  • 5
    • 79952459914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The human African trypanosomiasis control and surveillance programme of the World Health Organization 2000-2009: The way forward
    • Simarro PP, Diarra A, Ruiz Postigo JA, Franco JR, Jannin JG. The human African trypanosomiasis control and surveillance programme of the World Health Organization 2000-2009: the way forward. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 5(2), e1007 (2011).
    • (2011) PLoS Negl Trop Dis. , vol.5 , Issue.2
    • Simarro, P.P.1    Diarra, A.2    Ruiz Postigo, J.A.3    Franco, J.R.4    Jannin, J.G.5
  • 6
    • 70449504710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Murine Models for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense disease progression -from silent to chronic infections and early brain tropism
    • Giroud C, Ottones F, Coustou V, et al. Murine Models for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense disease progression -from silent to chronic infections and early brain tropism. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 3(9), e509 (2009).
    • (2009) PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. , vol.3 , Issue.9
    • Giroud, C.1    Ottones, F.2    Coustou, V.3
  • 7
    • 73949138425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimalaria drug resistance: The mono-combi-counterfeit triangle
    • Schlagenhauf P, Petersen E. Antimalaria drug resistance: the mono-combi-counterfeit triangle. Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 7(9), 1039-1042 (2009).
    • (2009) Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. , vol.7 , Issue.9 , pp. 1039-1042
    • Schlagenhauf, P.1    Petersen, E.2
  • 8
    • 36749028752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development and validation of an improved HPLC method for the control of potentially counterfeit isometamidium products
    • DOI 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.08.026, PII S0731708507004839
    • Schad GJ, Allanson A, Mackay SP, Cannavan A, Tettey JN. Development and validation of an improved HPLC method for the control of potentially counterfeit isometamidium products. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 46(1), 45-51 (2008). (Pubitemid 350216323)
    • (2008) Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis , vol.46 , Issue.1 , pp. 45-51
    • Schad, G.J.1    Allanson, A.2    Mackay, S.P.3    Cannavan, A.4    Tettey, J.N.A.5
  • 9
    • 35548959525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human African trypanosomiasis: Pharmacological re-engagement with a neglected disease
    • DOI 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707354, PII 0707354
    • Barrett MP, Boykin DW, Brun R, Tidwell RR. Human African trypanosomiasis: pharmacological re-engagement with a neglected disease. Br. J. Pharmacol. 152(8), 1155-1171 (2007). (Pubitemid 350242432)
    • (2007) British Journal of Pharmacology , vol.152 , Issue.8 , pp. 1155-1171
    • Barrett, M.P.1    Boykin, D.W.2    Brun, R.3    Tidwell, R.R.4
  • 10
    • 66749136560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pentamidine movement across the murine blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers: Effect of trypanosome infection, combination therapy, P-glycoprotein, and multidrug resistance-associated protein
    • Sanderson L, Dogruel M, Rodgers J, De Koning HP, Thomas SA. Pentamidine movement across the murine blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers: effect of trypanosome infection, combination therapy, P-glycoprotein, and multidrug resistance-associated protein. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 329(3), 967-977 (2009).
    • (2009) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.329 , Issue.3 , pp. 967-977
    • Sanderson, L.1    Dogruel, M.2    Rodgers, J.3    De Koning, H.P.4    Thomas, S.A.5
  • 11
    • 35948937145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of suramin, an antitrypanosomal drug, across the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid interfaces in wild-type and P-glycoprotein transporter-deficient mice
    • DOI 10.1128/AAC.00372-07
    • Sanderson L, Khan A, Thomas S. Distribution of suramin, an antitrypanosomal drug, across the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid interfaces in wild-type and P-glycoprotein transporter-deficient mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51(9), 3136-3146 (2007). (Pubitemid 350067520)
    • (2007) Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy , vol.51 , Issue.9 , pp. 3136-3146
    • Sanderson, L.1    Khan, A.2    Thomas, S.3
  • 12
    • 54349101877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The blood-brain barrier significantly limits eflornithine entry into Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected mouse brain
    • Sanderson L, Dogruel M, Rodgers J, Bradley B, Thomas SA. The blood-brain barrier significantly limits eflornithine entry into Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected mouse brain. J. Neurochem. 107(4), 1136-1146 (2008).
