The performance implications of ambivalent initiative: The interplay of autonomous and controlled motivations

Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes

Volumn 116, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 241-251

  Grant, Adam M ^a   Nurmohamed, Samir ^b   Ashford, Susan J ^b   Dekas, Kathryn ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^c GOOGLE INC   (United States)

Author keywords

Autonomous motivation; Controlled motivation; Initiative; Performance; Proactive behavior; Self determination theory

Indexed keywords

EID: 80053262016     PISSN: 07495978     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.03.004     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Aiken L.S., West S.G. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions 1991, Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
2. Amabile T.M. Motivational synergy: Toward new conceptualizations of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in the workplace. Human Resource Management Review 1993, 3:185-201.
3. Amabile T.M., Hill K.G., Hennessey B.A., Tighe E.M. The work preference inventory: Assessing intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1994, 66:950-967.
4. Armitage C.J., Conner M. Attitudinal ambivalence. A test of three key hypotheses. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2000, 26:1421-1432.
5. Ashford S.J., Tsui A.S. Self-regulation for managerial effectiveness: The role of active feedback seeking. Academy of Management Journal 1991, 34:251-280.
6. Assor A., Vansteenkiste M., Kaplan A. Identified versus introjected approach and introjected avoidance motivations in school and in sports: The limited benefits of self-worth strivings. Journal of Educational Psychology 2009, 101:482-497.
7. Bateman T.S., Crant J.M. The proactive component of organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior 1993, 14:103-118.
8. Bentler P.M., Dudgeon P. Covariance structure analysis: Statistical practice, theory, and directions. Annual Review of Psychology 1996, 47:563-592.
9. Bindl U.K., Parker S.K. Proactive work behavior: Forward-thinking and change-oriented action in organizations. APA handbook of industrial and organizational psychology 2009, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC. S. Zedeck (Ed.).
10. Bolino M.C., Turnley W.H. The personal costs of citizenship behavior: The relationship between individual initiative and role overload, job stress, and work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology 2005, 90:740-748.
11. Bolino M.C., Turnley W.H., Niehoff B.P. The other side of the story: Reexamining prevailing assumptions about organizational citizenship behavior. Human Resource Management Review 2004, 14:229-246.
12. Bolino M., Valcea S., Harvey J. Employee, manage thyself: The potentially negative implications of expecting employees to behave proactively. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 2010, 83:325-346.
13. Campbell J.P. Modeling the performance prediction problem in industrial and organizational psychology. Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology 1990, Vol. 1:687-732. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA. 2nd ed.
14. Campbell D.J. The proactive employee: Managing workplace initiative. Academy of Management Executive 2000, 14:52-66.
15. Chan D. Interactive effects of situational judgment effectiveness and proactive personality on work perceptions and work outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology 2006, 91:475-481.
16. Clary E.G., Snyder M. The motivations to volunteer: Theoretical and practical considerations. Current Directions in Psychological Science 1999, 8:156-159.
17. Cohen J., Cohen P., West S.G., Aiken L.S. Applied multiple regression-correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences 2003, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ. 3rd ed.
18. Covington M.V. Intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation in schools: A reconciliation. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2000, 9:22-25.
19. Crant J.M. Proactive behavior in organizations. Journal of Management 2000, 26:435-462.
20. Dawson J.F., Richter A.W. Probing three-way interactions in moderated multiple regression: Development and application of a slope difference test. Journal of Applied Psychology 2006, 91:917-926.
21. Deci E.L., Koestner R., Ryan R.M. A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychological Bulletin 1999, 125:627-668.
22. Donnellan M.B., Oswald F.L., Baird B.M., Lucas R.E. The mini-IPIP scales: Tiny-yet-effective measures of the Big Five factors of personality. Psychological Assessment 2006, 18:192-203.
23. Eisenberger R., Rhoades L., Cameron J. Does pay for performance increase or decrease perceived self-determination and intrinsic motivation?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1999, 77:1026-1040.
24. Erdogan B., Bauer T.N. Enhancing career benefits of employee proactive personality: The role of fit with jobs and organizations. Personnel Psychology 2005, 58:859-891.
