Ozone application in recirculating aquaculture system: An overview

Ozone: Science and Engineering

Volumn 33, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 345-367

  Gonçalves, Alex Augusto ^a   Gagnon, Graham A ^b  

^a UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL RURAL DO SEMI ÁRIDO   (Brazil)

^b DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Aquaculture; Disinfection; Ozone; Re circulating systems; Toxicity; Water quality

Indexed keywords

AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS; BACTERIAL FILMS; CONTACT TIME; ENGINEERED DEVICES; FISH STOCK; FRACTIONATORS; MECHANICAL FILTERS; OXIDIZING AGENTS; OZONE CONCENTRATION; OZONE EXPOSURES; OZONE TREATMENT; RECIRCULATING AQUACULTURE SYSTEM; TISSUE DAMAGE;

ALGAE; AQUACULTURE; BIOFILTERS; BIOFILTRATION; DISINFECTION; FISH; HEALTH RISKS; ORGANIC CARBON; PATHOGENS; TISSUE; TOXICITY; TURBIDITY; WATER QUALITY;

OZONE;

ALGAE; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); PROTOZOA;

EID: 80053068703     PISSN: 01919512     EISSN: 15476545     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01919512.2011.604595     Document Type: Article

References (187)

1. American Public Health Association (APHA), "Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater", 19th Ed. (APHA: Washington, DC, 1995).
2. Arimoto, M., K. Mushiake, Y. Mizuta, T. Nakai, K. Muroga, and I. Furusawa, "Detection of Striped Jack Nervous Necrosis Virus (SJNNV) by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA)". Fish Pathol., 27:191-195 (1992).
3. Arimoto, M., J. Sato, K. Maruyama, G. Mimura and I. Furusawa, "Effect of Chemical and Physical Treatments on the Inactivation of Striped Jack Nervous Necrosis Virus (SJNNV)", Aquaculture, 143:15-22 (1996).
4. Asbury, C. and R. Coler, "Toxicity of Dissolved Ozone to Fish Eggs and Larvae, Water Poll. Cont. Feder., 52(7):1990-1996 (1980).
5. Baden, D.G., G. Bikhazi, S.J. Decker, F.F. Foldes, and I. Leung, "Neuromuscular Blocking Action of Two Brevetoxins from the Florida Red Tide Organism Ptychodiscus brevis", Toxicon, 22(1):75-84 (1984).
6. Bai, C., "President's Column", World Aquacult. Mag., 38(4):3 (2007).
7. Ben-Atia, I., S. Lutzky, Y. Barr, K. Gamsiz, Y. Shtupler, B. Koven, and A. Tandler, "The Effect of Ozone Treatment on Egg and Larvae Performance in the Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata) and Other Marine Species", Euro. Aquacult. Soc. Spec. Publ., 30:58-59 (2001).
8. Blogoslawski, W., C. Brown, D. Lewis, and J. Leong, "Use of Ozone for Crustacean Disease Prevention: A Brief Review", Proceedings of the Second Biennial Crustacean Health Workshop, Galveston, TX, USA, pp. 220-230 (1977).
9. Blogoslawski, W.J. and C. Perez, "Ozone Treatment of Seawater to Control Vibriosis in Mariculture of Penaeid Shrimp, Penaeus vannameii", In: Blogoslawski, W.J. (ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on the Use of Ozone in Aquatic Systems. Pan American Group of the International Ozone Association, Stamford, CT, pp. 123-133 (1992).
10. Blogoslawski, W.J., M.E. Stewart, J.W. Hurst Jr., and F.G. Kern III, "Ozone Detoxification of Paralytic Shellfish Poison in the Softshell Clam (Mya arenaria)". Toxicon, 17:650-654 (1979).
11. Blogoslawski W.J., F.P. Thurberg, and M.A. Dawson, "Ozone Inactivation of a Gymnodinium breve Toxin", Water Res., 7:1701-1703 (1973).
12. Blogoslawski, W.J., F.P. Thurberg, M.A. Dawson, and M.J. Beckage, "Field Studies on Ozone Inactivation of a Gymnodinium breve Toxin", Environ. Lett., 9(2):209-215 (1975).
13. Bonacquisti, T.P., "A Drinking Water Utility's Perspective on Bromide, Bromate, and Ozonation", Toxicology, 221(2-3):145-148 (2006).
14. Bruce, D., P. Westerhoff, and A. Brawley-Chesworth, "Removal of 2-Methylisoborneol and Geosmin in Surface Water Treatment Plants in Arizona", J. Water Supply Res. Technol.-AQUA, 51:183-197 (2002).
15. Buchan, K.A.H., D.J. Martin-Robichaud, and T.J. Benfey, "Measurement of Dissolved Ozone in Sea Water: A Comparison of Methods", Aquacult. Eng., 33(3):225-231 (2005).
16. Buchan, K.A.H., D.J. Martin-Robichaud, T.J. Benfey, A.M. MacKinnon, and L. Boston, "The Efficacy of Ozonated Seawater for Surface Disinfection of Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) Eggs Against Piscine Nodavirus". Aquacult. Eng., 35:102-107 (2006).
17. Buffle, M.O., S. Galli, and U. von Guten, "Enhanced Bromate Control During Ozonation: The Chlorine-Ammonia Process", Environ. Sci. Technol., 38(19):5187-5195 (2004).
18. Bull, R.J. and J.A. Cotruvo, "Research Strategy for Developing Key Information on Bromate's Mode of Action", Toxicology, 221(2-3):135-144 (2006).
