Metric variation and species recognition in the fossil record

Evolutionary Anthropology

Volumn 10, Issue 6, 2001, Pages 204-222

  Plavcan, J Michael ^a   Cope, Dana A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS   (United States)

^b School of Business   (United States)

Author keywords

Coefficient of variation; Fligner Killeen test; Levine's test; Primates; Species recognition; Variation

Indexed keywords

AUSTRALOPITHECUS; HOMINIDAE; HOMO; PRIMATES; PROCONSUL;

EID: 0035528275     PISSN: 10601538     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/evan.20001     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Simpson GG, Roe A, Lewontin RC. 1960. Quantitative zoology. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co.
2. Pilbeam DR, Zwell M. 1972. The single species hypothesis, sexual dimorphism, and variability in early hominids. Yearbook Phys Anthropol 16: 69-79.
3. Richmond BG, Jungers WL. 1995. Size variation and sexual dimorphism in Australopithecus afarensis and living hominoids. J Hum Evol 29: 229-245.
4. Lockwood CA, Richmond BG, Jungers WL, Kimbel WH. 1996. Randomization procedures and sexual dimorphism in Australopithecus afarensis. J Hum Evol 31:537-548.
5. Wood B. 1993. Early Homo: how many species? In: Kimbel WH, Martin LB, editors. Species, species concepts, and primate evolution. New York: Plenum Press. p 485-522.
6. Kramer A, Donnelly SM, Kidder JH, Ousley SD, Olah SM. 1995. Craniometric variation in large-bodied hominoids: testing the single-species hypothesis for Homo habilis. J Hum Evol 29:443-462.
7. Miller JMA. 1991. Does brain size variability provide evidence of multiple species in Homo habilis? Am J Phys Anthropol 84:385-398.
8. Miller JMA. 1995. Craniofacial variation in Homo habilis: a multivariate comparison of KNM-ER 1470 and KNM-ER 1813. Am J Phys Anthropol 20(suppl):290.
9. Miller JMA. 2000. Craniofacial variation in Homo habilis: an analysis of the evidence for multiple species. Am J Phys Anthropol 112:103-128.
10. Pickford M. 1986. Sexual dimorphism in Proconsul. In: Pickford M, Chiarelli B, editors. Sexual dimorphism in living and fossil primates. Firenze: Il Sedicesimo. p 133-170.
11. Pickford M, Senut B, Gommery D. 1999. Sexual dimorphism in Morotopithecus bishopi, an early Middle Miocene hominoid from Uganda, and a reassessment of its geological and biological contexts. In: Andrews PM, Banham P, editors. Late Cenozoic environments and hominid evolution: a tribute to Bill Bishop. Geological Society: London, p 27-38.
12. Kelley J. 1986. Species recognition and sexual dimorphism in Proconsul and Rangwapithecus. J Hum Evol 15:461-495.
13. Teaford MF, Walker A, Mugaisi GS. 1993. Species discrimination in Proconsul from Rusinga and Mfangano Islands, Kenya. In: Kimbel WH, Martin LB, editors. Species, species concepts, and primate evolution. New York: Plenum Press. p 373-392.
14. Simpson GG. 1961. Principals of animal taxonomy. New York: Columbia University Press.
15. Gingerich PD. 1974. Size variability of the teeth in living mammals and the diagnosis of related sympatric fossil species. J Paleontol 48: 895-903.
16. Kelley J, Plavcan JM. 1998. A simulation test of hominoid species number at Lufeng, China: implications for the use of the coefficient of variation in paleotaxonomy. J Hum Evol 35:577-596.
17. Cope DA. 1989. Systematic variation in Cercopithecus dental samples. Ph.D. thesis, The University of Texas, Austin.
18. Cope DA. 1993. Measures of dental variation as indicators of multiple taxa in samples of sympatric Cercopithecus species. In: Kimbel WH, Martin LB, editors. Species, species concepts, and primate evolution. New York: Plenum Press. p 211-237.
19. Plavcan JM. 1993. Catarrhine dental variability and species recognition in the fossil record. In: Kimbel WH, Martin LB, editors. Species, species concepts, and primate evolution. New York: Plenum Press. p 239-263.
20. Plavcan JM. 1994. Comparison of four simple methods for estimating sexual dimorphism in fossils. Am J Phys Anthropol 94:465-476.
21. Cope DA, Lacy MG. 1992. Falsification of a single species hypothesis using the coefficient of variation: a simulation approach. Am J Phys Anthropol 89:359-387.
