Phylogeny of the carnivora: Basal relationships among the carnivoramorphans, and assessment of the position of ‘miacoidea’ relative to carnivora

Journal of Systematic Palaeontology

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 1-28

  Wesley Hunt, Gina D ^a,b,c   Flynn, John J ^b,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^b FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY   (United States)

^c SWEDISH MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY   (Sweden)

^d DIVISION OF INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Auditory region; Basicranium; Miacidae; Morphology; O dectes; Viverravidae

Indexed keywords

EID: 19044391471     PISSN: 14772019     EISSN: 14780941     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1477201904001518     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Alexander, J. P., and Burger, B. J., 2001. “ Stratigraphy and taphonomy of Grizzly Buttes, Bridger Formation, Middle Eocene of Wyoming ”. In Eocene biodiversity., Edited by:Gunnell, G.F. 165–196. New York:Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishing.
2. Baskin, J. A., 1982. Tertiary Procyoninae (Mammalia:Carnivora) of North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 2:71–94.
3. Baskin, J. A.. 1998. “ Mustelidae ”. In Evolution of Tertiary mammals of North America. Volume 1:Terrestrial carnivores, ungulates and ungulatelike mammals., Edited by:Janis, C. M, Scott, K. M, and Jacobs, L. L. Volume 1, 152–173. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
4. Berta, A., 1994. New specimens of the pinnipediform Pteronarctos from the Miocene of Oregon. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleontology, 78:1–30.
5. Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P., Gittleman, J. L., and Purvis, A., 1999. Building large trees by combining phylogenetic information:a complete phylogeny of the extant Carnivora (Mammalia). Biological Reviews, 74:143–175.
6. Bryant, H. N., 1991. Phylogenetic relationships and systematics of the Nimravidae (Carnivora). Journal of Mammalogy, 72:56–78.
7. Baskin, J. A.. 1996. Explicitness, stability, and universality in the phylogenetic definition and usage of taxon names:a case study of the phylogenetic taxonomy of the Carnivora (Mammalia). Systematic Biology, 45:174–189.
8. Flower, W. H., 1869. On the value of the characters of the base of the cranium on the classification of the order Carnivora, and on the systematic position of Bassaris and other disputed forms. Proceedings from the Zoological Society of London,:4–37.
9. Flynn, J. J., 1996. “ Carnivoran phylogeny and rates of evolution:morphological, taxonomic, and molecular ”. In Carnivore behavior, ecology, and evolution, Edited by:Gittleman, J. L. vol. 2, 542–581. Ithaca:Cornell University Press.
10. Baskin, J. A.. 1998. “ Early Cenozoic Carnivora ('Miacoidea') ”. In Evolution of Tertiary mammals of North America. Volume 1:Terrestrial carnivores, ungulates and ungulatelike mammals., Edited by:Janis, C. M, Scott, K. M, and Jacobs, L. L. 110–123. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
11. Baskin, J. A. and Galiano, H., 1982. Phylogeny of early Tertiary Carnivora, with a description of a new species of Protictis from the middle Eocene of northwestern Wyoming. American Museum Novitates, 2725:1–64.
12. Baskin, J. A. and Nedbal, M. A., 1998. Phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia):congruence vs incompatibility among multiple data sets. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 9:414–426.
13. Baskin, J. A. and Wesley-Hunt, G. D., 2005. “ Phylogeny and early diversification of the Carnivora ”. In The rise of placental mammals:origins and relationships of the major extant clades, Edited by:Archibald, J. D, and Rose, K. Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press. (In press)
14. Baskin, J. A., Neff, N. A., and Tedford, R. H., 1988. “ Phylogeny of the Carnivora ”. In The Phylogeny and classification of the Tetrapods:Mammals, Edited by:Benton, M. J. Volume 2, 73–116. Oxford:Clarendon Press.
15. Baskin, J. A., Nedbal, M. A., Dragoo, J. W., and Honeycutt, R. L., 2000. Whence the red panda?. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 17:190–199.
16. Baskin, J. A., Finarelli, J. A., Zehr, S., Hsu, J., and Nedbal, M. A., 2005. Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia):Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships. Systematic Biology, (In press)
17. Fox, R. C., and Youzwyshyn, G. P., 1994. New primitive carnivorans (Mammalia) from the Paleocene of western Canada, and their bearing on relationships of the order. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 14:382–404.
