Adrenarche and Middle Childhood

Human Nature

Volumn 22, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 327-349

  Campbell, Benjamin C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MILWAUKEE   (United States)

Author keywords

Adrenarche; Brain; Development; DHEA; Middle childhood

Indexed keywords

ANTIOXIDANT; GLUCOSE; PRASTERONE;

ADRENARCHE; ARTICLE; BRAIN; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; MALE; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT;

ADRENARCHE; ANTIOXIDANTS; BRAIN; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY; GLUCOSE; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; MALE;

EID: 80052960916     PISSN: 10456767     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12110-011-9120-x     Document Type: Article

References (160)

1. Albrecht, J., Demmel, M., Schöpf, V., Kleemann, A. M., Kopietz, R., May, J., et al. (2011). Smelling chemosensory signals of males in anxious versus nonanxious condition increases state anxiety of female subjects. Chemical Senses, 36, 19-27.
2. Anzai, N., Kanai, Y., & Endou, H. (2006). Organic anion transporter family: current knowledge. Journal of Pharmacological Science, 100, 411-426.
3. Aoki, K., Kikuchi, T., Mukasa, K., Ito, S., Nakajima, A., Satoh, S., et al. (2000). Dehydroepiandrosterone suppresses elevated hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase mRNA level in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice: comparison with troglitazone. Endocrine Journal, 47, 799-804.
4. Aoki, K., Taniguchi, H., Ito, Y., Satoh, S., Nakamura, S., Muramatsu, K., et al. (2004). Dehydroepiandrosterone decreases elevated hepatic glucose production in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice. Life Sciences, 74, 3075-84.
5. Auchus, R. J., & Rainey, W. E. (2004). Adrenarche-physiology, biochemistry and human disease. Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford), 60, 288-96.
6. Basu, R., Dalla Man, C., Campioni, M., Basu, A., Nair, K. S., Jensen, M. D., et al. (2007). Two years of treatment with dehydroepiandrosterone does not improve insulin secretion, insulin action, or postprandial glucose turnover in elderly men or women. Diabetes, 56, 753-66.
7. Benfield, L. L., Fox, K. R., Peters, D. M., Blake, H., Rogers, I., Grant, C., et al. (2008). Magnetic resonance imaging of abdominal adiposity in a large cohort of British children. International Journal of Obesity (London), 32, 91-99.
8. Biason-Lauber, A., Zachmann, M., & Schoenle, E. J. (2000). Effect of leptin on CYP17 enzymatic activities in human adrenal cells: new insight in the onset of adrenarche. Endocrinology, 141, 1446-54.
9. Binder, G., Weber, S., Ehrismann, M., Zaiser, N., Meisner, C., Ranke, M. B., et al. (2009). Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone therapy on pubic hair growth and psychological well-being in adolescent girls and young women with central adrenal insufficiency: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase III trial. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 94, 1182-90.
10. Blankenstein, R., Cleaton-Jones, P. E., Luk, K. M., & Fatti, L. P. (1990). The onset of eruption of the permanent dentition amongst South African black children. Archives of Oral Biology, 35, 225-8.
11. Boes, A. D., Tranel, D., Anderson, S. W., & Nopoulos, P. (2008). Right anterior cingulate: a neuroanatomical correlate of aggression and defiance in boys. Behavioral Neuroscience, 122, 677-84.
12. Bogin, B. (1999). Patterns of human growth (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press.
13. Boyce, W. T., & Ellis, B. J. (2005). Biological sensitivity to context: I an evolutionary-developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 271-301.
14. Campbell, B. C. (2006). Adrenarche and the evolution of human life history. American Journal of Human Biology, 18, 569-589.
15. Campbell, B. C., Prossinger, H., & Mbzivo, M. (2005). Timing of pubertal maturation and the onset of sexual behavior among Zimbabwe school boys. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34, 505-16.
16. Caviness, V. S., Jr., Kennedy, D. N., Richelme, C., Rademacher, J., & Filipek, P. A. (1996). The human brain age 7-11 years: a volumetric analysis based on magnetic resonance images. Cerebral Cortex, 6, 726-36.
17. Casey, B. J., Tottenham, N., Liston, C., & Durston, S. (2005). Imaging the developing brain: what have we learned about cognitive development? Trends in Cognitive Science, 9, 104-10.