19. Bullock, G.L., S.T. Summerfelt, A.C. Noble, A.L. Weber, M.D. Durant, and J.A. Hankins, "Ozonation of a Recirculating Rainbow Trout Culture System. I. Effects on Bacterial Gill Disease and Heterotrophic Bacteria", Aquaculture, 158:43-55 (1997).
20. Burton, D.T. and L.B. Richardson, "An Investigation of Chemistry and Toxicity of Ozone-Produced Oxidants and Bromate to Selected Estuarine Species", EPA-600/4-81-040. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. 88 p., Avail. from NTIS, Springfield, VA. Project number: PB82-116351, (1981).
21. Chang, P.S., L.J. Chen, and Y.C. Wang, "The Effect Of Ultraviolet Irradiation, Heat, pH, Ozone, Salinity and Chemical Disinfectants on the Infectivity of White Spot Syndrome Bacilovirus", Aquaculture, 166:1-17 (1998).
22. Chen, S., D. Stechey, and R.F. Malone, "Suspended Solids Control in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems", In: Timmons, M.B. and Losordo, T.M. (Eds.), Aquaculture Water Reuse Systems: Engineering Design and Management, pp. 61-100 (Elsevier, New York, NY, 1994).
23. Chipman, J.K., J.E. Davies, J.L. Parsons, J. Nair, G. O'Neill, and J.K. Fawell, "DNA Oxidation by Potassium Bromate: A Direct Mechanism or Linked to Lipid Perioxidation", Toxicology 126: 93-102 (1998).
24. Colberg, P.J. and A.J. Lingg, "Effects of Ozonation on Microbial Fish Pathogens, Ammonia, Nitrate, Nitrite and BOD in Simulated Reuse Hatchery Water", J. Fish. Res. Brd. Can., 35:1290-1296 (1978).
25. Coler, R.A. and C. Asbury, "Acute Toxicity of Dissolved Ozone to Eggs and Larvae of Selected Freshwater Fish Species", Ozone: Sci. Eng., 2:177-182 (1980).
26. Coman, G.J., M.J. Sellars, and D.T. Morehea, "Toxicity of Ozone Generated From Different Combinations of Ozone Concentration (C) and Exposure Time (T): A Comparison of the Relative Effect of C and T on Hatch Rates of Penaeus (Marsupenaeus) japonicus Embryos", Aquaculture, 244:141-145 (2005).
27. Conrad, J.F., R.A. Holt, and T.D. Kreps, "Ozone Disinfection of Flowing Water", Progress. Fish-Cultur., 37:134-136 (1975).
28. Cooper, W.J., G.M. Dethloff, R.W. Gensemer, M.L. House, R.A. Mueller, G.M. Ruiz, W.A. Stubblefield, J.R. Cordell, P.A. Dinnel, R.P. Herwig, J.A. Kopp, J.C. Perrins, G.M. Snevil, and E.V. Wende, "Full-Scale Ozone BallastWater Treatment for Removal ofMarine Invasive Species", University of North Carolina, Department of Chemistry and Center for Marine Science June 13, 2002. Available at http://www.nutech-o3.com/ files/2002june15_finalreport.pdf-Access 14.04.08 (2002).
29. Crisp, L.M. and C.E. Bland, "Potential Use of Ozone to Disinfect Sea Water of Fungi Causing Diseases of Cultured Marine Crustacean", J. Invert. Pathol., 55:380-386 (1990).
30. Davis, D.A. and C.R. Arnold, "Tolerance of the Rotifer Brachionus plicatilis to Ozone and Total Oxidative Residuals", Ozone: Sci. Eng., 19(5), 457-469 (1997).
31. Deeds, J.R., A.P. Mazzaccaro, D.E. Terlizzi, and A.R. Place, "Treatment Options for the Control of the Icthyotoxic Dinoflagellate Karlodinium micrum in an Estuarine Aquaculture Facility: A Case Study", In: Hall, S. et al. (eds), Harmful Algae Management and Mitigation, Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, Singapore, p. 177-181 (2004).
32. De Mesquita, M.M.F., L.M. Evison, and P.A. West, "Removal of Faecal Indicator Bacteria And Bacteriophages from the Common Mussel (Mytilus edulis) under Artificial Depuration Conditions", J. Appl. Bacteriol., 70:495-501 (1991).
33. Desenclos, J.C., K.C. Klontz, M.H. Wilder, O.V. Naiman, H.S. Margolis, and R.A. Gunn, "A Multistate Outbreak of Hepatitis A Caused by the Consumption of Raw Oysters", Amer. J. Public Health, 81:1268-1272 (1991).
34. Dixon, M.G., T. Hecht, and C.R. Brandt, "Identification and Treatment of a Clostridium and Vibrio infection in South Africa Abalone, Haliotis midae L. " J. Fish Dis., 14:693-695 (1991).
35. Dore, W.J. and D. Lees, "Behaviour of Escherichia coli and Malespecific Bacteriophage in Environmentally Contaminated Bivalve Molluscs Before and After Depuration", Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61:2830-2834 (1995).
36. Duvivier, L., M. Leynen, A. van Damme, and F. Ollevier, "Fighting Zebra Mussel Fouling with Ozone", In: Proceedings of the EPRI PSE Service Water Systems Reliability Improvement Seminar-Ninth in the SWSRI Series. EPRI, Daytona Beach, FL (1996).
37. Ebeling, J.M. and T.B. Timmons, "Using Carbon/Nitrogen Ratios to Manage Biofilter Start-up Problems", In: World Aquaculture 2009, Vera Cruz, Mexico, p. 257 (2009).
38. Edwards, M., M. Boller, and M.M. Benjamin, "Effect of Pre-ozonation on Removal of Organic Matter During Water Treatment Plant Operations", Water Sci. Technol., 27(11):37-45 (1993).