25. Fay D., Frese M. Self-starting behavior at work: Towards a theory of personal initiative. Motivational psychology of human development: Developing motivation and motivating development 2000, 307-337. Elsevier, Amsterdam. J. Heckhausen (Ed.).
26. Fay D., Sonnentag S. Rethinking the effects of stressors: A longitudinal study on personal initiative. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 2002, 7:221-234.
27. Fong C.T., Tiedens L.Z. Dueling experiences and dual ambivalences: Emotional and motivational ambivalence of women in high status positions. Motivation and Emotion 2002, 26:105-121.
28. Freitas A.L., Salovey P., Liberman N. Abstract and concrete self-evaluative goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2001, 80:410-424.
29. Frese M., Fay D. Personal initiative: An active performance concept for work in the 21st century. Research in organizational behavior 2001, Vol. 23:133-187. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT.
30. Frese M., Fay D., Hilburger T., Leng K., Tag A. The concept of personal initiative: Operationalization, reliability, and validity in two German samples. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 1997, 70:139-161.
31. Frese M., Garst H., Fay D. Making things happen: Reciprocal relationships between work characteristics and personal initiative in a four-wave longitudinal structural equation model. Journal of Applied Psychology 2007, 92:1084-1102.
32. Frese M., Krauss S.I., Keith N., Escher S., Grabarkiewicz R., Luneng S.T., et al. Business owners' action planning and its relationship to business success in three African countries. Journal of Applied Psychology 2007.
33. Frese M., Kring W., Soose A., Zempel J. Personal initiative at work: Differences between East and West Germany. Academy of Management Journal 1996, 39:37-63.
34. Gagné M., Deci E.L. Self-determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior 2005, 26:331-362.
35. Gebauer J.E., Riketta M., Broemer P., Maio G.R. Pleasure and pressure based prosocial motivation: Divergent relations to subjective well-being. Journal of Research in Personality 2008, 42:399-420.
36. Gosling S.D., Rentfrow P.J., Swann W.B. A very brief measure of the Big Five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality 2003, 37:504-528.
37. Grant A.M. Does intrinsic motivation fuel the prosocial fire? Motivational synergy in predicting persistence, performance, and productivity. Journal of Applied Psychology 2008, 93:48-58.
38. Grant A.M., Ashford S.J. The dynamics of proactivity at work. Research in Organizational Behavior 2008, 28:3-34.
39. Grant A.M., Berry J. The necessity of others is the mother of invention: Intrinsic and prosocial motivations, perspective-taking, and creativity. Academy of Management Journal 2011, 54:73-96.
40. Grant, A. M., Gino, F., & Hofmann, D. A. (in press). Reversing the extraverted leadership advantage: The role of employee proactivity. Academy of Management Journal.
41. Grant A.M., Parker S.K., Collins C.G. Getting credit for proactive behavior: Supervisor reactions depend on what you value and how you feel. Personnel Psychology 2009, 62:31-55.
42. Griffin M.A., Neal A., Parker S.K. A new model of work role performance. Positive behavior in uncertain and interdependent contexts. Academy of Management Journal 2007, 50:327-347.
43. Hagger M.S., Wood C., Stiff C., Chatzisarantis N.L.D. Ego depletion and the strength model of self-control: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 2010, 136:495-525.
44. Hulin C. Adaptation, persistence, and commitment in organizations. Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology 1991, Vol. 2:445-505. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA. 2nd ed.
45. Iyengar S.S., Wells R.E., Schwartz B. Doing better but feeling worse: Looking for the 'best' job undermines satisfaction. Psychological Science 2006, 17:143-150.
46. Judge T.A., Ilies R. Relationship of personality to performance motivation: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology 2002, 87:797-807.
47. Kanfer R., Ackerman P.L. Motivation and cognitive abilities: An integrative-aptitude-treatment interaction approach to skill acquisition. Journal of Applied Psychology 1989, 74:657-690.
48. Kanfer R., Wanberg C.R., Kantrowitz T.M. Job search and employment: A personality-motivational analysis and meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology 2001, 86:837-855.
49. Katz D. The functional approach to the study of attitudes. Public Opinion Quarterly 1960, 24:163-204.
50. Katz D. The motivational basis of organizational behavior. Behavioral Science 1964, 9:131-146.
51. Kelman H.C. Compliance, identification, and internalization: Three processes of attitude change. Journal of Conflict Resolution 1958, 2:51-60.
52. Kim P.H., Fragale A.R. Choosing the path to bargaining power: An empirical comparison of BATNAs and contributions in negotiation. Journal of Applied Psychology 2005, 90:373-381.