18. Chiao, J. Y., Mathur, V. A., Harada, T., & Lipke, T. (2009). Neural basis of preference for human social hierarchy versus egalitarianism. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1167, 174-81.
19. Charalampopoulos, I., Dermitzaki, E., Vardouli, L., Tsatsanis, C., Stournaras, C., Margioris, A. N., et al. (2005). Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and allopregnanolone directly stimulate catecholamine production via induction of tyrosine hydroxylase and secretion by affecting actin polymerization. Endocrinology, 146, 3309-18.
20. Charalampopoulos, I., Tsatsanis, C., Dermitzaki, E., Alexaki, V. I., Castanas, E., Margioris, A. N., et al. (2004). Dehydroepiandrosterone and allopregnanolone protect sympathoadrenal medulla cells against apoptosis via antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 101, 8209-14.
21. Chugani, H. T. (1998). A critical period of brain development: studies of cerebral glucose utilization with PET. Preventative Medicine, 27, 184-8.
22. Cleary, M. P. (1991). The antiobesity effect of dehydroepiandrosterone in rats. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 196, 8-16.
23. Collins, W. A. (1984). (ed.) Development during middle childhood: The years from six to twelve. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
24. Craig, A. D. (2002). How do you feel? Interoception: The sense of the physiological condition of the body. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3, 655-66.
25. Craig, A. D. (2009). How do you feel-now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10, 59-70.
26. Critchley, H. D. (2009). Psychophysiology of neural, cognitive and affective integration: fMRI and autonomic indicants. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 73, 88-94.
27. Crowley, M. J., Wu, J., Molfese, P. J., & Mayes, L. C. (2010). Social exclusion in middle childhood: rejection events, slow-wave neural activity, and ostracism distress. Social Neuroscience, 12, 1-13.
28. D'Astous, M., Morissette, M., Tanguay, B., Callier, S., & Di Paolo, T. (2003). Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) such as 17beta-estradiol prevents MPTP-induced dopamine depletion in mice. Synapse, 47, 10-4.
29. Dean, C. E. (2000). Prasterone (DHEA) and mania. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 34, 1419-22.
30. de Glisezinski, I., Larrouy, D., Bajzova, M., Koppo, K., Polak, J., Berlan, M., et al. (2009). Adrenaline but not noradrenaline is a determinant of exercise-induced lipid mobilization in human subcutaneous adipose tissue. The Journal of Physiology, 587, 3393-404.
31. Del Giudice, M. (2009). Sex, attachment, and the development of reproductive strategies. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32, 1-67.
32. Del Guidice, M., & Beslsky, J. (2010). Sex differences in attachment emerge in middle childhood: an evolutionary hypothesis. Child Development Perspectives, 4, 97-105.
33. Del Guidice, M., Angeleri, R., & Maner, V. (2009). The juvenile transition: a developmental switch point in human life history. Developmental Reviews, 29, 1-31.
34. Derby, C. A., Zilber, S., Brambilla, D., Morales, K. H., & McKinlay, J. B. (2006). Body mass index, waist circumference and waist to hip ratio and change in sex steroid hormones: the Massachusetts male ageing study. Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford), 65, 125-31.
35. Dhom, G. (1973). The prepubertal and pubertal growth of the adrenal (adrenarche). Beiträge zur Pathologie, 150, 357-377.
36. Diamond, A. (2002). Normal development of the prefrontal cortex from birth to young adulthood: Cognitive functions, anatomy, and biochemistry. In D. T. Stuss & K. T. Knight (Eds.), Principles of frontal lobe function (pp. 466-503). New York: Oxford University Press.
37. Dorn, L. D., Rose, S. R., Rotenstein, D., Susman, E. J., Huang, B., Loucks, T. L., et al. (2008). Differences in endocrine parameters and psychopathology in girls with premature adrenarche versus on-time adrenarche. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism, 21, 439-48.
38. Dubas, J. S., Heijkoop, M., & van Aken, M. A. G. (2009). A preliminary investigation of parent-progeny olfactory recognition and parental investment. Human Nature, 20, 80-92.
39. Ehrhart-Bornstein, M., Bornstein, S. R., Güse-Behling, H., Stromeyer, H. G., Rasmussen, T. N., Scherbaum, W. A., et al. (1994). Sympathoadrenal regulation of adrenal androstenedione release. Neuroendocrinology, 59, 406-12.