    • (2008) J. Neurochem. , vol.107 , Issue.4 , pp. 1136-1146
    • Sanderson, L.1    Dogruel, M.2    Rodgers, J.3    Bradley, B.4    Thomas, S.A.5
  • 13
    • 0142195838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuro-inflammatory risk factors for treatment failure in "early second stage" sleeping sickness patients treated with Pentamidine
    • DOI 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2003.08.033
    • Lejon V, Legros D, Savignoni A, Etchegorry MG, Mbulamberi D, Büscher P. Neuro-inflammatory risk factors for treatment failure in "early second stage" sleeping sickness patients treated with pentamidine. J. Neuroimmunol. 144(1-2), 132-138 (2003). (Pubitemid 37329938)
    • (2003) Journal of Neuroimmunology , vol.144 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 132-138
    • Lejon, V.1    Legros, D.2    Savignoni, A.3    Etchegorry, M.G.4    Mbulamberi, D.5    Buscher, P.6
  • 14
    • 33750251243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment outcomes and risk factors for relapse in patients with early-stage human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) in the Republic of the Congo
    • DOI 10.2471/BLT.05.028399
    • Balasegaram M, Harris S, Checchi F, Hamel C, Karunakara U. Treatment outcomes and risk factors for relapse in patients with early-stage human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) in the Republic of the Congo. Bull. World Health Organ. 84(10), 777-782 (2006). (Pubitemid 44610112)
    • (2006) Bulletin of the World Health Organization , vol.84 , Issue.10 , pp. 777-782
    • Balasegaram, M.1    Harris, S.2    Checchi, F.3    Hamel, C.4    Karunakara, U.5
  • 17
    • 70449503627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genotypic status of the TbAT1/P2 adenosine transporter of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense isolates from Northwestern Uganda following melarsoprol withdrawal
    • AJ, Nerima B, de Koning HP, Mäser P, Barrett MP, Matovu E. Genotypic status of the TbAT1/P2 adenosine transporter of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense isolates from Northwestern Uganda following melarsoprol withdrawal. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 3(9), e523 (2009).
    • (2009) PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. , vol.3 , Issue.9
    • Nerima B, A.J.1    De Koning, H.P.2    Mäser, P.3    Barrett, M.P.4    Matovu, E.5
  • 18
    • 35348915954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense isolates from Ibba, South Sudan, an area of high melarsoprol treatment failure rate
    • DOI 10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.07.007, PII S0001706X07001866
    • Maina N, Maina KJ, Mäser P, Brun R. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense isolates from Ibba, South Sudan, an area of high melarsoprol treatment failure rate. Acta Trop. 104(2-3), 84-90 (2007). (Pubitemid 47592836)
    • (2007) Acta Tropica , vol.104 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 84-90
    • Maina, N.1    Maina, K.J.2    Maser, P.3    Brun, R.4
  • 20
    • 0033750528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-course eflornithine in Gambian trypanosomiasis: A multicentre randomized controlled trial
    • Pépin J, Khonde N, Maiso F, et al. Short-course eflornithine in Gambian trypanosomiasis: a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Bull. World Health Organ. 78(11), 1284-1295 (2000).
    • (2000) Bull. World Health Organ. , vol.78 , Issue.11 , pp. 1284-1295
    • Pépin, J.1    Khonde, N.2    Maiso, F.3
  • 21
    • 0027500261 scopus 로고
    • Arsenical-resistant trypanosomes lack an unusual adenosine transporter
    • DOI 10.1038/361173a0
    • Carter NS, Fairlamb AH. Arsenical-resistant trypanosomes lack an unusual adenosine transporter. Nature 361(6408), 173-176 (1993). (Pubitemid 23031354)
    • (1993) Nature , vol.361 , Issue.6408 , pp. 173-176
    • Carter, N.S.1    Fairlamb, A.H.2
  • 22
    • 0037834651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A nucleoside transporter from Trypanosoma brucei involved in drug resistance
    • DOI 10.1126/science.285.5425.242
    • Mäser P, Sütterlin C, Kralli A, Kaminsky R. A nucleoside transporter from Trypanosoma brucei involved in drug resistance. Science 285(5425), 242-244 (1999). (Pubitemid 29329994)
    • (1999) Science , vol.285 , Issue.5425 , pp. 242-244
    • Maser, P.1    Sutterlin, C.2    Kralli, A.3    Kaminsky, R.4
  • 24
    • 33947354964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loss of the high-affinity pentamidine transporter is responsible for high levels of cross-resistance between arsenical and diamidine drugs in african trypanosomes
    • DOI 10.1124/mol.106.031351
    • Bridges DJ, Gould MK, Nerima B, Mäser P, Burchmore RJ, de Koning HP. Loss of the high-affinity pentamidine transporter is responsible for high levels of cross-resistance between arsenical and diamidine drugs in African trypanosomes. Mol. Pharmacol. 71(4), 1098-1108 (2007). (Pubitemid 46457013)
    • (2007) Molecular Pharmacology , vol.71 , Issue.4 , pp. 1098-1108
    • Bridges, D.J.1    Gould, M.K.2    Nerima, B.3    Maser, P.4    Burchmore, R.J.S.5    De Koning, H.P.6
  • 25
    • 47649132991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ever-increasing complexities of diamidine and arsenical crossresistance in African trypanosomes
    • de Koning HP. Ever-increasing complexities of diamidine and arsenical crossresistance in African trypanosomes. Trends Parasitol. 24(8), 345-349 (2008).