53. Kiviniemi M.T., Snyder M., Omoto A.M. Too many of a good thing? The effects of multiple motivations on stress, cost, fulfillment and satisfaction. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 2002, 28:732-743.
54. Kline R.B. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling 1998, Guilford Press, NY.
55. Kuhl J. Volitional aspects of achievement motivation and learned helplessness: Toward a comprehensive theory of action control. Progress in experimental personality research 1984, 99-171. Academic Press, New York. B.A. Maher, W.A. Maher (Eds.).
56. Miller N.E., Galanter E., Pribram K.H. Plans and the structure of behavior 1960, Adams-Benister-Cox, New York.
57. Moller A.C., Deci E.L., Ryan R.M. Choice and ego-depletion: The moderating role of autonomy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2006, 32:1024-1036.
58. Muraven M. Autonomous self-control is less depleting. Journal of Research in Personality 2008, 42:763-770.
59. Muraven M., Baumeister R.F. Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle?. Psychological Bulletin 2000, 126:247-259.
60. Muraven M., Gagné M., Rosman H. Helpful self-control: Autonomy support, vitality, and depletion. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2008, 44:573-585.
61. Nix G.A., Ryan R.M., Manly J.B., Deci E.L. Revitalization through self-regulation: The effects of autonomous and controlled motivation on happiness and vitality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 1999, 35:266-284.
62. Ohly S., Fritz C. Challenging the status quo: What motivates proactive behaviour?. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 2007, 80:623-629.
63. O'Reilly C.A., Chatman J. Organizational commitment and psychological attachment: The effects of compliance, identification, and internalization on prosocial behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology 1986, 71:492-499.
64. Parker S.K., Bindl U.K., Strauss K. Making things happen: A model of proactive motivation. Journal of Management 2010.
65. Pinkley R.L., Neale M.A., Bennett R.J. The impact of alternatives to settlement in dyadic negotiation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 1994, 57:97-116.
66. Ployhart R., Vandeberg R. Longitudinal research: The theory, design, and analysis of change. Journal of Management 2010, 36:94-120.
67. Podsakoff P.M., MacKenzie S.B., Lee J.-Y., Podsakoff N.P. Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology 2003, 88:879-903.
68. Podsakoff P.M., MacKenzie S.B., Paine J.B., Bachrach D.G. Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management 2000, 26:513-563.
69. Pratt M.G. The good, the bad, and the ambivalent: Managing identification among Amway distributors. Administrative Science Quarterly 2000, 45:456-493.
70. Rioux S.M., Penner L.A. The causes of organizational citizenship behavior: A motivational analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology 2001, 86:1306-1314.
71. Rogelberg S.G., Stanton J.M. Introduction: Understanding and dealing with organizational survey nonresponse. Organizational Research Methods 2007, 10:195-209.
72. Ryan R.M., Connell J.P. Perceived locus of causality and internalization: Examining reasons for acting in two domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1989, 57:749-761.
73. Ryan R.M., Deci E.L. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist 2000, 55:68-78.
74. Seibert S.E., Kraimer M.L., Crant J.M. What do proactive people do? A longitudinal model linking proactive personality and career success. Personnel Psychology 2001, 54:845-874.
75. Simon H.A. Rational choice and the structure of the environment. Psychological Review 1956, 63:129-138.
76. Smith M., Duda J., Allen J., Hall H. Contemporary measures of approach and avoidance goal orientations: Similarities and differences. British Journal of Educational Psychology 2002, 72:155-190.
77. Staw B.M. Motivation in organizations: Towards synthesis and reduction. New directions in organizational behavior 1977, 55-95. St. Clair, Chicago. B.M. Staw, G. Salancik (Eds.).
78. Stevens C.K., Beach L.R. Job search and job selection. Decision making in the workplace. A unified perspective 1996, 33-47. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. L.R. Beach (Ed.).
79. Sussmann M., Vecchio R.P. A social influence interpretation of worker motivation. Academy of Management Review 1982, 7:177-186.
80. Van Scotter J.R., Motowidlo S.J., Cross T.C. Effects of task performance and contextual performance on systemic rewards. Journal of Applied Psychology 2000, 85:526-535.
81. Vigoda-Gadot E. Compulsory citizenship behavior: Theorizing some dark sides of the good soldier syndrome in organizations. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 2006, 36:77-93.
82. Vigoda-Gadot E. Redrawing the boundaries of OCB? An empirical examination of compulsory extra-role behavior in the workplace. Journal of Business and Psychology 2007, 21:377-405.
83. Williams P., Aaker J.L. Can mixed emotions peacefully coexist?. Journal of Consumer Research 2002, 28:636-649.