18. Gaubert, P., and Véron, G., 2003. Exhaustive sample set among Viverridae reveals the sister-group of felids:the linsangs as a case of extreme morphological convergence within Feliformia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 270:2523–2530.
19. Gingerich, P. D., and Winkler, D. A., 1985. Systematics of Paleocene Viver-ravidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) in the Bighorn Basin and Clak's Fork Basin, Wyoming. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, The University of Michigan, 27:87–128.
20. Gregory, W. K., and Hellman, M., 1939. On the evolution and major classification of the Civets (Viverridae) and allied fossil and Recent Carnivora:a phylogenetic study of the skull and dentition. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 81:309–392.
21. Gunnell, G.F., 1998. “ Creodonta ”. In Evolution of Tertiary mammals of North America. Volume 1:Terrestrial carnivores, ungulates and ungulatelike mammals., Edited by:Janis, C. M, Scott, K. M, and Jacobs, L. L. 91–109. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
22. Baskin, J. A. and Bartels, W. S., 1994. Early Bridgerian (middle Eocene) vertebrate paleontology and paleoecology of the southern Green River Basin, Wyoming. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 30:57–79.
23. Guthrie, D. A., 1967. The mammalian fauna of the Lysite Member, Wind River Formation, (early Eocene) of Wyoming. Memoirs of the Southernz California Academy of Sciences, 5:1–53.
24. Hauser, D. L., and Presch, W., 1991. The effect of ordered characters on phylogenetic reconstruction. Cladistics, 7:243–265.
25. Heinrich, R. E., 1997. Referral of Miacis jepseni Guthrie to Oodectes Wortman, and an assessment of phylogenetic relationships among early Eocene Miacidae (Mammalia:Carnivora). Journal of Paleontology, 71:1172–1178.
26. Hunt, R. M., Jr. 1974. The auditory bulla in Carnivora:an anatomical basis for reappraisal of carnivore evolution. Journal of Morphology, 143:1031–1047.
27. Baskin, J. A.. 1977. Basicranial anatomy of Cynelos Jourdan (Mammalia:Carnivora), an Aquitanian amphicyonid from the Allier Basin, France. Journal of Paleontology, 51:826–843.
28. Baskin, J. A.. 1987. Evolution of the aeluroid Carnivora:significance of auditory structure in the nimravid cat Dinictis. American Museum Novitates, 2886:1–74.
29. Baskin, J. A.. 1989. Evolution of the aeluroid Carnivora:significance of the ventral promontorial process of the petrosal, and the origin of basicranial patterns in the living families. American Museum Novitates, 2930:1–32.
30. Baskin, J. A.. 1991. Evolution of the aeluroid Carnivora:viverrid affinities of the Miocene carnivoran Herpestides. American Museum Novitates, 3023:1–34.
31. Baskin, J. A.. 1996. “ Biogeography of the Order Carnivora ”. In Carnivore behavior, ecology, and evolution, Edited by:Gittleman, J. Volume 2, 485–541. Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press.
32. Baskin, J. A.. 1998. Evolution of the aeluroid Carnivora:diversity of the earliest aeluroids from Eurasia (Quercy, Hsanda-Gol) and the origin of Felids. American Museum Noviates, 3252:1–65.
33. Baskin, J. A.. 1998. Evolution of the aeluroid Carnivora:diversity of the earliest aeluroids from Eurasia (Quercy, Hsanda-Gol) and the origin of Felids. American Museum Noviates, 3252:1–65.
34. Baskin, J. A. and Tedford, R. H., 1993. “ Phylogenetic relationships within the aeluroid Carnivora and implications of their temporal and geographic distribution ”. In Mammal phylogeny:placentals, Edited by:Szalay, F. S, Novacek, M. J, and McKenna, M. C. Volume 2, 53–74. New York:Springer-Verlag.
35. Ivanoff, D. V., 2001. Partitions in the carnivoran auditory bulla:their formation and significance for systematics. Mammal Review, 31:1–16.
36. Kretzoi, M., 1945. Bemerkungen über das Raubtiersystem. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, Budapest, 38:59–83.
37. Lee, D.-C., and Bryant, H. N., 1999. A reconsideration of the coding of inapplicable characters:assumptions and problems. Cladistics, 15:373–378.
38. Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema Naturae, 10th ed., 824Stockholm:Laurentii Salvii.
39. Macintyre, G. T., and Guthrie, D. A., 1979. Paeneprolimnocyon Guthrie, 1967. a junior synonym of Oödectes Wortman, 1901. Journal of Paleontology, 53:1034–1036.
40. MacPhee, R. D. E., 1981. Auditory regions of Primates and Eutherian Insectivores, morphology, ontogeny, and character analysis., 282New York:S. Karger.
41. Baskin, J. A. and Novacek, M. J., 1993. “ Definition and relationships of Lipotyphla ”. In Mammal phylogeny:placentals, Edited by:Szalay, F. S, Novacek, M. J, and McKenna, M. C. Volume 2, 13–31. New York:Springer-Verlag.
