Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae: Resolving relationships, tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation

BMC Biology

Volumn 6, Issue , 2008, Pages

  Koepfli, Klaus Peter ^a   Deere, Kerry A ^a   Slater, Graham J ^a   Begg, Colleen ^b   Begg, Keith ^b   Grassman, Lon ^c   Lucherini, Mauro ^d   Veron, Geraldine ^e   Wayne, Robert K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b Texas A and M University Kingsville ^*  (South Africa)

^c TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY KINGSVILLE   (United States)

^d UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SUR   (Argentina)

^e MUSÉUM NATIONAL D'HISTOIRE NATURELLE   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE RADIATION; AFRICA; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; BAYES THEOREM; BIOGEOGRAPHY; CLADOGENESIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; FOSSIL; GENETIC VARIABILITY; MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD METHOD; MUSTELIDAE; NEOGENE; NONHUMAN; NORTH AMERICA; PALEOENVIRONMENT; PHENOTYPIC VARIATION; PHYLOGENY; POPULATION DISPERSAL; SOUTH AMERICA; ANIMAL; CLASSIFICATION; DNA SEQUENCE; ECOLOGY; GENETICS; MULTIGENE FAMILY; SPECIES DIFFERENTIATION; STATISTICAL MODEL;

CARNIVORA; LUTRINAE; MAMMALIA; MUSTELIDAE; TAXIDIINAE; VERTEBRATA;

ANIMALS; BAYES THEOREM; ECOLOGY; GENETIC SPECIATION; LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS; MULTIGENE FAMILY; MUSTELIDAE; PHYLOGENY; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA; VARIATION (GENETICS);

EID: 41549131274     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17417007     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-6-10     Document Type: Article

References (156)

1. Scott WB A History of Land Mammals in the Western Hemisphere New York: Macmillan 1937
2. Schluter D The Ecology of Adaptive Radiation Oxford: Oxford University Press 2000
3. Givnish TJ Sytsma KJ Molecular Evolution and Adaptive Radiation Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1997
4. Pocock RI On the external characters and classification of the Mustelidae Proc Zool Soc Lond 1921, 1921:803-837.
5. Simpson GG The principles of classification and a classification of mammals Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 1945, 85:1-350
6. Losos JB Jackman TR Larson A de Queiroz K Rodriguez-Schettino L Contingency and determinism in replicated adaptive radiations of island lizards Science 1998, 279:2115-2118. 10.1126/science.279.5359.2115 9516114
7. Wozencraft WC Order Carnivora Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press Wilson DE, Reeder DM 3 2005, 279-348.
8. Bryant HN Russell FLS AP Fitch WD Phylogenetic relationships within the extant Mustelidae (Carnivora): Appraisal of the cladistic status of the Simpsonian subfamilies Zool J Linn Soc 1993, 108:301-334. 10.1006/ zjls.1993.1028
9. Dragoo JW Honeycutt RL Systematics of mustelid-like carnivores J Mammal 1997, 78:426-443. 10.2307/1382896
10. Flynn JJ Finarelli JA Zehr S Hsu J Nedbal MA Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships Syst Biol 2005, 54:317-337. 10.1080/ 10635150590923326 16012099
11. Fulton TL Strobeck C Molecular phylogeny of the Arctoidea (Carnivora): effect of missing data on supertree and supermatrix analyses of multiple gene data sets Mol Phylogenet Evol 2006, 41:165-181. 10.1016/ j.ympev.2006.05.025 16814570
12. Koepfli K-P Wayne RK Phylogenetic relationships of otters (Carnivora: Mustelidae) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences J Zool (Lond) 1998, 246:401-416. 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00172.x