    • (2008) Trends Parasitol. , vol.24 , Issue.8 , pp. 345-349
    • De Koning, H.P.1
  • 26
    • 33750611453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined contribution of TbAT1 and TbMRPA to drug resistance in Trypanosoma brucei
    • DOI 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2006.07.010, PII S0166685106002283
    • Lüscher A, Nerima B, Mäser P. Combined contribution of TbAT1 and TbMRPA to drug resistance in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 150(2), 364-366 (2006). (Pubitemid 44691943)
    • (2006) Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology , vol.150 , Issue.2 , pp. 364-366
    • Luscher, A.1    Nerima, B.2    Maser, P.3
  • 28
    • 0028875686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uptake of diamidine drugs by the P2 nucleoside transporter in melarsen-sensitive and -resistant Trypanosoma brucei brucei
    • Carter NS, Berger BJ, Fairlamb AH. Uptake of diamidine drugs by the P2 nucleoside transporter in melarsen-sensitive and -resistant Trypanosoma brucei brucei. J. Biol. Chem. 270(47), 28153-28157 (2011)
    • (2011) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.270 , Issue.47 , pp. 28153-28157
    • Carter, N.S.1    Berger, B.J.2    Fairlamb, A.H.3
  • 29
    • 34548702901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Melarsoprol- and pentamidine-resistant Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense populations and their cross-resistance
    • DOI 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.05.007, PII S0020751907001804
    • Bernhard SC, Nerima B, Mäser P, Brun R. Melarsoprol-and pentamidine-resistant Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense populations and their cross-resistance. Int. J Parasitol. 37 (Pubitemid 47417979)
    • (2007) International Journal for Parasitology , vol.37 , Issue.13 , pp. 1443-1448
    • Bernhard, S.C.1    Nerima, B.2    Maser, P.3    Brun, R.4
  • 30
    • 79959313467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The diamidine diminazene aceturate is a substrate for the high affinity pentamidine transporter: Implications for the development of high resistance levels in trypanosomes
    • Teka IA, Kazibwe AJ, El-Sabbagh N, et al. The diamidine diminazene aceturate is a substrate for the high affinity pentamidine transporter: implications for the development of high resistance levels in trypanosomes. Mol. Pharmacol. 80(1), 110-116 (2011)
    • (2011) Mol. Pharmacol. , vol.80 , Issue.1 , pp. 110-116
    • Teka, I.A.1    Kazibwe, A.J.2    El-Sabbagh, N.3
  • 31
    • 33751194900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roles for the Trypanosoma brucei P2 transporter in DB75 uptake and resistance
    • Lanteri CA, Stewart ML, Brock JM, et al. Roles for the Trypanosoma brucei P2 transporter in DB75 uptake and resistance. Mol. Pharmacol. 70(5), 1585-1592 (2006).
    • (2006) Mol. Pharmacol. , vol.70 , Issue.5 , pp. 1585-1592
    • Lanteri, C.A.1    Stewart, M.L.2    Brock, J.M.3
  • 32
    • 79955549900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trypanocidal furamidine analogues: Influence of pyridine nitrogens on trypanocidal activity, transport kinetics, and resistance patterns
    • Ward CP, Wong PE, Burchmore RJ, de Koning HP, Barrett MP. Trypanocidal furamidine analogues: influence of pyridine nitrogens on trypanocidal activity, transport kinetics, and resistance patterns. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55(5), 2352-2361 (2011).
    • (2011) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , vol.55 , Issue.5 , pp. 2352-2361
    • Ward, C.P.1    Wong, P.E.2    Burchmore, R.J.3    De Koning, H.P.4    Barrett, M.P.5
  • 33
    • 75849130021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple genetic mechanisms lead to loss of functional TbAT1 expression in drug-resistant trypanosomes
    • Stewart ML, Burchmore RJ, Clucas C, et al. Multiple genetic mechanisms lead to loss of functional TbAT1 expression in drug-resistant trypanosomes. Eukaryot. Cell. 9(2), 336-343 (2010).