42. Maddison, W. P., 1993. Missing data versus missing characters in phylogenetic analysis. Systematic Biology, 42:576–581.
43. Matthew, W. D., 1909. The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, 9:289–567.
44. Neff, N. A., 1983. The basicranial anatomy of the Nimravidae (Mammalia:Carnivora):Character analyses and phylogenetic inferences., 643City University of New York. PhD Thesis
45. Novacek, M. J., 1986. The skull of leptictid insectivorans and the higher-level classification of Eutherian mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 183:1–111.
46. Baskin, J. A.. 1992. Mammalian phylogeny:shaking the tree. Nature, 356:121–125.
47. Polly, P. D., 1996. The skeleton of Gazinocyon vulpeculus gen. et comb. nov. and the cladistic relationships of Hyaenodontidae (Eutheria, Mammalia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16:303–319.
48. Baskin, J. A.. 1997. Ancestry and species definition in paleontology:a stratocladistic analysis of Paleocene-Eocene Viverravidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Wyoming. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, The University of Michigan, 30:1–53.
49. Sanderson, M. J., and Donoghue, M. J., 1989. Patterns of variation in levels of homoplasy. Evolution, 43:1781–1795.
50. Simpson, G. G., 1945. The principles of classification of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 85:1–350.
51. Slowinski, J. B., 1993. ‘Unordered’ versus ‘ordered’ characters. Systematic Biology, 42:155–165.
52. Strong, E. E., and Lipscomb, D., 1999. Character coding and inapplicable data. Cladistics, 15:363–371.
53. Swofford, D. L., 1998. PAUP*. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods)., Sunderland, MA:Sinauer Associates.
54. Turner, H. N., 1848. Observations on some of the foramina at the base of the skull in Mammalia, and on the classification of the Order Carnivora. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 16:63–88.
55. van Valkenburgh, B., 1999. Major patterns in the history of carnivorous mammals. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science, 27:463–493.
56. Veron, G., 1995. La position systematique de Cryptoprocta ferox (Carnivora). Analyse cladistique des charactères morphologiques de carnivores Aeluroidea actuels et fossiles. Mammalia, 59:551–582.
57. Baskin, J. A. and Catzeflis, F. M., 1993. Phylogenetic relationships of the endemic Malagasy carnivore Cryptoprocta ferox (Aeluroidea):DNA/DNA hybridization experiments. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 1:169–185.
58. Wang, X., 1994. Phylogenetic systematics of the Hesperocyoninae (Carnivora:Canidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 221:1–207.
59. Baskin, J. A. and Tedford, R. H., 1994. Basicranial anatomy and phylogeny of primitive canids and closely related miacids (Carnivora:Mammalia). American Museum Novitates, 3092:1–34.
60. Werdelin, L., 1996. “ Carnivoran ecomorphology:a phylogenetic perspective ”. In Carnivore behavior, ecology and evolution, Edited by:Gittleman, J. L. Volume 2, 582–624. Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press.
61. Baskin, J. A. and Solounias, N., 1991. The Hyaenidae:taxonomy, systematics and evolution. Fossils and Strata, 30:1–104.
62. Wesley, G. D., and Flynn, J. J., 2003. A revision of Tapocyon, including analysis of the first cranial specimens, identification of a new species, and implications for the phylogeny of basal Carnivora. Journal of Paleontology, 77:769–783.
63. Wibble, J. R., 1983. The internal carotid artery in early eutherians. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 28:281–293.
64. Baskin, J. A.. 1986. Transformations in the extracranial course of the internal carotid artery in Mammalian phylogeny. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 6:313–325.
65. Wolsan, M., 1993. Phylogeny and classification of early European Mustel-ida (Mammalia:Carnivora). Acta Theriologica, 38:345–384.
66. Wortman, J. L., 1901. Studies of Eocene Mammalia in the Marsh Collection, Peabody Museum. Part 1. Carnivora. American Journal of Science, 11:1–145.
67. Wyss, A. R., and Flynn, J. J., 1993. “ A phylogenetic analysis and definition of the Carnivora ”. In Mammal phylogeny:placentals, Edited by:Szalay, F. S, Novacek, M. J, and McKenna, M. C. Volume 2, 32–52. New York:Springer-Verlag.
68. Yoder, A. D., and Flynn, J. J., 2003. “ Origin of Malagasy Carnivora ”. In The Natural History of Madagascar., Edited by:Goodman, S. M, and Benstead, J. 1253–1256. Chicago, IL:University of Chicago Press.
69. Baskin, J. A., Burns, M. M., Zehr, S., Delefosse, T., Veron, G., Goodman, S. M., and Flynn, J. J., 2003. Single origin of Malagasy Carnivora from an African ancestor. Nature, 421:734–737.