39. Erickson S.J. and A.E. Freeman, "Toxicity Screening of Fifteen Chlorinated and Brominated Compounds Using Four Species of Marine Phytoplankton", In: Jolley R.L., Gorchev, H. and Hamilton, D.H. (eds), Water Chlorination: Environmental Impact and Health Effects, Ann Arbor Science Publ., Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 307-310 (1978).
40. European Drinking Water Directive: Council Directive 98/83/EC, Official Journal of the European Communities, 5 December 1998.
41. Faust, S.D. and O.M. Aly, "Chemistry of Water Treatment", 2nd ed. p. 69 (Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1998).
42. Fisher, D.J., D.T. Burton, L.T. Yonkos, S.D. Turley, and G.P. Ziegler, "The Relative Acute Toxicity of Continuous and Intermittent Exposures of Chlorine and Bromine to Aquatic Organisms in the Presence and Absence of Ammonia", Water Res., 33(3):760-768 (1999).
43. Forneris, G., S. Bellardi, G. B. Palmegiano, M. Saroglia, B. Sicuro, L. Gasco, and L. Zoccarato, "The Use of Ozone in Trout Hatchery to Reduce Saprolegniasis Incidence", Aquaculture, 221:157-166 (2003).
44. Franson, M.A., "DPD Colormetric Method", In: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 14th ed., pp. 332-334, (American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, 1976)
45. Franson, M.A., "Iodometric Method", In: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 17th ed., pp. 4-48-4-51, (American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, 1989).
46. Frerichs, G.N., A. Tweedie, W.G. Starkey, and R.H. Richards, "Temperature, pH and Electrolyte Sensitivity, and Heat, UV and Disinfectant Inactivation of Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Neuropathy Nodavirus", Aquaculture, 185:13-24 (2000).
47. Glaze, W.H., R. Schep, W. Chauncey, E.C. Ruth, J.J. Zarnoch, E.M. Aieta, C.H. Tate, and M.J. McGuire, "Evaluating Oxidants for the Removal of Model Taste and Odor Compounds from a Municipal Water-Supply", J. Amer. Water Works Asso., 82(5):79-84 (1990).
48. Glaze, W.H. and H.S. Weinberg, "Identification and Occurrence of Ozonation By-products in Drinking Water", In: AWWARF, Denver, CO (1999).
49. Good, C., J. Davidson, C. Welsh, K. Snekvik, and S. Summerfelt, "The Effects of Ozonation on Water Quality and the Health and Performance of Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in Low-Exchange Water Recirculating Aquaculture Systems", In: World Aquaculture 2009, Vera Cruz, Mexico, p. 361 (2009).
50. Grecelius, E.A., "The Production of Bromine and Bromate in Seawater by Ozonation", Ozonews, 5:1-7 (1977).
51. Grguric, G., J.H. Trefry, and J.J. Keaffaber, "Ozonation Products of Bromine and Chlorine in Seawater Aquaria". Water Res., 28:1087-1094 (1994).
52. Grotmol, S., E. Dahl-Paulsen, and G.K. Totland, "Hatchability of Eggs from Atlantic Cod, Turbot and Atlantic Halibut after Disinfection with Ozonated Seawater", Aquaculture 221:245-254 (2003).
53. Grotmol, S. and G.K. Totland, "Surface Disinfection of Atlantic Halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus Eggs with Ozonated Sea Water Inactivates Nodavirus and Increases Survival of the Larvae", Diseas. Aquatic Organ., 39:89-96 (2000).
54. Guttman, L. and J. van Rijn, "Identification of Conditions Underlying Production of Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol in a Recirculating System", Aquaculture, 279:85-91 (2008).
55. Guttman, L. and J. van Rijn, "2-Methylisoborneol and Geosmin Uptake by Organic Sludge Derived from a Recirculating Aquaculture System", Water Res., 43(2):474-480 (2009).
56. Haag, W.R. and J. Hoigné, "Ozonation of Bromide-Containing Waters: Kinetics of Formation Of Hypobromous Acid and Bromated", Environ. Sci. Technol., 17:261-267 (1983).
57. Haag, W.R. and J. Hoigné, "Kinetics and Products of the Reactions of Ozone with Various Forms of Chlorine and Bromine inWater", Ozone: Sci. Eng., 6(2):103-114 (1984).
58. Herwig, R.P., J.R. Cordell, J.C. Perrins, P.A. Dinnel, R.W. Gensemer, W.A. Stubblefield, G.M. Ruiz, J.A. Kopp, M.L. House, and W.J. Cooper, "Ozone Treatment of Ballast Water on the Oil Tanker S/T Tonsina: Chemistry, Biology and Toxicity", Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., 324:37-55 (2006).
59. Hirtle, R.W.M. and K.H. Mann, "Distance Chemoreception and Vision in the Selection of Prey by American Lobster (Homarus americanus)". J. Fisher. Res. Bd. Canada, 35:1006-1008, (1978).
60. Ho, L., J.-P., Croué, and G. Newcombe, "The Effect of Water Quality and NOM Character on the Ozonation of MIB and Geosmin", Water Sci. Technol., 49 (9), 249-255 (2004).
61. Holliman, D., "Hepatitis A &Shellfish", Global Aquaculture Advocate, April, 44-45 (2005a).
62. Holliman, D., "Hepatitis E-Emerging Food Borne Illness", Global Aquaculture Advocate, June, 42-43 (2005b).
63. Holmes-Farley, R., "Ozone and the Reef Aquarium, Part 1: Chemistry and Biochemistry". Reefkeep. Mag., 5(2): 1-21. Available at http:// www.reefkeeping.com/issues/2006-03/rhf/index.php, Access: 11/08/08 (2006).