13. Koepfli K-P Wayne RK Type-1 STS markers are more informative than cytochrome b in phylogenetic estimation of the Mustelidae (Mammalia: Carnivora) Syst Biol 2003, 52:571-593. 10.1080/10635150390235368 14530127
14. Sato JJ Hosoda T Wolsan M Tsuchiya K Yamamoto Y Suzuki H Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among mustelids (Mammalia: Carnivora) based on nucleotide sequences of the nuclear interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein and mitochondrial cytochrome b genes Zool Sci 2003, 20:243-264. 10.2108/zsj.20.243 12655187
15. Sato JJ Hosoda T Wolsan M Suzuki H Molecular phylogeny of arctoids (Mammalia: Carnivora) with emphasis on phylogenetic and taxonomic positions of ferret-badgers and skunks Zool Sci 2004, 21:111-118. 10.2108/zsj.21.111 14745111
16. Sato JJ Wolsan M Suzuki H Hosoda T Yamaguchi Y Hiyama K Kobayashi M Minami S Evidence from nuclear DNA sequences sheds light on the phylogenetic relationships of Pinnipedia: Single origin with affinity to Musteloidea Zool Sci 2006, 23:125-146. 10.2108/zsj.23.125 16603806
17. Marmi J López-Giráldez JF Domingo-Roura X Phylogeny, evolutionary history and taxonomy of the Mustelidae based on sequences of the cytochrome b gene and a complex repetitive flanking region Zool Scr 2004, 33:481-499. 10.1111/j.0300-3256.2004.00165.x
18. Wolsan M Oldest mephitine cranium and its implications for the origin of skunks Acta Palaeontol Pol 1999, 44:223-230.
19. Tedford RH Albright LB III Barnosky AD Ferrusquia-Villafranca I Hunt RM Jr Storer JE Swisher CC III Voorhies MR Webb SD Whistler DP Mammalian biochronology of the Arikareean through Hemphilian interval (Late Oligocene through Early Pliocene epochs Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic mammals of North America New York: Columbia University Press Woodburne MO 2004, 169-231.
20. Baskin JA Mustelidae Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Janis CM, Scott KM, Jacobs LL 1998, 1:152-173.
21. Schmidt-Kittler N Zur Stammesgeschichte der mardervervandten Raubtiergruppen (Musteloidea, Carnivora) Ecologae Geol Helv 1981, 74:753-801.
22. Wolsan M Phylogeny and classification of early European Mustelida (Mammalia: Carnivora) Acta Theriol 1993, 38:345-384.
23. Hunt RM Jr Biogeography of the Order Carnivora Carnivore Behavior, Ecology and Evolution Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press Gittleman JL 1996, 2:485-541.
24. Wang X Zhanxiang Q Wang B A new leptarctine (Carnivora: Mustelidae) from the Early Miocene of the northern Tibetan Plateau: Implications for the phylogeny and zoogeography of basal mustelids Zool J Linn Soc 2004, 142:405-421. 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00135.x
25. Wang X McKenna MC Dashzeveg D Amphicticeps and Amphicynodon (Arctiodea, Carnivora) from Hsanda Gol Formation, central Mongolia and phylogeny of basal arctoids with comments on zoogeography Am Mus Novit 2005, 3483:1-57. 10.1206/0003-0082(2005)483[0001:AAAACF]2.0.CO;2
26. Bell CJ Lundelius EL Barnosky AD Graham RW Lindsay EH Ruez DR Jr Semken HA Jr Webb SD Zakrzewski RJ The Blancan, Irvingtonian, and Rancholabrean mammal ages Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America New York: Columbia University Press Woodburne MO 2004, 232-314.
27. Rozenzweig ML Community structure in sympatric Carnivora J Mammal 1966, 47:602-612. 10.2307/1377891
28. Dayan T Simberloff D Tchernov E Yom-Tov Y Inter- and intraspecific character displacement in mustelids Ecology 1989, 70:1526-1539. 10.2307/ 1938210
29. McDonald RA Resource partitioning among British and Irish mustelids J Anim Ecol 2002N, 71:185-200. 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2002.00588.x
30. Brooks DR McLennan DA The Nature of Diversity: An Evolutionary Voyage of Discovery Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press 2002.