    • (2010) Eukaryot. Cell. , vol.9 , Issue.2 , pp. 336-343
    • Stewart, M.L.1    Burchmore, R.J.2    Clucas, C.3
  • 35
    • 34648824904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • McArthur revisited: Fluorescence microscopes for field diagnostics
    • DOI 10.1016/j.pt.2007.08.003, PII S1471492207002164
    • Jones D, Nyalwidhe J, Tetley L, Barrett MP. McArthur revisited: fluorescence microscopes for field diagnostics. Trends Parasitol. 23(10), 468-469 (2007). (Pubitemid 47465092)
    • (2007) Trends in Parasitology , vol.23 , Issue.10 , pp. 468-469
    • Jones, D.1    Nyalwidhe, J.2    Tetley, L.3    Barrett, M.P.4
  • 36
    • 57849141140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two novel nucleobase/ pentamidine transporters from Trypanosoma brucei
    • Ortiz D, Sanchez MA, Quecke P, Landfear SM. Two novel nucleobase/ pentamidine transporters from Trypanosoma brucei. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 163(2), 67-76 (2009).
    • (2009) Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. , vol.163 , Issue.2 , pp. 67-76
    • Ortiz, D.1    Sanchez, M.A.2    Quecke, P.3    Landfear, S.M.4
  • 37
    • 0027182786 scopus 로고
    • Resistance to DL-α-difluoromethylornithine by clinical isolates of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Role of S-adenosylmethionine
    • DOI 10.1016/0006-2952(93)90524-Z
    • Bacchi CJ, Garofalo J, Ciminelli M, et al. Resistance to DL-alpha-difluoromethylornithine by clinical isolates of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Role of S-adenosylmethionine. Biochem. Pharmacol. 46(3), 471-481 (1993). (Pubitemid 23239998)
    • (1993) Biochemical Pharmacology , vol.46 , Issue.3 , pp. 471-481
    • Bacchi, C.J.1    Garofalo, J.2    Ciminelli, M.3    Rattendi, D.4    Goldberg, B.5    McCann, P.P.6    Yarlett, N.7
  • 38
    • 66149158543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RNA interference-mediated silencing of ornithine decarboxylase and spermidine synthase genes in Trypanosoma brucei provides insight into regulation of polyamine biosynthesis
    • Xiao Y, McCloskey DE, Phillips MA. RNA interference-mediated silencing of ornithine decarboxylase and spermidine synthase genes in Trypanosoma brucei provides insight into regulation of polyamine biosynthesis. Eukaryot. Cell. 8(5), 747-755 (2009).
    • (2009) Eukaryot. Cell. , vol.8 , Issue.5 , pp. 747-755
    • Xiao, Y.1    McCloskey, D.E.2    Phillips, M.A.3
  • 39
    • 0029122226 scopus 로고
    • Innate lack of susceptibility of Ugandan Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense to DL-alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO)
    • Iten M, Matovu E, Brun R, Kaminsky R. Innate lack of susceptibility of Ugandan Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense to DL-alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO). Trop. Med. Parasitol. 46(3), 190-194 (1995).
    • (1995) Trop. Med. Parasitol. , vol.46 , Issue.3 , pp. 190-194
    • Iten, M.1    Matovu, E.2    Brun, R.3    Kaminsky, R.4
  • 40
    • 0022517832 scopus 로고
    • Uptake of alpha-difluoromethylornithine by Trypanosoma brucei brucei
    • Bitonti AJ, Bacchi CJ, McCann PP, Sjoerdsma A. Uptake of alpha-difluoromethylornithine by Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Biochem. Pharmacol. 35(2), 351-354 (1986).
    • (1986) Biochem. Pharmacol. , vol.35 , Issue.2 , pp. 351-354
    • Bitonti, A.J.1    Bacchi, C.J.2    McCann, P.P.3    Sjoerdsma, A.4
  • 41
    • 0023431045 scopus 로고
    • Biochemical changes associated with alpha-difluoromethylornithine uptake and resistance in Trypanosoma brucei
    • Bellofatto V, Fairlamb AH, Henderson GB, Cross GA. Biochemical changes associated with alpha-difluoromethylornithine uptake and resistance in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 25(3), 227-238 (1987).