64. Ho, K.C. and Y.K. Wong, "A Study on the Effectiveness of Ozone to Mitigate Harmful Algal Blooms", In: Hall, S., et al. (eds.), Harmful Algae Management and Mitigation, p. 185-188 (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, Singapore, 2004).
65. nd Ed., p. 157-166 (Oxnard, CA (USA): Dimension Engineering Press, 2000).
66. Hunter, G.F. and K.L. Rakness, "Considerations for Successful Operation and Calibration of On-Line Ozone Residual Analyzers", In: Proceedings of the International Ozone Association, Pan American Group Conference, Orlando, FL, USA (2002).
67. Hutchinson, T.H. and D.J. vanWijk, "Bromate and Chlorate-Evaluation of Potential Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Derivation of Environmental Quality Standards", Modern Chlor-Alkali Technol., 7:26-32 (1998).
68. Hutchinson, T.H., M.J. Hutchings, and K.W. Moore, "A Review of the Effects of Bromate on Aquatic Organisms and Toxicity of Bromate to Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) Embryos", Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 38:238-243 (1997).
69. Isono, R.S., Y. Itoh, H. Kinoshita, and K. Kido, "Acute Toxicity of Ozone-Produced Oxidants to Eggs and Larvae of Japanese Whiting Sillago japonica", Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 59(9):1527-33 (1993).
70. Jarvis, P., S.A. Parsons, and R. Smith, "Modeling Bromate Formation During Ozonation", Ozone: Sci. Eng., 29:429-442 (2007).
71. Jiang, G., Y. Liu, D. Yang, and Y. Lu, "Toxicity of Ozonated Sea Water to Penaeus chinensis and Paralichthys olivaceus". Mar. Sci., 25(3):11-13 (2001).
72. Jobling, M., E.H. Jørgensen, A.M. Arnesen and E. Ringø, "Feeding, Growth and Environmental Requirements of Arctic Charr: A Review of Aquaculture Potential", Aquacult. Inter., 1:20-46 (1993).
73. Jofre, J., "BivalveMolluscs as Vectors of Human Enteric Viruses", Microbiol. Foods Nutr., 10: 223-228 (1992).
74. Jones, A.C., R.W. Gensemer, W.A. Stubblefield, E.V. Genderen, G.M. Dethloff, and W.J. Cooper, "Toxicity of Ozonated Seawater to Marine Organisms", Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 25(10):2683-2691 (2006).
75. Keaffaber, J.J., C.J. Coston, W.G. Ham, T. Burns, A. Sherrill, and S. Khan, "Redox Chemistry of Closed Ozonated Systems: Modeling Bromine and Other Redox Active Species", In: Blogoslawski W.J. (ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on the Use of Ozone in Aquatic Systems. Pan American Group of the International Ozone Association, Stamford, CT, pp. 76-91 (1992).
76. Kim, I.B., "Recirculating Aquaculture: The Next Generation", Advocate, June, 54-58 (2000).
77. King, R.K., "The Presence of Bacterial Pathogens in Biofilms of Recirculating Aquaculture Systems and Their Response to Various Sanitizers", PhD Thesis, Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, Available in: http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/ available/etd-04242001-0624/unrestricted/dissertation.pdf (2001).
78. Koch, B., J.T. Gramith, M.S. Dale, and D.W. Ferguson, "Control of 2-Methylisoborneol and Geosmin by Ozone and Peroxone: A Pilot Study", Water Sci. Technol., 25(2):291-298 (1992).
79. Krasner, S.W., J.T. Gramith, and E.G. Means, "Formation and Control of Brominated Ozone By-products". Proceedings American Water Works Association Annual Conference, Philadelphia, PA (1991).
80. Krasner S.W., W.H. Glaze, H.S. Weinberg, P.A. Daniel, and I.N. Najm, "Formation and Control of Bromate During Ozonation of Waters Containing Bromide", J. Amer. Water Works Asso., 85(5):73-81 (1993a).
81. Krasner, S.W., M.J. Sclimenti, and B.M. Coffey, "Testing Biologically Active Filters from Removing Aldehydes Formed During Ozonation", J. Amer. Water Works Asso., 85(5):62-71 (1993b).
82. Krumins, V., J. Ebeling, and F. Wheaton, "Part-Day Ozonation for Nitrogen and Organic Carbon Control in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems", Aqua. Eng., 24(3):231-241 (2001a).
83. Krumins, V., J. Ebeling, and F. Wheaton, "Ozone's Effects on Power-Law Particle Size Distribution in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems", Aqua. Eng., 25(1):13-24 (2001b).
84. Lawson, T.B., Fundamentals of Aquaculture Engineering (New York, NY: Chapman and Hall, 1995).
85. Lee, R., A. Lovatelli, and L. Ababouch, "Water TreatmentMethods" (Chap. 6, p.33-40). In: Lee, R., A. Lovatelli, and L. Ababouch (eds.), Bivalve Depuration: Fundamental and Practical Aspects. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 511, 140 p. (2008).
86. Legube, B., B.K. Koudjonou, J.P. Croue, and N. Merlet, "Influence of the Presence of Natural Organic Matter on Bromate Formation by Ozonation", Water Supp., 13(1):51-59 (1995).
87. Legube, B., B. Parinet, K. Gelinet, F. Berne, and J.P. Croue, "Modeling of Bromate Formation by Ozonation of Surface Waters in Drinking Water Treatment", Water Res., 38:2185-2195 (2004).
88. Leynen, M., L. Duvivier, P. Girboux, and F. Ollevier, "Toxicity of Ozone to Fish Larvae and Daphnia magna", Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 41:176-179 (1998).