31. Webb CO Ackerly DD McPeek MA Donoghue MJ Phylogenies and community ecology Annu Rev Ecol Syst 2002, 33:475-505. 10.1146/ annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150448
32. Mercer JM Roth VL The effects of Cenozoic global change on squirrel phylogeny Science 2003, 299:1568-1572. 10.1126/science.1079705 12595609
33. Kurose N Abramov AV Masuda R Intrageneric diversity of the cytochrome b gene and phylogeny of the Euarasin species of the genus Mustela (Mustelidae, Carnivora) Zool Sci 2000, 17:673-679. 10.2108/zsj.17.673
34. Youngman PM Distribution and systematics of the European mink Mustela lutreola Linnaeus 1761 Acta Zool Fenn 1982, 166:1-48.
35. Abramov AV A taxonomic review of the genus Mustela (Mammalia, Carnivora) Zoosyst Rossica 1999, 8:357-364.
36. Larivière S Poecilogale albinucha Mammal Sp 2001, 681:1-4. 10.1644/1545-1410(2001)681<0001:PA>2.0.CO;2
37. Larivière S Ictonyx striatus Mammal Sp 2002, 698:1-5. 10.1644/ 1545-1410(2002)698<0001:IS>2.0.CO;2
38. Yensen E Tarifa T Galictis vittata Mammal Sp 2003, 727:1-8. 10.1644/727
39. Gorsuch WA Larivière S Vormela peregusna Mammal Sp 2005, 779:1-5. 10.1644/779.1
40. Rozhnov VV Meshcersky IG Kholodova MV Molecular genetic study of marbled polecat (Vormela peregusna, Carnivora: Mustelidae) Dokl Biol Sci 2006, 407:169-172. 10.1134/S0012496606020165 16739485
41. Hosoda T Suzuki H Harada M Tsuchiya K Han S.-H Zhang Y-P Kryukov AP Lin L-K Evolutionary trends of the mitochondrial lineage differentiation in species of genera Martes and Mustela Genes Genet Syst 2000, 75:259-267. 10.1266/ggs.75.259 11245219
42. Stone KD Cook JA Molecular evolution of Holarctic martens (genus Martes, Mammalia: Carnivora: Mustelidae) Mol Phylogenet Evol 2002, 24:169-179. 10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00229-4 12144754
43. Anderson E Quaternary evolution of the genus Martes (Carnivora, Mustelidae) Acta Zool Fenn 1970, 130:1-132.
44. Maddison WP Gene trees in species trees Syst Biol 1997, 46:523-536. 10.2307/2413694
45. Degnan JH Rosenberg NA Discordance of species trees with their most likely gene trees PLoS Genet 2006, 2:e68. 1464820 16733550 10.1371/ journal.pgen.0020068
46. Thorley JL Wilkinson M Testing the phylogenetic stability of early tetrapods J Theor Biol 1999, 200:343-344. 10.1006/jtbi.1999.0999 10527723
47. Wilkinson M Majority-rule reduced consensus trees and their use in bootstrapping Mol Biol Evol 1996, 13:437-444. 8742632
48. Thorley JL Page RDM RadCon: Phylogenetic tree comparison and consensus Bioinformatics 2000, 16:486-487. 10.1093/bioinformatics/16.5.486 10871273
49. Whitfield JB Lockhart PJ Deciphering ancient rapid radiations Trends Ecol Evol 2007, 22:258-265. 10.1016/j.tree.2007.01.012 17300853
50. Pocock RI On the external and cranial characters of the European badger (Meles) and the American badger (Taxidea) Proc Zool Soc Lond 1920 1920, 423-436.