40. Fair, D. A., Dosenbach, N. U., Church, J. A., Cohen, A. L., Brahmbhatt, S., Miezin, F. M., et al. (2009). Development of distinct control networks through segregation and integration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (USA), 104, 13507-12.
41. Fehm, H. L., Kern, W., & Peters, A. (2006). The selfish brain: competition for energy resources. Progress in Brain Research, 153, 129-40.
42. Flinn, M. V. (2006). Evolutionary ontogeny of stress response to social challenge in the human child. Developmental Review, 26, 138-174.
43. Gogtay, N., Giedd, J. N., Lusk, L., Hayashi, K. M., Greenstein, D., Vaituzis, A. C., et al. (2004). Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 101, 817-819.
44. Goldstein, D. S., & Kopin, I. J. (2008). Adrenomedullary, adrenocortical, and sympathoneural responses to stressors: a meta-analysis. Endocrine Regulation, 42, 111-9.
45. Guazzo, E. P., Kirkpatrick, P. J., Goodyer, I. M., Shiers, H. M., & Herbert, J. (1996). Cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and DHEA sulfate in the cerebrospinal fluid of man: relation to blood levels and the effects of age. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 81, 3951-60.
46. Hadwin, J. A., Garner, M., & Perez-Olivas, G. (2006). The development of information processing biases in childhood anxiety: a review and exploration of its origins in parenting. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 876-94.
47. Haegler, K., Zernecke, R., Kleemann, A. M., Albrecht, J., Pollatos, O., Brückmann, H., et al. (2010). No fear no risk! Human risk behavior is affected by chemosensory anxiety signals. Neuropsychologia, 48, 3901-8.
48. Halpern, C. T., Udry, J. R., & Suchindran, C. (1998). Monthly measures of salivary testosterone predict sexual activity in adolescent males. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 27, 445-65.
49. Herdt, G., & McClintock, M. (2000). The magical age of 10. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 29, 587-606.
50. Hitze, B., van Hubold, C., Dyken, R., Schlichting, K., Lehnert, H., Entringer, S., et al. (2010). How the selfish brain organizes its supply and demand. Frontiers in Neuroenergetics, 2, 7.
51. Hochberg, Z. (2008). Juvenility in the context of life history theory. Archives of Diseases of Childhood, 93, 534-9.
52. Hochberg, Z. (2009). Evo-devo of child growth, II: human life history and transition between its phases. European Journal of Endocrinology, 160, 135-41.
53. Hsu, C. C. (2006). Positive correlation between anxiety severity and plasma levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in medication-free patients experiencing a major episode of depression. Psychiatry and Clinical NeuroScience, 60, 746-50.
54. Hsu, M., Anen, C., & Quartz, S. R. (2008). The right and the good: distributive justice and neural encoding of equity and efficiency. Science, 320, 10921985.
55. Hummer, T. A., & McClintock, M. K. (2009). Putative human pheromone androstadienone attunes the mind specifically to emotional information. Hormones and Behavior, 55, 548-59.
56. Irmak, M. K., Oztas, E., & Vural, H. (2004). Dependence of fetal hairs and sebaceous glands on fetal adrenal cortex and possible control from adrenal medulla. Medical Hypotheses, 62, 486-92.
57. Kann, O., & Kovács, R. (2007). Mitochondria and neuronal activity. American Journal of Physiology and Cellular Physiology, 292, C641-57.
58. Kaplowitz, P. B., Cockrell, J. L., & Young, R. B. (1986). Premature adrenarche. Clinical and diagnostic features. Clinical Pediatrics, 25, 28-34.
59. Kramer, K. L., & Greaves, R. D. (2011). Juvenile subsistence effort, activity levels, and growth patterns: Middle childhood among Pumé foragers. Human Nature, 22. doi: 10. 1007/s12110-011-9122-8.
60. Kramer, P. A. (1998). The costs of human locomotion: maternal investment in child transport. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 107, 71-86.
61. Krug, A. W., Langbein, H., Ziegler, C. G., Bornstein, S. R., Eisenhofer, G., & Ehrhart-Bornstein, M. (2009). Dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate (DHEA-S) promotes neuroendocrine differentiation of chromaffin pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 300, 126-31.