89. Liltved, H., "Ozonation and UV-Irradiation", In: M.B. Timmons, J.M. Ebeling, F.W. Wheaton, S.T. Summerfelt, and B.J. Vinci, (Eds.), Recirculating Aquaculture Systems, NRAC Publication No. 01-002. 2nd ed. Cayuga Aqua Ventures, NY, pp. 393-425 (2002).
90. Liltved, H., H. Hektoen, and H. Efraimsen, "Inactivation of Bacterial and Viral Fish Pathogens by Ozonation or UV Irradiation inWater of Different Salinity", Aquacult. Eng., 14(2):107-122 (1995).
91. Liltved, H. and B. Landfald, "Use of Alternative Disinfectants, Individually and in Combination, in Aquacultural Wastewater Treatment", Aquacult. Res., 26:567-576 (1995).
92. Liltved, H., C. Vogelsang, I. Modahl, and B.H. Dannevig, "High Resistance of Fish Pathogenic Viruses to UV Irradiation and Ozonated Seawater", Aquacult. Eng., 34:72-82 (2006).
93. Lohr, A.L. and J.B. Gratzek, "Bactericidal and Parasiticidal Effects of an Activated Air Oxidant in a Closed Aquatic System", J. Aquaricult. Aquat. Sci., 4(1):1-8 (1984).
94. Lugo-Fernandez, A. and P.F. Roscigno, "Environmental Assessment of the Impact of Ozone to the Neuston of the Sea-Surface Microlayer of the Gulf of Mexico", Environ. Monitor. Assess., 55(2):319-346 (1999).
95. Lundgren, B.V., A. Grimvall, and R. Savenhed, "Formation and Removal of Off-Flavor Compounds During Ozonation and Filtration Through Biologically-Active Sand filters", Water Sci. Technol., 20(8-9):245-253 (1988).
96. Magazinovic, R.S., B.C. Nicholson, D.E. Mulcahy, and D.E. Davey, "Bromide Levels in Natural Waters: Its Relationship to Levels of Both Chloride and Total Dissolved Solids and the Implications for Water Treatment", Chemosphere, 57:329-335 (2004).
97. Majumdar, S.B. and O.J. Sproul, "Technical and Economic Aspects of Water and Wastewater Ozonation: A Critical Review", Water Res., 8:253-260 (1974).
98. Marhaba, T.F. and K. Bengraïne, "Review of Strategies for Minimizing Bromate Formation Resulting from Drinking Water Ozonation", Clean Technolog. Environ. Pol., 5:101-112 (2003).
99. Marhaba, T.F. and S.J. Medlar, "Removing Bromide and Bromate Ions from Water", Ozonews, 21(3):10-11 (1993).
100. Masser, M.P., J. Rakocy, and T.M. Losordo, "Recirculating Aquaculture Tank Production Systems: Management of Recirculating Systems", Southern Regional Aquaculture Center, Publication no. 452, 12 pp. (1999).
101. Matsumura, M., V.P. Migo, D. Balobalo, H.K. Young, and J.D. Albaladejo, "Preservation of Water Quality in Shrimp Ponds by Ozone", In: Flegel, T.W. (Ed.), Advances in Shrimp Biotechnology, pp. 93-99. (National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Bangkok, Thailand, 1998).
102. McLoughlin, M.F., R.T. Nelson, H.M. Rowley, D.I. Cox, and A.N. Grant, "Experimental Pancreas Disease in Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar Postsmolts Induced by Salmon Pancreas Disease Virus (SPDV)", Dis. Aquat. Organ., 26:117-124 (1996).
103. Menasveta, P., "Effect of Ozone Treatment on the Survival of Shrimp Larvae Reared in Closed Recirculating Water Systems", Thai Fisheries Gazette, 33:677-683 (1980).
104. Meunpol, O., K. Lopinyosiri, and P. Menasveta, "The Effects of Ozone and Probiotics on the Survival of Black Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon)", Aquaculture, 220:437-448 (2003).
105. Mimura, G., Y. Katayama, X. Ji, J. Xie, and K. Namba, "Acute Toxicity of Ozone-Exposed Seawater and Chlorinated Seawater for Japanese Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, Eggs, Larvae and Juveniles", Suisan Zoshoku, 46(4):569-578 (1998).
106. Mimura, G., T. Nagase, K. Katayma, and K. Namba, "Physiological and Histological Observation of Delayed Hatching of Eggs", Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 65:448-456 (1999).
107. Muniain-Mujika, I., R. Girones, G. Tofiño-Quesada, M. Calvo, and F. Lucena, "Depuration Dynamics of Viruses in Shellfish", Inter. J. Food Microbiol., 77:125-133 (2002).
108. Munro, P.D., A. Barbour, and T.H. Birkbeck, "Comparison of the Gut Bacterial Flora of Starting Feeding Larval Turbot Reared under Different Conditions", J. Appl. Bacteriol., 77(5):560-566 (1994).
109. Newman, S.G., "Disinfectant Use in Aquaculture", Global Aquaculture Advocate, Nov./Dec., 82-83 (2006).
110. Noble, A.C. and S.T. Summerfelt, "Diseases Encountered in Rainbow Trout Cultured in Recirculating Systems", Ann. Rev. Fish Dis., 6:65-92 (1996).
111. Oemcke, D.J. and J. van Leeuwen, "Potential of Ozone for Ballast Water Treatment", CRC Reef Research Centre, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia, 40 pp. (1998)
112. Ozawa, T., H. Yotsumoto, T. Sasaki, and S. Nakayama, "Ozonation of Seawater-Applicability of Ozone for Recycled Hatchery Cultivation", Ozone: Sci. Eng., 13(6):697-710 (1991).
113. Paller, M.H. and R.C. Heidinger, "Mechanism of Delayed Ozone Toxicity to Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque". Environ. Poll., 22:229-239 (1980).
114. Paller, M.H. andW.M. Lewis, "Use of Ozone and Fluidized-Bed Biofilters for Increased Ammonia Removal and Fish Loading Rates", Progress. Fish-Culturist, 50;141-147 (1988).
115. Perrins, J.C., W.J. Cooper, J. van Leeuwen, and R.P. Herwig, "Ozonation of Seawater from Different Locations: Formation and Decay of Total Residual Oxidant-Implications for Ballast Water Treatment", Mar. Poll. Bull., 52:1023-1033 (2006).
116. Pfeiffer, T.J., A. Osborn, and M. Davis, "Particle Sieve Analysis for Determining Solids Removal Efficiency of Water Treatment Components in a Recirculating Aquaculture System", Aquacult. Eng., 39(1):24-29 (2008).
117. Power, U.F. and J.K. Collins, "Differential Depuration of Poliovirus, Escherichia coli and a Coliphage by the Common Mussel, Mytilus edulis", Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 55:1386-1390 (1989).
118. Rakness, K.L., "Ozone in Drinking Water Treatment: Process Design, Operation and Optimization", ISBN 1-58321-379-1 Catalog Number 20589, Published by American Water Works Association, Denver, CO, USA, 302 pp. (2005).
119. Rakness, K.L. and G.F. Hunter, "Advancing Ozone Optimization During Pre-Design, Design And Operation", AWWA Research Foundation and American Water Works Association, Denver, CO and Electric Power Research Institute, Community Environmental Center, St. Louis, MO, 302 p. (2000).
120. Read, P., "Ozone in Recirculating Aquaculture", New South Wales Department of Primary Industries-Fishing and Aquaculture. New South Wales, Australia, 2008. Available at: Access on October 07 (2008)
121. Reid, B. and C.R. Arnold, "Use of Ozone for Water Treatment in Recirculating-Water Raceway Systems", Progress. Fish-Culturist, 56:47-50 (1994).
122. Rice, R.G. and J.F. Wilkes, "Fundamental Aspects of Ozone Chemistry in Recirculating Cooling Water Systems: Data Evaluation Needs", Ozone: Sci. Eng., 14:329-365 (1992).
123. Richardson, L.B., T.D. Burton, R.M. Block, and A.M. Stavola, "Lethal and Sublethal Exposure and Recovery Effects of Ozone-Produced Oxidants on AdultWhite Perch (Morone americana Gmelin)", Water Res., 17:205-213 (1983).
124. Richardson, L.B., D.T. Burton, G.R. Helz, and J.C. Roderick, "Residual Oxidant Decay and Bromate Formation in Chlorinated and Ozonated Seawater", Water Res., 15:1067-1074 (1981).
125. Richardson, L.B., D.T. Burton, and J.C. Rhoderick, "Toxicity of Bromate to Striped Bass Ichthyoplankton (Morone saxatilis) and Juvenile Spot (Leiostomus xanthurus)", J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 8:687-695 (1981).
126. Richardson, L.B., D.T. Burton, and A.M. Stavola, "A Comparison of Ozone and Chlorine Toxicity to Three Life Stages of the American oyster Crassostrea virginica", Mar. Environ. Res., 6(2):99-113 (1982).
127. Ritar, A.J., G.G. Smith, and C.W. Thomas, "Ozonation of Seawater Improves the Survival of Larval Southern Rock Lobster, Jasus edwardsii, in Culture from Egg to Juvenile", Aquaculture, 261:1014-1025 (2006).
128. Ritola, O., T. Lyytikäinen, P. Pylkkö, H. Mölsä, and P. Lindström-Seppä, "Glutathione-Dependent Defence system and MONOOXYGENASE ENZYME ACTIVITIES in Arctic Charr Salvelinus alpinus (L.) Exposed to Ozone", Aquaculture, 185:219-233 (2000).
129. Rosenthal, H., "Ozonation and Sterilization", In: Symposium on New Developments in Utilization of Heated Effluents and of Recirculation Systems for Intensive Aquaculture. FAOEIFAC/80/Symp:R/8/May1980. European Inland Fisheries Advance Committee, Norway, 75 pp. (1980).
130. Rosenthal, H., "Ozone Application in the Cultivation of Aquatic Organisms", In: Tiews, K. (ed.), Aquaculture in Heated Effluents and Recirculation Systems. EIFAC:ICES Symposium, 28-30 May 1980, Stavenger, Norway, pp. 234-244 (1981).
131. Rueter, J. and R. Johnson, "The Use of Ozone to Improve Solids Removal During Disinfection", Aquacult. Eng., 14(2):123-141 (1995).
132. Sengco, M., "Mitigation of Effects of Harmful Algal Blooms", In: Shumway, S.E. and Rodrick, G.E. (eds), Shelfish Safety and Quality, Boca Raton, FL (USA): Woodhead Publishing Ltd. and CRC Press LLC, pp. 175-199 (2009).
133. Sharrer, M.J. and S.T. Summerfelt, "Ozonation Followed by Ultraviolet Irradiation Provides Effective Bacteria Inactivation in a Freshwater Recirculating System", Aquacult. Eng., 37:180-191 (2007).
134. Shechter, H., "Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Ozone in Aqueous Solutions". Water Res., 7:729-739 (1973).
135. Schneider, K.R., R.H. Pierce, and G.E. Rodrick, "The Degradation of Karenia brevis Toxins Utilizing Ozonated Seawater", Harmful Algae, 2:101-107 (2003).
