Damned if she does, damned if she doesn't: Consequences of accepting versus confronting patronizing help for the female target and male actor

European Journal of Social Psychology

Volumn 41, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 761-773

  Becker, Julia C ^a   Glick, Peter ^b   Ilic, Marie ^c   Bohner, Gerd ^c  

^a PHILIPPS UNIVERSITY MARBURG   (Germany)

^b LAWRENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c BIELEFELD UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 80052938212     PISSN: 00462772     EISSN: 10990992     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.823     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Barreto, M., & Ellemers, N. (2005). The burden of benevolent sexism: How it contributes to the maintenance of gender inequalities. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 633-642.
2. Barreto, M., Ellemers, N., Piebinga, L., & Moya, M. (2010). How nice of us and how dumb of me: The effects of exposure to benevolent sexism on women's task and relational self-descriptions. Sex Roles, 62, 532-544.
3. Becker, J. C., & Wright, S. C. (2011). Yet another dark side of chivalry: Benevolent sexism undermines and hostile sexism motivates collective action for social change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1037/a0022615
4. Blanchard, F. A., Lilly, T., & Vaughn, L. A. (1991). Reducing the expression of racial prejudice. Psychological Science, 2, 101-105.
5. Bohner, G., Ahlborn, K., & Steiner, R. (2010). How sexy are sexist men? Women's perception of male response profiles in the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory. Sex Roles, 62, 568-582.
6. Crandall, C. S., Eshleman, A., & O'Brien, L. T. (2002). Social norms and the expression and suppression of prejudice: The struggle for internalization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 359-378.
7. Dardenne, B., Dumont, M., & Bollier, T. (2007). Insidious dangers of benevolent sexism: Consequences for women's performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 764-779.
8. Deelstra, J. T., Peeters, M. C. W., Schaufeli, W. B., Stroebe, W., Zijlstra, F. R. H., & van Doornen, L. P. (2003). Receiving instrumental support at work: When help is not welcome. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 324-331.
9. Eckes, T., & Six-Materna, I. (1999). Hostilität und Benevolenz: Skala zur Erfassung des Ambivalenten Sexismus [Hostility and benevolence: A scale measuring ambivalent sexism]. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 30, 211-228.
10. Feagin, J. R., & Sikes, M. P. (1994). Living with racism: The black middle-class experience. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
11. Feldman Barrett, L., & Swim, J. K. (1998). Appraisals of prejudice and discrimination. In J. K. Swim, & C. Stangor (Eds.), Prejudice: The target's perspective (pp. 11-36). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
12. Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Glick, P. (2007). First judge warmth, then competence: Fundamental social dimensions. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 77-83.
13. Gilbert, D. T., & Silvera, D. H. (1996). Overhelping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 678-690.
14. Glick, P. (1991). Trait-based and sex-based discrimination in occupational prestige, occupational salary, and hiring. Sex Roles, 25, 351-378.
15. Glick, P., & Fiske S. T. (1996). The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 491-512.
16. Glick, P., Fiske, S. T., Mladinic, A., Saiz, J. L., Abrams, D., Masser, B. et al. (2000). Beyond prejudice as simple antipathy: Hostile and benevolent sexism across cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 763-775.
17. Glick, P., Lameiras, S., Fiske, S. T., Eckes, T., Masser, B., Volpato, C. et al. (2004). Bad but bold: Ambivalent attitudes toward men predict gender inequality in 16 nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 713-728.
18. Glick, P., Zion, C., & Nelson, C. (1988). What mediates sex discrimination in hiring decisions? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 178-186.
19. Graham, S., & Barker, G. P. (1990). The down side up: An attributional-developmental analysis of helping behavior as a low-ability cue. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 7-14.
20. Hopkins, N., Reicher, S., Harrison, K., Cassidy, C., Bull, R., & Levine, M. (2007). Helping to improve the group stereotype: On the strategic dimension of prosocial behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 776-788.
21. Jackman, M. R. (1994). The velvet glove: Paternalism and conflict in gender, class, and race relations. Berkeley: University of California Press.