51. Petter G Origine, phylogénie et systematique des blaireaux Mammalia 1971, 35:567-597.
52. Drummond AJ Ho SYW Phillips MJ Rambaut A Relaxed phylogenetics and dating with confidence PLoS Biol 2006, 4:e88. 1395354 16683862 10.1371/ journal.pbio.0040088
53. Yang Z Yoder AD Comparison of likelihood and Bayesian methods for estimating divergence times using multiple gene loci and calibration points, with application to a radiation of cute-looking mouse lemur species Syst Biol 2003, 52:705-716. 10.1080/10635150390235557 14530137
54. Linder HP Hardy CR Rutschmann F Taxon sampling effects in molecular clock dating: An example from the African Restionaceae Mol Phylogenet Evol 2005, 35:569-582. 10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.006 15878126
55. Hug LA Roger AJ The impact of fossils and taxon sampling on ancient molecular dating analyses Mol Biol Evol 2007, 24:1889-1897. 10.1093/ molbev/msm115 17556757
56. Bromham L Penny D Rambaut A Hendy MD The power of relative rates tests depends on the data J Mol Evol 2000, 50:296-301. 10754073
57. Yang Z Rannala B Bayesian estimation of species divergence times under a molecular clock using multiple fossil calibrations with soft bounds Mol Biol Evol 2006, 23:212-226. 10.1093/molbev/msj024 16177230
58. Sanders KL Lee MSY Evaluating molecular clock calibrations using Bayesian analyses with soft and hard bounds Biol Lett 2007, 3:275-279. 10.1098/rsbl.2007.0063 17363358
59. Bromham L Penny D The modern molecular clock Nat Rev Genet 2003, 4:216-224. 10.1038/nrg1020 12610526
60. Zachos J Pagani M Sloan L Thomas E Billups K Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present Science 2001 292 686 693 10.1126/science.1059412 11326091
61. Haq BU Hardenbol J Vail PR Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic Science 1987, 235:1156-1167. 10.1126/science.235.4793.1156 17818978
62. Fortelius M Werdelin L Andrews P Bernor RL Gentry A Humphrey L Mittmann H-W Viratana S Provinciality, diversity, turnover, and paleoecology on land mammal faunas of the later Miocene of Western Eurasia The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas New York: Columbia University Press Bernor RL, Fahlbusch V, Mittmann H-W 1996, 414-448.
63. Wolfe JA Distribution of vegetational types during the Tertiary The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO2: Natural Variations Archean to Present Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union Sundquist ET, Broecker WS 1985, 357-375.
64. Singh G History of aridland vegetation and climate: A global perspective Biol Rev 1988, 63:159-195. 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1988.tb00629.x
65. Traverse A Paleopalynology Boston, MA: Allen and Unwin 1988.
66. Potts R Behrensmeyer AK Late Cenozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems Terrestrial Ecosystems Through Time: Evolutionary Paleoecology of Terrestrial Plants and Animals Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press Behrensmeyer AK, Damuth JD, DiMichele WA, Potts R, Sues H-D, Wing SL 1992, 419-541.
67. Janis CM Tertiary mammal evolution in the context of changing climates, vegetation, and tectonic events Annu Rev Ecol Syst 1993, 24:467-500. 10.1146/annurev.es.24.110193.002343
68. Bernor RL Fahlbusch V Andrews P De Bruijn H Fortelius M Rogl F Steininger FF Werdelin L The evolution of western Eurasian Neogene mammal faunas: A chronologic, systematic, biogeographic and paleoenvironmental synthesis The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas New York: Columbia University Press Bernor RL, Fahlbusch V, Mittmann H-W 1996, 449-469.
69. Werdelin L Carnivores, exclusive of Hyaenidae, from the later Miocene of Europe and Western Asia The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas New York: Columbia University Press Bernor RL, Fahlbusch V, Mittmann H-W 1996, 271-289.
70. Korth WW The Tertiary Record of Rodents in North America New York: Plenum Press 1994
71. King CM The advantages and disadvantages of small size to weasels, Mustela species Carnivore Behavior, Ecology and Evolution Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press Gittleman JL 1989, 302-334.