22. Cope DA, Lacy MG. 1995. Comparative application of the coefficient of variation and range-based statistics for assessing the taxonomic composition of fossil samples. J Hum Evol 29:549-576.
23. Donnelly SM, Kramer A. 1999. Testing for multiple species in fossil samples: an evaluation and comparison of tests for equal relative variation. Am J Phys Anthropol 108:507-529.
24. Godfrey LR, Lyon SK, Sutherland MR. 1993. Sexual dimorphism in large bodied primates: the case of the subfossil lemurs. Am J Phys Anthropol 90:315-334.
25. Josephson SC, Juell KE, Rogers AR. 1996. Estimating sexual dimorphism by method-of-moments. Am J Phys Anthropol 100:191-206.
26. Rehg JA, Leigh SR. 1999. Estimating sexual dimorphism and size differences in the fossil record: a test of methods. Am J Phys Anthropol 110:95-104.
27. Albrecht GH, Miller JMA. 1997. Variability profiles in fossil studies: the case of Homo habilis. Am J Phys Anthropol 24(suppl):65.
28. Sokal RR, Braumann CA. 1980. Significance tests for coefficients of variation and variability profiles. Syst Zool 29:50-63.
29. Albrecht GH. 1992. Assessing the affinities of fossils using canonical variates and generalized distances. Hum Evol 7:49-69.
30. Miller JMA, Albrecht GH, Gelvin BR. 1998. A hierarchical analysis of craniofacial variation in Homo habilis compared to a modern human analog. Am J Phys Anthropol 26(suppl):163.
31. Kramer A, Konigsberg LW. 1999. Recognizing species diversity among large-bodied hominoids: a simulation test using missing data finite mixture analysis. J Hum Evol 36:409-421.
32. Lague MR. 1999. Morphometric analysis of hominoid distal femora: an evaluation of the single-species hypothesis for Hadar hominids. Am J Phys Anthropol 28(suppl):177-178.
33. Polly PD. 1998. Variability in mammalian dentitions: size-related bias in the coefficient of variation. Biol J Linn Soc 64:83-99.
34. Albrecht GH, Miller JMA. 1993. Geographic variation in primates: a review with implications for interpreting fossils. In: Kimbel WH, Martin LB, editors. Species, species concepts, and primate evolution. New York: Plenum Press. p 123-161.
35. Lockwood CA, Kimbel WH, Johanson DC. 2000. Temporal trends and metric variation in the mandibles and dentition of Australopithecus afarensis. J Hum Evol 38:23-55.
36. Gingerich PD. 1985. Species in the fossil record: concepts, trends, and transitions. Paleo-biology 11:27-41.
37. Martin LB. 1991. Teeth, sex and species. Nature 352:111-112.
38. Godfrey L, Marks J. 1991. The nature and origins of primate species. Yearbook Phys Anthropol 34:39-68.
39. Bown TM, Rose KD. 1987. Patterns of dental evolution in early Eocene anaptomorphine primates (Omomyidae) from the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. Paleontol Soc Mem 23 (J Paleontol 61, Suppl. to No 5):1-162.
40. Rose KD, Bown T. 1993. Species concepts and species recognition in Eocene primates. In: Kimbel WH, Martin LB, editors. Species, species concepts, and primate evolution. New York: Plenum Press. p 299-330.
41. Tattersall I. 1993. Speciation and morphological differentiation in the genus Lemur. In: Kimbel WH, Martin LB, editors. Species, species concepts, and primate evolution. New York: Plenum Press. p 163-176.
42. Tattersall I. 1986. Species recognition in human paleontology. J Hum Evol 15:165-176.
43. Kelley J. 1993. Taxonomic implications of sexual dimorphism in Lufengpithecus. In: Kimbel WH, Martin LB, editors. Species, species concepts, and primate evolution. New York: Plenum Press. p 429-458.
44. Mayr E. 1970. Populations, species, and evolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
45. Krishtalka L. 1993. Anagenetic angst: species boundaries in Eocene primates. In: Kimbel WH, Martin LB, editors. Species, species concepts, and primate evolution. New York: Plenum Press. p 331-344.
46. Wolpoff MH. 1971. Interstitial wear. Am J Phys Anthropol 34:205-228.
47. Yablokov AV. 1974. Variability of mammals. New Dehli: Amerind Publishing Company.
48. Ross C, Williams B, Kay RF. 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of anthropoid relationships. J Hum Evol 35:221-306.
49. Kappeler PM. 1991. Patterns of sexual dimorphism in body weight among prosimian primates. Folia Primatol 57:132-146.