136. Schrader, K.K., J.W. Davidson, A.M. Rimando, and S.T. Summerfelt, "Evaluation of Ozonation on Levels of the Off-Flavor Compounds Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol in Water and Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss from Recirculating Aquaculture Systems", Aquacult. Eng., 43:46-50 (2010).
137. Schrader, K.K., S.A. Rubio, R.H. Piedrahita and A.M. Rimando, "Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol as the Cause of the Earthy/Musty Off-Flavors in Cultured Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) and White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) Reared in Recirculating-Water System", North Am. J. Aquacult., 67:177-180 (2005).
138. Schrader, K. K and S.T. Summerfelt, "Distribution of Off-Flavor Compounds and Isolation of Geosmin-Producing Bacteria in a Series of Water Recirculating Systems for Rainbow Trout Culture", N. Am. J. Aquacult., 72:1-9 (2010).
139. Schuur, A.M., "Evaluation of Biosecurity Applications for Intensive Shrimp Farming", Aquacult. Eng., 28:3-20 (2003).
140. Sellars, M.J., G.J. Coman, and D.T. Morehead, "Tolerance of Penaeus (Marsupenaeus) japonicus Embryos to Ozone Disinfection", Aquaculture, 245:111-119 (2005).
141. Siddiqui, M. and G. Amy, "Factors Affecting DBP Formation During Zone-Bromide Reactions", J. Amer. Water Works Asso., 85(1):63-72 (1993).
142. Sobsey, M.D. and L.A. Jaykus, "Human Enteric Viruses and Depuration of Bivalve Mollusks", In: Otwell, W.S., G.E. Rodrick and R.E. Martin (Eds.), Molluscan Shellfish Depuration, pp. 71-114 (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1991).
143. Sohn, J., G. Amy, J. Cho, Y. Lee, and Y. Yoon, "Disinfectant Decay and Disinfection By-Products Formation Model Development: Chlorination And Ozonation By-Products", Water Res., 38:2461-2478 (2004).
144. Stewart, M.E., W.J. Blogoslawski, R.Y. Hsu, and G.R. Helz, "By-products of Oxidative Biocides: Toxicity to Oyster Larvae", Mar. Poll. Bull., 10(6):166-169 (1979).
145. Su, H.M., K.F. Tseng, M.S. Su, and I.C. Liao, "Effect of Ozone Treatment on Eggs and Larvae of Grouper Epinephelus coioides", In: 6th Asian Fisheries Forum Book of Abstracts, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, November 25-30, p. 232 (2001).
146. Suantika, G., P. Dhert, G. Rombaut, J. Vandenberghe, T. De Wolf, and P. Sorgeloos, "The Use of Ozone in a High Density Recirculation System for Rotifers", Aquaculture, 201:35-49 (2001).
147. Suantika, G., P. Dhert, E. Sweetman, E. O'Brien, and P. Sorgeloos, "Technical and Economical Feasibility of a Rotifer Recirculation System", Aquaculture, 227:173-189 (2003).
148. Suffet, I.H., J. Mallevialle, and E. Kawcynski, "Advances in Taste-and-Odor Treatment and Control" (Denver, CO: Amer. Water Works Assoc., 1995).
149. Sugita, H., T. Asai, K. Hayashi, T. Mitsuya, K. Amanuma, C. Maruyma, and Y. Deguchi, "Application of Ozone Disinfection to Remove Entrococcus Seriolicida, Pasteurela, And Vibrio anguillarum from Seawater", Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 58:4072-4075 (1992).
150. Sugita, H., J. Mita, and Y. Deguchi, "Effect of Ozone Treatment on Amylases in Seawater", Aquaculture, 141:77-82 (1996).
151. Summerfelt, S.T., "Ozonation andUVIrradiation-An Introduction andExamples of Current Applications", Aquacult. Eng., 28(1-2): 21-36 (2003).
152. Summerfelt, S.T., J. Bebak-Williams, and S. Tsukuda, "Controlled Systems: Water Reuse and Recirculation", In: G. Wedemeyer (Ed.), Fish Hatchery Management, 2nd Ed. (American Fisheries Society Publication, Bethesda, MD, 2001).
153. Summerfelt, S.T., J.A. Hankins, J.M. Heinen, A.L. Weber, and J.D. Morton, "Evaluation of the Triangel™ Microsieve Filter in a Water-Reuse System", In: World Aquaculture 1994 Book of Abstracts, p. 45 (World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA, 1994).
154. Summerfelt, S.T., J.A. Hankins, A.L. Weber, and M.D. Durant, "Ozonation of a Recirculating Rainbow Trout Culture System. II. Effects on Microscreen Filtration and Water Quality", Aquaculture, 158:57-67 (1997).
155. Summerfelt, S.T. and J.N. Hochheimer, "Review of Ozone Processes and Applications as an Oxidizing Agent in Aquaculture", Progress. Fish-Cultur., 59:94-105 (1997).
156. Summerfelt, S.T., M.J. Sharrer, J. Hollis, L.E. Gleason, and S.R. Summerfelt, "Dissolved Ozone Destruction Using Ultraviolet Irradiation in a Recirculating Salmonid Culture System", Aquacult. Eng., 32(1):209-223 (2004).
157. Summerfelt, S.T., M.J. Sharrer, S.M. Tsukuda, and M. Gearheart, "Process Requirements For Achieving Full-Flow Disinfection of Recirculating Water Using Ozonation And UV Irradiation", Aquacult. Eng., 40:17-27 (2009).
158. Symons, J.M., The Drinking Water Dictionary, p. 47 (AmericanWaterWorks Association, Denver, CO, 1999).
159. Tango, M.S. and G.A. Gagnon, "Impact of Ozonation on Water Quality in Marine Recirculation Systems", Aquacult. Eng., 29:125-137 (2003).