62. Kuhn, F., & Natsch, A. (2009). Body odour of monozygotic human twins: A common pattern of odorant carboxylic acids released by a bacterial aminoacylase from axilla secretions contributing to an inherited body odour type. Journal of the Royal Society, Interface, 63, 77-92.
63. Labows, J. N., Preti, G., Hoelzle, E., Leyden, J., & Kligman, A. (1979). Steroid analysis of human apocrine secretion. Steroids, 34, 249-58.
64. Labrie, F., Belanger, A., Luu-The, V., Labrie, C., Simard, J., Cusan, L., et al. (1998). DHEA and the intracrine formation of androgens and estrogens in peripheral target tissues: its role during aging. Steroids, 63, 322-328.
65. Lamm, C., & Singer, T. (2010). The role of anterior insular cortex in social emotions. Brain Structure & Function, 214, 579-91.
66. Lancy, D. F., & Grove, M. A. (2011). Getting noticed: middle childhood in cross-cultural perspective. Human Nature, 22. doi: 10. 1007/s12110-011-9117-5.
67. Leung, A. K., & Robson, W. L. (2008). Premature adrenarche. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 22, 230-233.
68. Li, Z., Cui, S., Zhang, Z., Zhou, R., Ge, Y., Sokabe, M., et al. (2009). DHEA-neuroprotection and -neurotoxicity after transient cerebral ischemia in rats. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 29, 287-96.
69. Liston, C., McEwen, B. S., & Casey, B. J. (2009). Psychosocial stress reversibly disrupts prefrontal processing and attentional control. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 106, 912-917.
70. Liu, D., Ren, M., Bing, X., Stotts, C., Deorah, S., Love-Homan, L., et al. (2006). Dehydroepiandrosterone inhibits intracellular calcium release in beta-cells by a plasma membrane-dependent mechanism. Steroids, 71, 691-699.
71. Luciana, M., & Nelson, C. A. (1998). The functional emergence of prefrontally-guided working memory systems in four to eight year old children. Neuropyschologia, 36, 273-293.
72. Lundström, J. N., Boyle, J. A., Zatorre, R. J., & Jones-Gotman, M. (2008). Functional neuronal processing of body odors differs from that of similar common odors. Cerebral Cortex, 18, 1466-74.
73. Lundström, J. N., Boyle, J. A., Zatorre, R. J., & Jones-Gotman, M. (2009). The neuronal substrates of human olfactory based kin recognition. Human Brain Mapping, 30, 2571-80.
74. Lundström, J. N., Gonçalves, M., Esteves, F., & Olsson, M. J. (2003). Psychological effects of subthreshold exposure to the putative human pheromone 4, 16-androstadien-3-one. Hormones and Behavior, 44, 395-401.
75. MacAskill, A. F., & Kittler, J. T. (2010). Control of mitochondrial transport and localization in neurons. Trends in Cell Biology, 20, 102-12.
76. Maccoby, E. E. (1998). The two sexes: growing up apart, coming together. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
77. Machinal-Quélin, F., Dieudonné, M. N., Pecquery, R., Leneveu, M. C., & Giudicelli, Y. (2002). Direct in vitro effects of androgens and estrogens on ob gene expression and leptin secretion in human adipose tissue. Endocrine, 18, 179-84.
78. Maninger, N., Wolkowitz, O. M., Reus, V. I., Epel, E. S., & Mellon, S. H. (2009). Neurobiological and neuropsychiatric effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate (DHEAS). Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 30, 65-91.
79. Markowitz, J. S., Carson, W. H., & Jackson, C. W. (1999). Possible dihydroepiandrosterone-induced mania. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 241-242.
80. Marlowe, F. W. (2004). What explains Hadza food sharing? Research in Economic Anthropology, 23, 69-88.
81. McClintock, M., & Herdt, G. (1996). Rethinking puberty: the development of sexual attraction. Current Directions in Psychological Sciences, 5, 178-183.
82. McIntosh, L. J., & Sapolsky, R. M. (1996). Glucocorticoids may enhance oxygen radical-mediated neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology, 17, 873-82.
83. McIntosh, L. J., Hong, K. E., & Sapolsky, R. M. (1998). Glucocorticoids may alter antioxidant enzyme capacity in the brain: baseline studies. Brain Research, 791, 209-14.