22. Kaiser, C. R., & Miller, C. T. (2001). Stop complaining! The social costs of making attributions to discrimination. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 254-263.
23. Kervyn, N., Judd, C. M., & Yzerbyt, V. Y. (2009). You want to appear competent? Be mean! You want to appear sociable? Be lazy! Group differentiation and the compensation effect. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 363-367.
24. Kilianski, S. E., & Rudman, L. A. (1998). Wanting it both ways: Do women approve of benevolent sexism? Sex Roles, 39, 333-352.
25. Logel, C., Walton, G. M., Spencer, S. J., Iserman, E. C., von Hippel, W., & Bell, A. E. (2009). Interacting with sexist men triggers social identity threat among female engineers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 1089-1103.
26. Michaelis, U., & Bohner, G. (2005, July). Sexism as a social norm for judgments of rape proclivity and victim blame. In G. Bohner, & B. Krahé (Chairs), Social cognitions about sexual violence. Symposium held at the 14th General Meeting of the European Association of Experimental Social Psychology, Würzburg.
27. Moya, M., Glick, P., Expósito, F., De Lemus, S., & Hart, J. (2007). It's for your own good: benevolent sexism and women's tolerance of paternalistic discrimination by intimate partners. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1421-1434.
28. Nadler, A. (2002). Inter-group helping relations as power relations: Helping relations as affirming or challenging inter-group hierarchy. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 487-503.
29. Nadler, A., & Halabi, S. (2006). Intergroup helping as status relations: Effects of status Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 97-110.
30. Nadler, A., Harpaz-Gorodeisky, G., & Ben-David, Y. (2009). Defensive helping: Threat to group identity, ingroup identification, status stability, and common group identity as determinants or intergroup help-giving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 823-834.
31. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879-891.
32. Prentice, D. A., & Carranza, E. (2002). What women should be, shouldn't be, are allowed to be, and don't have to be: The contents of prescriptive gender stereotypes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26, 269-281.
33. Rosen, S., Mickler, S. E., & Collins, J. E. (1987). Reactions to would-be helpers whose offer of help is spurned. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 288-297.
34. Rudman, L. A. (1998). Self-promotion as a risk factor for women: The costs and benefits of counterstereotypical impression management. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 629-645.
35. Rudman, L. A., & Glick, P. (1999). Feminized management and backlash toward agentic women: The hidden costs to women of a kinder, gendler image of middle-managers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1004-1010.
36. Rudman, L. A., & Goodwin, S. A. (2004). Gender differences in automatic in-group bias: Why do women like women more than men like men? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 494-509.
37. Schneider, M. E., Major, B., Luhtanen, R., & Crocker, J. (1996). Social stigma and the potential costs of assumptive help. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 201-209.
38. Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7, 422-445.
39. Swim, J. K., Eyssell, K. M., Murdoch, E. Q., & Ferguson, M. J. (2010). Self-silencing to sexism. Journal of Social Issues, 66, 493-507.
40. Swim, J. K., & Hyers, L. L. (1999). Excuse me-what did you just say?!: Women's public and private responses to sexist remarks. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 68-88.
41. Swim, J. K., Mallett, R., Russo-Devosa, Y., & Stangor, C. (2005). Judgments of sexism. A comparison of the subtlety of sexism measures and sources of variability in judgments of sexism. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29, 406-411.
42. Vandello, J. A., Bosson, J. K., Cohen, D., Burnaford, R. M., & Weaver, J. R. (2008). Precarious manhood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1325-1339.
43. Van Leeuwen, E., & Täuber, S. (2011). Demonstrating knowledge: the effects of group status on outgroup helping. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 147-156.
44. Vescio, T. K., Gervais, S., Snyder, M., & Hoover, A. (2005). Power and the creation of patronizing environments: The stereotype-based behaviors of the powerful and their effects on female performance in masculine domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 658-672.
45. Woodzicka, J. A., & LaFrance, M. (2001). Real Versus Imagined Gender Harassment. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 15-30.