160. Theisen, D., D. Stansell, and L. Woods, "Disinfection of Nauplii of Artemia franciscana by Ozonation", Progress. Fish-Cultur., 60(2):149-151 (1998).
161. Thurberg, F.P., "Inactivation of Red-Tide Toxins by Ozone Treatment", In: Blogoslawski, W.J., Rice, R.G. (Eds.), Aquatic Application of Ozone, pp. 50-58 (International Ozone Institute, Syracuse, NY, 1975).
162. Tipping, J.M., "Use of Ozone to Control Cratomyxa in Steelhead Trout (Salmo gairdneri)", Ozone: Sci. Eng., 9:141-152 (1987).
163. Tipping, J.M., "Ozone Control Of Ceratomyxosis: Survival and Growth Benefits to Steelhead and Cutthroat Trout", Progress. Fish-Cultur., 50:202-210 (1988).
164. Tolomei, A., C. Burke, B. Crear, and J. Carson, "Bacterial Decontamination of On-grown Artemia", Aquaculture, 232:357-371 (2004).
165. Tucker, C.S., "Off-Flavor Problems in Aquaculture", Rev. Fisher. Sci., 8:45-88 (2000).
166. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) "Stage 1 "Disinfectants and Disinfection By-products Rule", (Stage 1 DBPR) 63 FR 69390-69476: 63 (241), December (1998).
167. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) "Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet: Ozone Disinfection", EPA 832-F-99-063. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, DC, 6 pp. (1999).
168. Violle, H., "De la sterilization de l'eau de mer par ozone: Applications de cette methode pour le perufucation des coquillages contamines", Rev. Hyg. Med. Prev., 51:42-46 (1929).
169. von Gunten, U. and J. Hoigné, "Factors Controlling the Formation of Bromate Ion During the Ozonation of Bromide-Containing Waters", J. Water Supp.: Res. Technol.-Aqua, 41(5):299-304 (1992).
170. von Gunten, U. and J. Hoigné, "Bromate Formation During Ozonation of Bromide-Containing Waters: Interaction of Ozone and Hydroxyl Radical Reactions", Environ. Sci. Technol. 28(7): 1234-1242 (1994).
171. von Gunten, U., J. Hoigné, and A. Bruchet, "Bromate Formation During Ozonation of Bromide Ion Containing Waters", In: Proceedings of the International Water Supply Association International Conference: Bromate and Water Treatment (IWSA, Paris, 1993).
172. von Gunten, U., "Ozonation of Drinking Water: Part I. Oxidation Kinetics of and Product Formation", Water Res., 37:1443-1467 (2003a).
173. von Gunten, U., "Ozonation of Drinking Water: Part II. Disinfection and Byproduct Formation in Presence of Bromide, Iodide or Chlorine". Water Res., 37:1469-1487 (2003b).
174. Wajon, J.E. and J.C. Morris, "Rates of Formation of N-Bromoamines in Aqueous Solution", Inorgan. Chem., 21(12):4258-4263 (1982).
175. Walz, N., T. Hintze, and R. Rusche, "Algae and Rotifer Turbistats: Studies on Stability of Live Feed Cultures", Hydrobiologia, 358:127-132 (1997).
176. Wanke, C.A. and R.L. Guerrant, "Viral Hepatitis and Gastro-Enteritis Transmitted by Shellfish and Water", Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Amer., 19:435-438 (1990).
177. Wedemeyer, G.A., N.C. Nelson, and W.M. Yasutake, "Potentials and Limits for the Use of Ozone as a Fish Disease Control Agent", Ozone: Sci. Eng., 1:295-318 (1979a).
178. Wedemeyer, G.A., N.C. Nelson, and W.T. Yasutake, "Physiological and biochemical aspects of ozone toxicity to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)", J. Fisher. Res. Bd. Can., 36:605-614 (1979b).
179. Weinberg, H.S., W.H. Glaze, S.W. Krasner, and M.J. Sclimenti, "Formation and Removal Aldehydes in Plants That Use Ozonation", J. Amer. Water Works Asso., 85(5):72-85 (1993).
180. Westerhoff, P., R.G. Song, G. Amy, and R. Minear, "NOM's Role in Bromine and Bromate Formation During Ozonation", J. Amer. Water Works Asso., 19:82-94 (1998).
181. Westerhoff, P., B. Nalinakumari, and P. Pei, "Kinetics of MIB and Geosmin Oxidation During Ozonation", Ozone: Sci. Eng., 28:277-286 (2006).
182. Westerhoff, P., M. Rodrequez-Hernandez, L. Baker, and M. Sommerfeld, "Seasonal Occurrence and Degradation of 2-Methylisoborneol in Water Supply Reservoirs", Water Res., 39(20):4899-4912 (2005).
183. th ed. (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1999).
184. World Health Organization, Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Vol. 1, 3rd Edition (WHO, Geneva, 2004).
185. Yates, R.S. andM. Stenstrom, "Gravimetric Sampling Procedure for Aqueous Ozone Concentration", Water Res., 34(4):1413-1416 (2000).
186. Yoshimura, K., C. Kitajima, Y. Miyamoto, and G. Kishimoto, "Factors Inhibiting Growth Of The Rotifer Brachionus Plicatilis in High Density Cultivation By Feeding Condensed Chlorella", Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 60:207-213 (1994).
187. Zheng, B., S. Ma, C. Wang, and X. Gu, "Influence of Ozone-Produced Oxidant in Seawater on the Growth of Tetraselmis chuii", Qingdao Haiyang Daxue Xuebao, 32(2):212-218 (2002).