84. Mizuno, T., Yotsuyanagi, S., Kondo, Y., Komatsu, K., Ishiura, Y., Nakamura, Y., et al. (2006). Dehydroepiandrosterone alleviates copulatory disorder induced by social stress in male rats. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 3, 612-618.
85. Molinari, L., Largo, R. H., & Prader, A. (1980). Analysis of the growth spurt at age seven (mid-growth spurt). Helvetia Paediatrica, 35, 325-34.
86. Moslemi, M. (2004). An epidemiological survey of the time and sequence of eruption of permanent teeth in 4-15-year-olds in Tehran, Iran. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry, 14, 432-8.
87. Mühl, A., Herkner, K. R., & Swoboda, W. (1992). The mid-growth spurt-a pre-puberty growth spurt. Review of its significance and biological correlations. Pediatric Pathology, 27, 119-23.
88. Muller, C., Hennebert, O., & Morfin, R. (2006). The native anti-glucocorticoid paradigm. Journal of Steroid Biochemestry and Molecular Biology, 100, 95-105.
89. Muzik, O., Janisse, J., Ager, J., Shen, C., Chugani, D. C., & Chugani, H. T. (1999). A mathematical model for the analysis of cross-sectional brain glucose metabolism data in children. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 23, 589-600.
90. Nakamura, Y., Gang, H. X., Suzuki, T., Sasano, H., & Rainey, W. E. (2009). Adrenal changes associated with adrenarche. Reviews in Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, 10, 19-26.
91. Natsch, A., Derrer, S., Flachsmann, F., & Schmid, J. (2006). A broad diversity of volatile carboxylic acids, released by a bacterial aminoacylase from axilla secretions, as candidate molecules for the determination of human-body odor type. Chemical Biodiversity, 3, 1-20.
92. Natsch, A., Schmid, J., & Flachsmann, F. (2004). Identification of odoriferous sulfanylalkanols in human axilla secretions and their formation through cleavage of cysteine precursors by a C-S lyase isolated from axilla bacteria. Chemical Biodiversity, 1, 1058-72.
93. Navar, D., Saulis, D., Corll, C., Svec, F., & Porter, J. R. (2006). Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) blocks the increase in food intake caused by neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the Zucker rat. Nutrition and Neuroscience, 9, 225-32.
94. Nawata, H., Watanabe, T., Yanase, T., Nomura, M., Ashida, K., Min, L., et al. (2010). Sex hormone and neuroendocrine aspects of the metabolic syndrome. Progress in Brain Research, 182, 175-187.
95. Naylor, J. C., Hulette, C. M., Steffens, D. C., Shampine, L. J., Ervin, J. F., Payne, V. M., et al. (2008). Cerebrospinal fluid dehydroepiandrosterone levels are correlated with brain dehydroepiandrosterone levels, elevated in Alzheimer's disease, and related to neuropathological disease stage. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 93, 3173-8.
96. Nesse, R. M. (2001). The smoke detector principle: natural slection and the regulation of defensive mechanisms. In Damasio, A. R., Kagan, J., Harrington, A., Moss, B. S. H., Shaikh, R. (Eds.). Unity of Knowledge: The convergence of natural and human science. Annals of New York Academy of Science, 935, 75-85.
97. Olsson, S. B., Barnard, J., & Turr, L. (2006). Olfaction and identification of unrelated individuals: examination of the mysteries of human odor recognition. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 32, 1635-45.
98. Orentreich, N., Brind, J. L., Rizer, R. L., & Vogelman, J. H. (1984). Age changes and sex differences in serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentrations throughout adulthood. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 59, 551-55.
99. Palmert, M. R., Hayden, D. L., Mansfield, M. J., Crigler, J. F., Jr., Crowley, W. F., Jr., Chandler, D. W., et al. (2001). The longitudinal study of adrenal maturation during gonadal suppression: evidence that adrenarche is a gradual process. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 86, 4536-42.
100. Paulus, M. P., & Stein, M. B. (2006). An insular view of anxiety. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 383-7.
101. Paulus, M. P., & Stein, M. B. (2010). Interoception in anxiety and depression. Brain Structure & Function, 214, 451-63.
102. Patel, M. A., & Katyare, S. S. (2006a). Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) treatment stimulates oxidative energy metabolism in the cerebral mitochondria from developing rats. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 24, 327-34.
103. Patel, M. A., & Katyare, S. S. (2006b). Treatment with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) stimulates oxidative energy metabolism in the cerebral mitochondria. A comparative study of effects in old and young adult rats. Neuroscience Letters, 402, 131-6.