50. Zihlman AL. 1985. Australopithecus afarensis: two sexes or two species? In: Tobias PV, editor. Hominoid evolution: past, present, and future. New York: Alan R. Liss. p 213-220.
51. Jolly CJ. 1993. Species, subspecies, and baboon systematics. In: Kimbel WH, Martin LB, editors. Species, species concepts, and primate evolution. New York: Plenum Press. p 67-107.
52. Shea BT, Leigh SR, Groves CP. 1993. Multivariate craniometric variation in chimpanzees: implications for species identification in paleo-anthropology. In: Kimbel WH, Martin LB, editors. Species, species concepts, and primate evolution. New York: Plenum Press. p 265-296.
53. Costello RK, Dickinson C, Rosenberger AL, Boinski S, Szalay FS. 1993. Squirrel monkey (genus Saimiri) taxonomy: a multidisciplinary study of the biology of species. In: Kimbel WH, Martin LB, editors. Species, species concepts, and primate evolution. New York: Plenum Press. p 177-210.
54. Olsen TR. 1985. Cranial morphology and systematics of the Hadar Formation hominids and "Australopithecus" africanus. In: Delson E, editor. Ancestors: the hard evidence. New York: Alan R. Liss. p 102-119.
55. Senut B, Tardieu C. 1985. Functional aspects of PlioPleistocene hominid limb bones: implications for taxonomy and phylogeny. In: Delson E, editor. Ancestors, the hard evidence. New York: Alan R. Liss. p 193-201.
56. Hartwig-Scherer S. 1993. Body weight prediction in early fossil hominids: toward a taxon-"independent" approach. Am J Phys Anthropol 92:17-36.
57. Kimbel WL, White TD, Johanson DC. 1985. Craniodental morphology of the hominids from Hadar and Laetoli: evidence of "Paranthropus" and Homo in the mid-Pliocene of eastern Africa? In: Delson E, editor. Ancestors: the hard evidence. New York: Alan R. Liss. p 120-137.
58. Cole TM, Smith FH. 1987. An odontometric assessment of variability in Australopithecus afarensis. Hum Evol 2:221-234.
59. Kimbel WH, White TD. 1988. Variation, sexual dimorphism and the taxonomy of Australopithecus. In: Grine FE, editor. Evolutionary history of the "robust" australopithecines. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. p 175-192.
60. Wu R, Oxnard CE. 1983. Ramapithecus and Sivapithecus from China: some implications for higher primate evolution. Am J Primatol 5:303-344.
61. Kelley J, Etler D. 1989. Hominoid dental variability and species number at the late Miocene site of Lufeng, China. Am J Primatol 18:15-34.
62. Kelley J, Xu Q. 1991. Extreme sexual dimorphism in a Miocene hominoid. Nature 352:151-153.
63. Kay RF. 1982. Sivapithecus simonsi, a new species of Miocene hominoid with comments on the phylogenetic status of the Ramapithecinae. Int J Primatol 3:113-173.
64. rd ed. New York: WH Freeman.
65. Lewontin RC. 1966. On the measurement of relative variability. Syst Zool 15:141-142.
66. Pearson ES. 1926. A further note on the distribution of range in samples taken from a normal population. Biometrika 18:173-194.
67. Foote M. 1993. Human cranial variability: a methodological comment. Am J Phys Anthropol 90:377-379.
68. Levine H. 1960. Robust tests for equality of variances. In: Olkin I, editor. Contributions to probability and statistics. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p 278-292.
69. Schultz B. 1985. Levine's test for relative variation. Syst Zool 34:449-456.
70. Strait DS, Moniz MA, Strait PT. 1996. Finite mixture coding: a new approach to coding continuous characters. Syst Biol 45:67-78.
71. Manly BFJ. 1991. Randomization and monte carlo methods in biology. New York: Chapman and Hall.
72. Vitzhum VJ. 1984. Odontometric variation within and between taxonomic levels of Cercopithecidae: implications for interpretations of fossil samples. Hum Evol 5:359-374.
73. Benefit BR. 1994. The permanent dentition and phylogenetic position of Victoriapithecus from Moboko Island, Kenya. J Hum Evol 25:83-172.
74. Gingerich PD, Schoeninger MJ. 1979. Patterns of tooth size variability in the dentition of primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 51:457-466.
75. rd ed. New York: WH Freeman.
76. Plavcan JM. 1990. Sexual dimorphism in the dentition of extant anthropoid primates. Ph.D. dissertation. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms.