Evidence for viral etiology of multiple sclerosis

Seminars in Neurology

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 307-316

  Tselis, Alexandros ^a  

^a WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

demyelinating disease; Epstein Barr virus; Multiple sclerosis; viral demyelination

Indexed keywords

ANTIVIRUS AGENT; EARLY ANTIGEN; EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS ANTIGEN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G ANTIBODY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M ANTIBODY; OLIGOCLONAL BAND; VIRUS ANTIBODY; VIRUS CAPSID ANTIGEN;

ANTIBODY TITER; ANTIVIRAL THERAPY; ARTICLE; CANINE DISTEMPER MORBILLIVIRUS; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CD8+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTION; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; DRUG EFFECT; ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUS; EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HUMAN; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 6; INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS; MEASLES VIRUS; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY; RELAPSE; RISK FACTOR; SEROLOGY; SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS; VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS; VIRUS DETECTION; VIRUS LATENCY; VIRUS PATHOGENESIS;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN; HUMANS; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; RETROVIRIDAE; RISK FACTORS; VIRUS DISEASES;

EID: 80053482080     PISSN: 02718235     EISSN: 10989021     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1287656     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Brody J A. Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis and a possible virus aetiology. Lancet 1972 2 7769 173-176
2. Kurtzke J F., Hyllested K. Multiple sclerosis in the Faroe Islands: I. Clinical and epidemiological features. Ann Neurol 1979 5 1 6-21 (Pubitemid 9083247)
3. Kurtzke J F. Epidemiologic evidence for multiple sclerosis as an infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 1993 6 4 382-427 (Pubitemid 23306593)
4. Whitton J L., Fujinami R S. Viruses as triggers of autoimmunity: facts and fantasies. Curr Opin Microbiol 1999 2 4 392-397 (Pubitemid 29366961)
5. Dessau R B., Nielsen L P., Frederiksen J L. Absence of entero- and cardioviral RNA in multiple sclerosis brain tissue. Acta Neurol Scand 1997 95 5 284-286 (Pubitemid 27214478)
6. Zoll J, Erkens Hulshof S, Lanke K et al. Saffold virus, a human Theiler's-like cardiovirus, is ubiquitous and causes infection early in life. PLoS Pathog 2009 5 5 e1000416
7. Matthews A E., Weiss S R., Paterson Y. Murine hepatitis virusa model for virus-induced CNS demyelination. J Neurovirol 2002 8 2 76-85 (Pubitemid 34520889)
8. Lane T E., Hosking M P. The pathogenesis of murine coronavirus infection of the central nervous system. Crit Rev Immunol 2010 30 2 119-130
9. Beineke A, Puff C, Seehusen F, Baumgärtner W. Pathogenesis and immunopathology of systemic and nervous canine distemper. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009 127 1-2 1-18
10. Astrom K E., Mancall E L., Richardson E P. Jr. Progressive multifocal leuko-encephalopathy; a hitherto unrecognized complication of chronic lymphatic leukaemia and Hodgkin's disease. Brain 1958 81 1 93-111
11. Zurhein G, Chou S M. Particles resembling papovaviruses in human cerebral demyelinating disease. Science 1965 148 1477-1479
12. Padgett B L., Walker D L., ZuRhein G M., Eckroade R J., Dessel B H. Cultivation of papova-like virus from human brain with progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy. Lancet 1971 1 7712 1257-1260
13. Bouteille M, Fontaine C et al. Sur un cas de encephalite asuaigue a inclusions: etude anatomoclinique et ultrastructurale. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1965 113 454-458
14. Horta-Barbosa L, Fuccillo D A., Sever J L., Zeman W. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: isolation of measles virus from a brain biopsy. Nature 1969 221 5184 974
15. Payne F E., Baublis J V., Itabashi H H. Isolation of measles virus from cell cultures of brain from a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. N Engl J Med 1969 281 11 585-589
16. Gilden D H., Devlin M E., Burgoon M P., Owens G P. The search for virus in multiple sclerosis brain. Mult Scler 1996 2 4 179-183
17. Gilden D H. A search for virus in multiple sclerosis. Hybrid Hybridomics 2002 21 2 93-97 (Pubitemid 34759997)
18. Adams J M. Measles antibodies in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1967 17 7 707-710, passim
19. Cook S D., Dowling P C. Multiple sclerosis and viruses: an overview. Neurology 1980 30 7 Pt 2 80-91 (Pubitemid 10033849)
20. Warner H B., Carp R I. Multiple sclerosis and Epstein-Barr virus. Lancet 1981 2 8258 1290
21. Bray P F., Culp K W., McFarlin D E., Panitch H S., Torkelson R D., Schlight J P. Demyelinating disease after neurologically complicated primary Epstein-Barr virus infection. Neurology 1992 42 2 278-282
22. Pender M P. Preventing and curing multiple sclerosis by controlling Epstein-Barr virus infection. Autoimmun Rev 2009 8 7 563-568
23. Bray P F., Bloomer L C., Salmon V C., Bagley M H., Larsen P D. Epstein-Barr virus infection and antibody synthesis in patients with multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 1983 40 7 406-408 (Pubitemid 13060499)
24. Larsen P D., Bloomer L C., Bray P F. Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen and viral capsid antigen antibody titers in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1985 35 3 435-438 (Pubitemid 15100694)
25. Myhr K M., Riise T, Barrett-Connor E et al. Altered antibody pattern to Epstein-Barr virus but not to other herpesviruses in multiple sclerosis: a population based case-control study from western Norway. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998 64 4 539-542 (Pubitemid 28195960)
26. Sumaya C V., Myers L W., Ellison G W., Ench Y. Increased prevalence and titer of Epstein-Barr virus antibodies in patients with multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1985 17 4 371-377 (Pubitemid 15079065)
27. Shirodaria P V., Haire M, Fleming E, Merrett J D., Hawkins S A., Roberts S D. Viral antibody titers. Comparison in patients with multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Neurol 1987 44 12 1237-1241 (Pubitemid 18004933)
28. Alotaibi S, Kennedy J, Tellier R, Stephens D, Banwell B. Epstein-Barr virus in pediatric multiple sclerosis. JAMA 2004 291 15 1875-1879 (Pubitemid 38509501)
29. Pohl D, Krone B, Rostasy K et al. High seroprevalence of Epstein-Barr virus in children with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2006 67 11 2063-2065 (Pubitemid 44967394)
30. Bray P F., Luka J, Bray P F., Culp K W., Schlight J P. Antibodies against Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen (EBNA) in multiple sclerosis CSF, and two pentapeptide sequence identities between EBNA and myelin basic protein. Neurology 1992 42 9 1798-1804
31. Operskalski E A., Visscher B R., Malmgren R M., Detels R. A case-control study of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1989 39 6 825-829
32. Haahr S, Koch-Henriksen N, Mller-Larsen A, Eriksen L S., Andersen H M. Increased risk of multiple sclerosis after late Epstein-Barr virus infection: a historical prospective study. Mult Scler 1995 1 2 73-77
33. Lindberg C, Andersen O, Vahlne A, Dalton M, Runmarker B. Epidemiological investigation of the association between infectious mononucleosis and multiple sclerosis. Neuroepidemiology 1991 10 2 62-65
34. Nielsen T R., Rostgaard K, Nielsen N M. et al. Multiple sclerosis after infectious mononucleosis. Arch Neurol 2007 64 1 72-75 (Pubitemid 46072426)
35. Thacker E L., Mirzaei F, Ascherio A. Infectious mononucleosis and risk for multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Ann Neurol 2006 59 3 499-503 (Pubitemid 43358070)
36. Holmy T, Vartdal F. Cerebrospinal fluid T cells from multiple sclerosis patients recognize autologous Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cells. J Neurovirol 2004 10 1 52-56 (Pubitemid 38325109)
37. Holmy T, Kvale E, Vartdal F. Cerebrospinal fluid CD4+T cells from a multiple sclerosis patient cross-recognize Epstein-Barr virus and myelin basic protein. J Neurovirol 2004 10 5 278-283 (Pubitemid 39429938)
38. Lünemann J D., Edwards N, Muraro P A. et al. Increased frequency and broadened specificity of latent EBV nuclear antigen-1-specific T cells in multiple sclerosis. Brain 2006 129 Pt 6 1493-1506 (Pubitemid 43999382)
39. Ascherio A, Munger K L., Lennette E T. et al. Epstein-Barr virus antibodies and risk of multiple sclerosis: a prospective study. JAMA 2001 286 24 3083-3088 (Pubitemid 34016522)
40. Sundström P, Juto P, Wadell G et al. An altered immune response to Epstein-Barr virus in multiple sclerosis: a prospective study. Neurology 2004 62 12 2277-2282 (Pubitemid 38787787)
41. Levin L I., Munger K L., Rubertone M V. et al. Temporal relationship between elevation of Epstein-Barr virus antibody titers and initial onset of neurological symptoms in multiple sclerosis. JAMA 2005 293 20 2496-2500 (Pubitemid 40705731)
42. DeLorenze G N., Munger K L., Lennette E T., Orentreich N, Vogelman J H., Ascherio A. Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis: evidence of association from a prospective study with long-term follow-up. Arch Neurol 2006 63 6 839-844 (Pubitemid 43882291)
43. Roström B, Link H, Laurenzi M A., Kam-Hansen S, Norrby E, Wahren B. Viral antibody activity of oligoclonal and polyclonal immunoglobulins synthesized within the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1981 9 6 569-574 (Pubitemid 11086821)
44. Salmi A, Reunanen M, Ilonen J, Panelius M. Intrathecal antibody synthesis to virus antigens in multiple sclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol 1983 52 2 241-249 (Pubitemid 13122010)
45. Gilden D H. Infectious causes of multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 2005 4 3 195-202 (Pubitemid 40269150)
46. Rand K H., Houck H, Denslow N D., Heilman K M. Molecular approach to find target(s) for oligoclonal bands in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998 65 1 48-55 (Pubitemid 28302356)
47. Sargsyan S A., Shearer A J., Ritchie A M. et al. Absence of Epstein-Barr virus in the brain and CSF of patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2010 74 14 1127-1135
48. Owens G P., Bennett J L., Lassmann H et al. Antibodies produced by clonally expanded plasma cells in multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid. Ann Neurol 2009 65 6 639-649
49. Pohl D, Rostasy K, Jacobi C et al. Intrathecal antibody production against Epstein-Barr and other neurotropic viruses in pediatric and adult onset multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2010 257 2 212-216
50. Biebl A, Webersinke C, Traxler B et al. Fatal Epstein-Barr virus encephalitis in a 12-year-old child: an underappreciated neurological complication? Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2009 5 3 171-174
51. Menet A, Speth C, Larcher C et al. Epstein-Barr virus infection of human astrocyte cell lines. J Virol 1999 73 9 7722-7733 (Pubitemid 29383256)
52. Casiraghi C, Dorovini-Zis K, Horwitz M S. Epstein-Barr virus infection of human brain microvessel endothelial cells: a novel role in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2011 230 1-2 173-177
53. Morré S A., van Beek J, De Groot C J. et al. Is Epstein-Barr virus present in the CNS of patients with MS? Neurology 2001 56 5 692 (Pubitemid 32210014)
54. Willis S N., Stadelmann C, Rodig S J. et al. Epstein-Barr virus infection is not a characteristic feature of multiple sclerosis brain. Brain 2009 132 Pt 12 3318-3328
55. Serafini B, Rosicarelli B, Franciotta D et al. Dysregulated Epstein-Barr virus infection in the multiple sclerosis brain. J Exp Med 2007 204 12 2899-2912 (Pubitemid 350179559)
56. Sanders V J., Felisan S, Waddell A, Tourtellotte W W. Detection of herpesviridae in postmortem multiple sclerosis brain tissue and controls by polymerase chain reaction. J Neurovirol 1996 2 4 249-258 (Pubitemid 26285269)
57. Buljevac D, van Doornum G J., Flach H Z. et al. Epstein-Barr virus and disease activity in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005 76 10 1377-1381 (Pubitemid 41360975)
58. Torkildsen O, Nyland H, Myrmel H, Myhr K M. Epstein-Barr virus reactivation and multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2008 15 1 106-108 (Pubitemid 350265290)
59. Lycke J, Svennerholm B, Hjelmquist E et al. Acyclovir treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. J Neurol 1996 243 3 214-224
60. Bech E, Lycke J, Gadeberg P et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled MRI study of anti-herpes virus therapy in MS. Neurology 2002 58 1 31-36 (Pubitemid 34041934)
61. Christensen T. Association of human endogenous retroviruses with multiple sclerosis and possible interactions with herpes viruses. Rev Med Virol 2005 15 3 179-211 (Pubitemid 40675909)
62. Christensen T. HERVs in neuropathogenesis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2010 5 3 326-335
63. Perron H, Geny C, Laurent A et al. Leptomeningeal cell line from multiple sclerosis with reverse transcriptase activity and viral particles. Res Virol 1989 140 6 551-561 (Pubitemid 20025266)
64. Perron H, Lang A. The human endogenous retrovirus link between genes and environment in multiple sclerosis and in multifactorial diseases associating neuroinflammation. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2010 39 1 51-61
65. Perron H, Bernard C, Bertrand J B. et al. Endogenous retroviral genes, herpesviruses and gender in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2009 286 1-2 65-72
66. Johnston J B., Silva C, Holden J, Warren K G., Clark A W., Power C. Monocyte activation and differentiation augment human endogenous retrovirus expression: implications for inflammatory brain diseases. Ann Neurol 2001 50 4 434-442 (Pubitemid 32938886)
67. Miller J R., Burke A M., Bever C T. Occurrence of oligoclonal bands in multiple sclerosis and other CNS diseases. Ann Neurol 1983 13 1 53-58 (Pubitemid 13224199)
68. McLean B N., Miller D, Thompson E J. Oligoclonal banding of IgG in CSF, blood-brain barrier function, and MRI findings in patients with sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Behet's disease involving the nervous system. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995 58 5 548-554
69. Cohen O, Biran I, Steiner I. Cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal IgG bands in patients with spinal arteriovenous malformation and structural central nervous system lesions. Arch Neurol 2000 57 4 553-557 (Pubitemid 30212130)
70. Choo Q L., Kuo G, Weiner A J., Overby L R., Bradley D W., Houghton M. Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science 1989 244 4902 359-362 (Pubitemid 19117877)
71. Chang Y, Cesarman E, Pessin M S. et al. Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Science 1994 266 5192 1865-1869