104. Pélissier, M. A., Trap, C., Malewiak, M. I., & Morfin, R. (2004). Antioxidant effects of dehydroepiandrosterone and 7alpha-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone in the rat colon, intestine and liver. Steroids, 69, 137-144.
105. Pélissier, M. A., Muller, C., Hill, M., & Morfin, R. (2006). Protection against dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis by dehydroepiandrosterone and 7alpha-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone in the rat. Steroids, 71, 240-248.
106. Penn, D. J., Oberzaucher, E., Grammer, K., Fischer, G., Soini, H. A., Wiesler, D., et al. (2007). Individual and gender fingerprints in human body odour. Journal of the Royal Society, Interface, 4, 331-40.
107. Pérez-Neri, I., Montes, S., Ojeda-López, C., Ramírez-Bermúdez, J., & Ríos, C. (2008). Modulation of neurotransmitter systems by dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate: mechanism of action and relevance to psychiatric disorders. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 32, 1118-30.
108. Pernet, A., Walker, M., Gill, G. V., Orskov, H., Alberti, K. G., & Johnston, D. G. (1984). Metabolic effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline in man: studies with somatostatin. Diabetes & Metabolism, 10, 98-105.
109. Perrini, S., Natalicchio, A., Laviola, L., Belsanti, G., Montrone, C., Cignarelli, A., et al. (2004). Dehydroepiandrosterone stimulates glucose uptake in human and murine adipocytes by inducing GLUT1 and GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane. Diabetes, 53, 41-52.
110. Peters, A., Schweiger, U., Pellerin, L., Hubold, C., Oltmanns, K. M., Conrad, M., et al. (2004). The selfish brain: competition for energy resources. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 28, 143-80.
111. Pezawas, L., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Drabant, E. M., Verchinski, B. A., Munoz, K. E., Kolachana, B. S., et al. (2005). 5-HTTLPR polymorphism impacts human cingulate-amygdala interactions: a genetic susceptibility mechanism for depression. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 828-34.
112. Piaget, J. (1963). The origins of intelligence in children. New York: W. W. Norton.
113. Pineiro, V., Casabiell, X., Peinó, R., Lage, M., Camiña, J. P., Menendez, C., et al. (1999). Dihydrotestosterone, stanozolol, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate inhibit leptin secretion in female but not in male samples of omental adipose tissue in vitro: lack of effect of testosterone. Journal of Endocrinology, 160, 425-32.
114. Porter, R. H., Cernoch, J. M., & Balogh, R. D. (1985). Odor signatures and kin recognition. Physiology and Behavior, 34, 445-8.
115. Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2007). Research on attention networks as a model for the integration of psychological science. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 1-23.
116. Prehn-Kristensen, A., Wiesner, C., Bergmann, T. O., Wolff, S., Jansen, O., Mehdorn, H. M., et al. (2009). Induction of empathy by the smell of anxiety. PloS One, 4, e5987.
117. Reilly, D. S., van Donkelaar, P., Saavedra, S., & Woollacott, M. H. (2008). Interaction between the development of postural control and the executive function of attention. Journal of Motor Behavior, 40, 90-102.
118. Reinehr, T., de Sousa, G., & Wabitsch, M. (2006). Relationships of IGF-I and androgens to skeletal maturation in obese children and adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism, 19, 1133-40.
119. Remer, T. (2000). Adrenarche and nutritional status. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism, 13(Supplement 5), 1253-5.
120. Remer, T., & Manz, F. (1999). Role of nutritional status in the regulation of adrenarche. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 84, 3936-44.
121. Remer, T., & Manz, F. (2001). The midgrowth spurt in healthy children is not caused by adrenarche. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 86, 4183-6.
122. Remer, T., Manz, F., Hartmann, M. F., Schoenau, E., & Wudy, S. A. (2009). Prepubertal healthy children's urinary androstenediol predicts diaphyseal bone strength in late puberty. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 94, 575-8.
123. Remer, T., Boye, K. R., Hartmann, M. F., & Wudy, S. A. (2005). Urinary markers of adrenarche: reference values in health subjects, aged 3-18 years. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 90, 2015-2021.