    • (1987) Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. , vol.25 , Issue.3 , pp. 227-238
    • Bellofatto, V.1    Fairlamb, A.H.2    Henderson, G.B.3    Cross, G.A.4
  • 42
    • 0023108444 scopus 로고
    • A Trypanosoma brucei mutant resistant to α-difluoromethylornithine
    • Phillips MA, Wang CC. A Trypanosoma brucei mutant resistant to alpha-difluoromethylornithine. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 22(1), 9-17 (1987). (Pubitemid 17225810)
    • (1987) Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology , vol.22 , Issue.1 , pp. 9-17
    • Phillips, M.A.1    Wang, C.C.2
  • 43
    • 78951481408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A molecular mechanism for eflornithine resistance in African trypanosomes
    • Vincent IM, Creek D, Watson DG, et al. A molecular mechanism for eflornithine resistance in African trypanosomes. PLoS Pathog. 6(11), e1001204 (2010).
    • (2010) PLoS Pathog. , vol.6 , Issue.11
    • Vincent, I.M.1    Creek, D.2    Watson, D.G.3
  • 44
    • 78049436362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genome-wide RNAi screens in bloodstream form trypanosomes identify drug transporters
    • Schumann Burkard G, Jutzi P, Roditi I. Genome-wide RNAi screens in bloodstream form trypanosomes identify drug transporters. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 175(1), 91-94 (2011).
    • (2011) Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. , vol.175 , Issue.1 , pp. 91-94
    • Schumann Burkard, G.1    Jutzi, P.2    Roditi, I.3
  • 45
    • 78951491179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genome-wide RNAi screens in African trypanosomes identify the nifurtimox activator NTR and the eflornithine transporter AAT6
    • Baker N, Alsford S, Horn D. Genome-wide RNAi screens in African trypanosomes identify the nifurtimox activator NTR and the eflornithine transporter AAT6. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 176 1, 55-57 (2011).
    • (2011) Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. , vol.176 , Issue.1 , pp. 55-57
    • Baker, N.1    Alsford, S.2    Horn, D.3
  • 46
    • 67649635323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy for second-stage African Trypanosoma brucei gambiense trypanosomiasis: A multicentre, randomised, Phase III, non-inferiority trial
    • Priotto G, Kasparian S, Mutombo W, et al. Nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy for second-stage African Trypanosoma brucei gambiense trypanosomiasis: a multicentre, randomised, Phase III, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 374(9683), 56-64 (2009).
    • (2009) Lancet , vol.374 , Issue.9683 , pp. 56-64
    • Priotto, G.1    Kasparian, S.2    Mutombo, W.3
  • 47
    • 78751534394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trypanocidal drugs: Mechanisms, resistance and new targets
    • Wilkinson SR, Kelly JM. Trypanocidal drugs: mechanisms, resistance and new targets. Expert Rev. Mol. Med. 11, e31 (2009).
    • (2009) Expert Rev. Mol. Med. , vol.11
    • Wilkinson, S.R.1    Kelly, J.M.2
  • 48
    • 78751555083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The distribution of nifurtimox across the healthy and trypanosome-infected murine blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers
    • Jeganathan S, Sanderson L, Dogruel M, Rodgers J, Croft S, Thomas SA. The distribution of nifurtimox across the healthy and trypanosome-infected murine blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 336(2), 506-515 (2011).
    • (2011) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.336 , Issue.2 , pp. 506-515
    • Jeganathan, S.1    Sanderson, L.2    Dogruel, M.3    Rodgers, J.4    Croft, S.5    Thomas, S.A.6
  • 50
    • 79953882988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nifurtimox activation by trypanosomal type i nitroreductases generates cytotoxic nitrile metabolites
    • Hall BS, Bot C, Wilkinson SR. Nifurtimox activation by trypanosomal type I nitroreductases generates cytotoxic nitrile metabolites. J. Biol. Chem. 286(15), 13088-13095 (2011).
    • (2011) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.286 , Issue.15 , pp. 13088-13095
    • Hall, B.S.1    Bot, C.2    Wilkinson, S.R.3
  • 52
    • 78650682602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fexinidazole - A new oral nitroimidazole drug candidate entering clinical development for the treatment of sleeping sickness
    • Torreele E, Bourdin Trunz B, Tweats D, et al. Fexinidazole -a new oral nitroimidazole drug candidate entering clinical development for the treatment of sleeping sickness. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 4(12), e923 (2010).
    • (2010) PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. , vol.4 , Issue.12
    • Torreele, E.1    Bourdin Trunz, B.2    Tweats, D.3
  • 53
    • 79955602637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-throughput phenotyping using parallel sequencing of RNA interference targets in the African trypanosome
    • Alsford S, Turner DJ, Obado SO, et al. High-throughput phenotyping using parallel sequencing of RNA interference targets in the African trypanosome. Genome Res. 21(6), 915-924 (2011).
    • (2011) Genome Res. , vol.21 , Issue.6 , pp. 915-924
    • Alsford, S.1    Turner, D.J.2    Obado, S.O.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.