72. Buskirk SW Introduction to the genus Martes Martens, Sables, and Fishers: Biology and Conservation Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press Buskirk SW, Harestad AS, Raphael MG, Powell RA 1994, 13-25.
73. Anderson E Evolution, prehistoric distribution, and systematics of Martes Martens, Sables, and Fishers: Biology and Conservation Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press Buskirk SW, Harestad AS, Raphael MG, Powell RA 1994, 13-25.
74. de Menocal PB Plio-Pleistocene African climate Science 1995, 270:53-59. 10.1126/science.270.5233.53 7569951
75. de Menocal PB African climate change and faunal evolution during the Pliocene-Pleistocene Earth Planet Sci Lett 2004, 220:3-24. 10.1016/ S0012-821X(04)00003-2
76. Pokras EM Ruddiman WF Evolution of south Saharan/Sahelian aridity based on freshwater diatoms (genus Melosira) and opal phytoliths: Sites 662 and 664 Proc Ocean Drilling Program Sci Res 1989, 108:143-148.
77. Ruddiman WF Sarnthein M Backman J Baldauf JG Curry W Dupont LM Janecek T Pokras EM Raymo ME Stabell B Stein R Tiedemann R Late Miocene to Pleistocene evolution of climate in Africa and the low-latitude Atlantic: Overview of Leg 108 results Proc Ocean Drilling Program Sci Res 1989, 108:463-484.
78. Johnson WE Eizirik E Pecon-Slattery J Murphy WJ Antunes A Teeling E O'Brien SJ The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment Science 2006, 311:73-77. 10.1126/science.1122277 16400146
79. Matthee CA Van Vuuren BJ Bell D Robinson TJ A molecular supermatrix of the rabbits and hares (Leporidae) allows for the identification of five intercontinental exchanges during the Miocene Syst Biol 2004, 53:433-447. 10.1080/10635150490445715 15503672
80. Gilbert C Ropiquet A Hassanin A Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): Systematics, morphology, and biogeography Mol Phylogenet Evol 2006, 20:101-117. 10.1016/ j.ympev.2006.02.017
81. Fuchs J Ohlson JI Ericson PGP Pasquet E Synchronous intercontinental splits between assemblages of woodpeckers suggested by molecular data Zool Scr 2007, 36:11-25. 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00267.x
82. Stanley SM Adaptive radiation and macroevolution Major Evolutionary Radiations. Oxford: Clarendon Press Taylor PD, Larwood GP 1990, 1-15.
83. Kashtan N Noor E Alon U Varying environments can speed up evolution Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007, 104:13711-13716. 1948871 17698964 10.1073/ pnas.0611630104
84. Simpson GG The Major Features of Evolution New York: Simon and Schuster 1953
85. Geritz SAH Kisdi E Meszéna G Metz JAJ Adaptive dynamics of speciation: Ecological underpinnings Adaptive Speciation Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Dieckmann U, Doebeli M, Metz JAJ, Tautz D 2004, 54-75.
86. Schluter D Price T Mooers AO Ludwig D Likelihood of ancestral states in adaptive radiation Evolution 1997, 51:1699-1711. 10.2307/2410994
87. Marshall LG Sempere T Evolution of the Neotropical Cenozoic land mammal fauna in its geochronologic, stratigraphic, and tectonic context Biological Relationships between Africa and South America New Haven, CT: Yale University Press Goldblatt P 1993, 329-392.
88. Coates AG Obando JA The geological evolution of the Central American isthmus Evolution and Environment in Tropical America Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press Jackson JBC, Budd AF, Coates AG 1996, 21-56.
89. Sheffield SR Thomas HH Mustela frenata Mammal Sp 1997, 570:1-9. 10.2307/ 3504434
90. Marshall LG Berta A Hoffstetter R Pascual R Reig OA Bombin M Mones A Mammals and stratigraphy: Geochronology of the continental mammal-bearing Quaternary of South America Palaeovertebrata Mem Ext 1984, 1984:1-76.
91. Bjork PR The Carnivora of the Hagerman local fauna (Late Pliocene) of southwestern Idaho Trans Am Philos Soc 1970, 60:1-54.
92. Ray CE Anderson E Webb SD The Blancan carnivore Trigonictis (Mammalia: Mustelidae) in the eastern United States Brimleyana 1981, 5:1-36.
93. Willemsen GF A revision of the Pliocene and Quaternary Lutrinae from Europe Scr Geol 1992, 101:1-115.
94. Marincovich L Jr Gladenkov AY Evidence for an early opening of Bering Strait Nature 1999, 397:149-151. 10.1038/16446
95. Gladenkov AY Oleinik AE Marincovich L Jr Barinov KB A refined age for the earliest opening of Bering Strait Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 2002, 183:321-328. 10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00249-3
96. Becker JJ McDonald HG The Star Valley Local Fauna (early Hemphillian), southwestern Idaho And whereas... Papers on the Vertebrate Paleontology of Idaho, Honoring John A. White Idaho Museum of Natural History Akersten WA, McDonald HG, Meldrum DJ, Flint MET 1998, 25-49.
97. Owen PR Description of a new Late Miocene American badger (Taxidiinae) utilizing high-resolution x-ray computed tomography Palaeontology 2006, 49:999-1011. 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00590.x
98. Ginsburg L Morales J Origin and evolution of the Melinae (Mustelidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) Earth Planet Sci 2000, 330:221-225.
99. Tedford RH Harington CR An Arctic mammal fauna from the Early Pliocene of North America Nature 2003, 425:388-390. 10.1038/nature01892 14508486
100. Wallace SC Wang X Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America Nature 2004, 431:556-559. 10.1038/ nature02819 15457257
101. Anderson E Review of the small carnivores of North America during the last 3.5 million years Contributions in Quaternary Vertebrate Paleontology: A Volume in Memorial to John E. Guilday Pittsburgh, PA: Special Publication of Carnegie Museum of Natural History Genoways HH, Dawson MR 1984, 257-266.
102. Berta A Marshall LG South American Carnivora Fossilium Catalogus I: Animalia The Hague: W. Junk Westphal F 1978, 1-48.
103. Hendey QB Late Tertiary Mustelidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Langebaanweg, South Africa Ann S Afr Mus 1978, 76:329-357.
104. Savage RJG Carnivora Evolution of African Mammals Cambridge: Harvard University Press Maglio VJ, Cooke HBS 1978, 249-267.
105. Werdelin L Mio-Pliocene Carnivora from Lothagam, Kenya Lothagam: The Dawn of Humanity in Eastern Africa New York: Columbia University Press Leakey MG, Harris JM 2003, 261-314.
106. Hendey QB The late Cenozoic Carnivora of the southwestern Cape province Ann S Afr Mus 1974, 63:1-369.
107. King CM Moors PJ On co-existence, foraging strategy and the biogeography of weasels and stoats (Mustela nivalis and M. erminea) in Britain Oecologia 1979, 39:129-150. 10.1007/BF00348064
108. Simms DA North American weasels: Resource utilization and distribution Can J Zool 1979, 57:504-520.
109. Dayan T Simberloff D Character displacement, sexual dimorphism and morphological variation among British and Irish mustelids Ecology 1994, 75:1063-1073. 10.2307/1939430
110. Friscia AR Van Valkenburgh B Biknevicius A An ecomorphological analysis of extant small carnivorans J Zool (Lond) 2007, 272:82-100. 10.1111/ j.1469-7998.2006.00246.x
111. Schutz H Guralnick RP Postcranial element shape and function: Assessing locomotor mode in extant and extinct mustelid carnivorans Zool J Linn Soc 2007, 150:895-914. 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00303.x
112. Vitt LJ Zani PA Espósito MC Historical ecology of Amazonian lizards: Implications for community ecology Oikos 1999, 87:286-294. 10.2307/3546743
113. Vitt LJ Pianka ER Deep history impacts present-day ecology and biodiversity Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005, 102:7877-7881. 1142370 15867150 10.1073/pnas.0501104102
114. Larivière S Mustela vison Mammal Sp 1999, 608:1-9.
115. Larivière S Amblonyx cinerea Mammal Sp 2003, 720:1-5. 10.1644/720
116. Hwang YT Larivière S Lutrogale perspicillata Mammal Sp 2005, 786:1-4. 10.1644/786.1
117. Losos JB Phylogenetic perspectives on community ecology Ecology 1996, 77:1344-1354. 10.2307/2265532
118. Sambrook J Fritsch EF Maniatus T Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 2 1989.
119. Wiens JJ Missing data and the design of phylogenetic analyses J Biomed Inform 2006, 39-34. 42 10.1016/j.jbi.2005.04.001 15922672
120. de Queiroz A Gatesy J The supermatrix approach to systematics Trends Ecol Evol 2007, 22:34-41. 10.1016/j.tree.2006.10.002 17046100
121. Barriel V Molecular phylogenies and how to code insertion/deletion events Life Sci 1994, 317:693-701.
122. Swofford DL PAUP*Version 4.0 Sunderland, MA: Sinauer 2002
123. Posada D Crandall KA MODELTEST: Testing the model of DNA substitution Bioinformatics 1998, 14:817-818. 10.1093/bioinformatics/14.9.817 9918953
124. Jobb G von Haesler A Strimmer K TREEFINDER: A powerful graphical analysis environment for molecular phylogenetics BMC Evol Biol 2004, 4:18-26. 459214 15222900 10.1186/1471-2148-4-18
125. Zwickl DJ Genetic algorithm approaches for the phylogenetic analysis of large biological sequence datasets under the maximum likelihood criterion PhD dissertation The University of Texas at Austin 2006
126. GARLI http://www.bio.utexas.edu/faculty/antisense/garli/Garli.html
127. Ronquist F Huelsenbeck JP MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models Bioinformatics 2003, 19:1572-1574. 10.1093/ bioinformatics/btg180 12912839
128. Nylander JAA MrModeltest Version 2 Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University: Sweden 2004
129. Rambaut A Drummond AJ Tracer, Version 1.3 http://evolve.zoo.ox.ac.uk/
130. Pagel M The maximum likelihood approach to reconstructing ancestral character states of discrete characters on phylogenies Syst Biol 1999, 48:612-622. 10.1080/106351599260184
131. Maddison WP Maddison DR Mesquite: A modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 1.12 http://mesquiteproject.org
132. King CM Mustela erminea Mammal Sp 1983, 195:1-8. 10.2307/3503967
133. Sheffield SR King CM Mustela nivalis Mammal Sp 1994, 454:1-10. 10.2307/ 3504183
134. Kurtén B Anderson E Pleistocene Mammals of North America New York: Columbia University Press; 1980.
135. Pasitschniak-Arts M Larivière S Gulo gulo Mammal Sp 1995, 499:1-10.
136. Harrison JA A review of the extinct wolverine, Plesiogulo (Carnivora: Mustelidae), from North America Smithson Contrib Paleobiol 1981, 46:1-27.
137. Estes JA Enhydra lutris Mammal Sp 1980, 133:1-8. 10.2307/3503844
138. Berta A Morgan GS A new sea otter (Carnivora: Mustelidae) from the Late Miocene and Early Pliocene (Hemphillian) of North America J Paleontol 1985, 59:809-819.
139. Repenning CA Enhydra and Enhydriodon from the Pacific coast of North America J Res U S Geol Survey 1976, 4:305-315.
140. Lewis PO A likelihood approach to estimating phylogeny from discrete morphological character data Syst Biol 2001, 50:913-925. 10.1080/ 106351501753462876 12116640
141. Drummond AJ Rambaut A BEAST v1.4 2006 http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk/
142. Fortelius M coordinator Neogene of Old World Database of Fossil Mammals (NOW) University of Helsinki http://www.helsinki.fi/science/now/
143. Spassov N Zorillas (Carnivora, Mustelidae, Ictonychini) from the Villafranchian of Bulgaria with a description of a new species of Baranogale Kormos, 1934 Geodiversitas 2001, 23:87-104.
144. Wolsan M Lange-Badré B An arctomorph carnivoran skull from the Phosphorites du Quercy and the origin of procyonids Acta Palaeontol Pol 1996, 41:277-298.
145. Murphy WJ Eizirik E Johnson WE Zhang Y-P Ryder OA O'Brien SJ Molecular phylogenetics and the origin of placental mammals Nature 2001, 409:614-618. 10.1038/35054550 11214319
146. Amrine-Madsen H Koepfli K-P Wayne RK Springer MS A new phylogenetic marker, apolipoprotein B, provides compelling evidence for eutherian relationships Mol Phylogenet Evol 2003, 28:225-240. 10.1016/ S1055-7903(03)00118-0 12878460
147. Jiang Z Priat C Galibert F Traced orthologous amplified sequence tags (TOASTs) and mammalian comparative maps Mamm Genome 1998, 9:577-587. 10.1007/s003359900821 9657857
148. Lindblad-Toh K Wade CM Mikkelsen TS Karlsson EK Jaffe DB Kamal M Clamp M Chang JL Kulbokas EJ Zody MC Mauceli E Xie XH Breen M Wayne RK Ostrander EA Ponting CP Galibert F Smith DR deJong PJ Kirkness E Alvarez P Biagi T Brockman W Butler J Chin CW Cook A Cuff J Daly MJ DeCaprio D Gnerre S Grabherr M Kellis M Kleber M Bardeleben C Goodstadt L Heger A Hitte C Kim L Koepfli KP Parker HG Pollinger JP Searle SMJ Sutter NB Thomas R Webber C Lander ES Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog Nature 2005, 438:803-819. 10.1038/ nature04338 16341006
149. Lyons LA Laughlin TF Copeland NG Jenkins NA Womack JE O'Brien SJ Comparative anchor tagged sequences (CATS) for integrative mapping of mammalian genomes Nat Genet 1997, 15:47-56. 10.1038/ng0197-47 8988168
150. Venta PJ Brouillette JA Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V Brewer GJ Gene-specific universal mammalian sequence-tagged sites: Application to the canine genome Biochem Genet 1996, 34:321-341. 10.1007/BF02399951 8894053
151. Brouillette JA Andrew JR Venta PJ Estimate of nucleotide diversity in dogs with a pool-and-sequence method Mamm Genome 2000, 11:1079-1086. 10.1007/s003350010220 11130975
152. Teeling EC Scally M Kao DJ Romagnoli ML Springer MS Molecular evidence regarding the origin of echolocation and flight in bats Nature 2000, 403:188-192. 10.1038/35003188 10646602
153. Koepfli K-P Kanchanasaka B Sasaki H Jacques H Louie KDY Hoai T Dang NX Geffen E Gutleb A Han S-y Heggberget TM LaFontaine L Lee H Melisch R Ruiz-Olmo J Santos-Reis M Sidorovich VE Stubbe M Wayne RK Establishing the foundation for an applied molecular taxonomy of otters in Southeast Asia Cons Genet 2008. 10.1007/s10592-007-9498-5
154. Koepfli K-P Gompper ME Eizirik E Ho CC Linden L Maldonado JE Wayne RK PhylogMny of the Procyonidae (Mammalia: Carnivora): molecules, morphology and the Great American Interchange Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007, 43:1076-1095. 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.10.003 17174109
155. Ledje C Árnason U Phylogenetic analyses of complete cytochrome b genes of the order Carnivora with particular emphasis on the Caniformia J Mol Evol 1996, 42:135-144. 10.1007/BF02198839 8919865
156. Yule model bug http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk/Yule_model_bug