124. Remer, T., Boye, K. R., Hartmann, M. F., Neu, C., Schoenau, E., Manz, F., et al. (2004). Adrenal steroid hormones and metaphyseal bone in children. Hormone Research, 62, 221-6.
125. Remer, T., Boye, K. R., Hartmann, M., Neu, C. M., Schoenau, E., Manz, F., et al. (2003). Adrenarche and bone modeling and remodeling at the proximal radius: weak androgens make stronger cortical bone in healthy children. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 18, 1539-46.
126. Rocher, A. B., Chapon, F., Blaizot, X., Baron, J. C., & Chavoix, C. (2003). Resting-state brain glucose utilization as measured by PET is directly related to regional synaptophysin levels: a study in baboons. NeuroImage, 20, 1894-98.
127. Rueda, M. R., Fan, J., McCandliss, B. D., Halparin, J. D., Gruber, D. B., Lercari, L. P., et al. (2004). Development of attentional networks in childhood. Neuropsychologia, 42, 1029-40.
128. Sánchez, J., Pérez-Heredia, F., Priego, T., Portillo, M. P., Zamora, S., Garaulet, M., et al. (2008). Dehydroepiandrosterone prevents age-associated alterations, increasing insulin sensitivity. Journal of Nutrition and Biochemistry, 19, 809-18.
129. Schwabe, L., Tegenthoof, M., Hoffken, O., & Wolf, O. T. (2010). Concurrent glucocorticoid and noradrenergic activity shifts instrumental behavior from goal-directed to habitual control. Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 8190-8196.
130. Shaw, P., Kabani, N. J., Lerch, J. P., Eckstrand, K., Lenroot, R., Gogtay, N., et al. (2008). Neurodevelopmental trajectories of the human cerebral cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 3586-94.
131. Sicard, F., Ehrhart-Bornstein, M., Corbeil, D., Sperber, S., Krug, A. W., Ziegler, C. G., et al. (2007). Age-dependent regulation of chromaffin cell proliferation by growth factors, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and DHEA sulfate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U S A., 104, 2007-12.
132. Singer, T. (2007). The neuronal basis of empathy and fairness. Novartis Foundation Symposium, 278, 20-30. (for discussion, see pp. 30-40, 89-96, 216-221).
133. Stewart, M. E., Downing, D. T., Cook, J. S., Hansen, J. R., & Strauss, J. S. (1992). Sebaceous gland activity and serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels in boys and girls. Archives of Dermatology, 128, 1345-8.
134. Strous, R. D., Spivak, B., Yoran-Hegesh, R., Maayan, R., Averbuch, E., Kotler, M., et al. (2001). Analysis of neurosteroid levels in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 4, 259-64.
135. Sulcova, J., Hill, M., Hampl, R., & Starka, L. (1997). Age and sex related differences in serum levels of unconjugated dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate in normal subjects. Journal of Endocrinology, 154, 57-62.
136. Suzuki, M., Wright, L. S., Marwah, P., Lardy, H. A., & Svendsen, C. N. (2004). Mitotic and neurogenic effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on human neural stem cell cultures derived from the fetal cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 101, 3202-7.
137. Tabibnia, G., Satpute, A. B., & Lieberman, M. D. (2008). The sunny side of fairness: preference for fairness activates reward circuitry (and disregarding unfairness activates self-control circuitry). Psychological Science, 19, 339-47.
138. Thiboutot, D., Jabara, S., McAllister, J. M., Sivarajah, A., Gilliland, K., Cong, Z., et al. (2003). Human skin is a steroidogenic tissue: steroidogenic enzymes and cofactors are expressed in epidermis, normal sebocytes, and an immortalized sebocyte cell line (SEB-1). Journal of Investgative Dermatology, 120, 905-14.
139. Thompson, J. L., & Nelson, A. J. (2011). Middle childhood and modern human origins. Human Nature, 22. doi: 10. 1007/s12110-011-9119-3.
140. Utriainen, P., Voutilainenm, R., & Jääskeläinenm, J. (2009). Continuum of phenotypes and Sympathoadrenal function in premature adrenarche. European Journal of Endocrinology, 160, 657-65.
141. Valle, L. D., Toffolo, V., Nardi, A., Fiore, C., Bernante, P., Di Liddo, R., et al. (2006). Tissue-specific transcriptional initiation and activity of steroid sulfatase complementing dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate uptake and intracrine steroid activations in human adipose tissue. Journal of Endocrinology, 190, 129-39.
142. van Bogaert, P., Wikler, D., Damhaut, P., Szliwowski, H. B., & Goldman, S. (1998). Regional changes in glucose metabolism during brain development from the age of 6 years. NeuroImage, 8, 62-8.
143. van Goozen, S. H., Matthys, W., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Thijssen, J. H. H., & van Engeland, H. (1998). Adrenal androgens and aggression in conduct disorder prepubertal boys and normal controls. Biological Psychiatry, 43, 156-158.
144. van Goozen, S. H., van den Ban, E., Matthys, W., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Thijssen, J. H., & van Engeland, H. (2000). Increased adrenal androgen functioning in children with oppositional defiant disorder: a comparison with psychiatric and normal controls. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1446-51.
145. Vaughn, C. L., Langeral, N. G., & O'Mally, M. J. (2003). Neuromoderation of human locomotion revealed by non-dimensional scaling. Experimental Brain Research, 153, 123-7.
146. Villareal, D. T., & Holloszy, J. O. (2004). Effect of DHEA on abdominal fat and insulin action in elderly women and men: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 292, 2243-8.
147. Vos, M., Lauwers, E., & Verstreker, P. (2010). Synaptic mitochondria in synaptic transmission and organization of vesicle pools in health and disease. Frontiers in Synaptic NeuroScience, 2, 139.
148. Wedl, J. S., Danias, S., Schmeizle, R., & Friedrich, R. E. (2005). Eruption times of permanent teeth in children and young adolescents in Athens (Greece). Clinical Oral Investigation, 9, 131-134.
149. Weise, M., Eisenhofer, G., & Merke, D. P. (2002). Pubertal and gender-related changes in the sympathoadrenal system in healthy children. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 87, 5038-43.
150. Weisfeld, G. E., Czilli, T., Phillips, K. A., Gall, J. A., & Lichtman, C. M. (2003). Possible olfaction-based mechanisms in human kin recognition and inbreeding avoidance. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 85, 279-95.
151. Weisner, T. W. (1984). Ecocultural niches of middle childhood: a cross-cultural perspective. In W. A. Collins (Ed.), Development of middle childhood: the years from Six to Twelve (pp. 335-369). Washington, D. C: National Academy Press.
152. White, S. (1996). The child's entry into the age of reason. In A. H. Sameroff & M. M. Hiath (Eds.), The five to seven year shift: the age of reason and responsibility (pp. 17-32). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
153. Wudy, S. A., Hartmann, M. F., & Remer, T. (2007). Sexual dimorphism in cortisol secretion starts after age 10 in healthy children: urinary cortisol metabolite excretion rates during growth. American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, 293, E970-6.
154. Yamamoto, A., & Ito, M. (1992). Sebaceous gland activity and urinary androgen levels in children. Journal of Dermatological Science, 4, 98-104.
155. Yamamoto, A., & Ito, M. (1994). Wax ester secretion rates and plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels in children. Journal of Dermatology, 21, 59-60.
156. Yamashita, R., Saito, T., Satoh, S., Aoki, K., Kaburagi, Y., & Sekihara, H. (2005). Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone on gluconeogenic enzymes and glucose uptake in human hepatoma cell line, HepG2. Endocrine Journal, 52, 727-33.
157. Yildirim, A. S., Gumus, D., Sahin, Y. N., & Akcay, F. (2003). Dehydroepiandrosterone improves heptic anti-oxidant systems after renal ischema-reperfusion injury in rodents. Annals of Clinical Lab Science, 33, 459-464.
158. Yorek, M. A., Coppey, L. J., Gellett, J. S., Davidson, E. P., Bing, X., Lund, D. D., et al. (2002). Effect of treatment of diabetic rats with dehydroepiandrosterone on vascular and neural function. American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, 283, E1067-75.
159. Zheng, P. (2009). Neuroactive steroid regulation of neurotransmitter release in the CNS: action, mechanism and possible significance. Progress in Neurobiology, 89, 134-52.
160. Ziegler, C. G., Sicard, F., Lattke, P., Bornstein, S. R., Ehrhart-Bornstein, M., & Krug, A. W. (2008). Dehydroepiandrosterone induces a neuroendocrine phenotype in nerve growth factor-stimulated chromaffin pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Endocrinology, 149, 20-28.