메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 28, Issue 10, 2011, Pages 723-732

Postoperative delirium. Part 2: Detection, prevention and treatment

Author keywords

Antipsychotics; Benzodiazepines; Cholinesterase inhibitors; Delirium; Dexmedetomidine; Haloperidol; Postoperative complications

Indexed keywords

BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; CHLORPROMAZINE; DEXMEDETOMIDINE; DONEPEZIL; HALOPERIDOL; KETAMINE; LORAZEPAM; OLANZAPINE; PLACEBO; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; RIVASTIGMINE;

EID: 80052836379     PISSN: 02650215     EISSN: 13652346     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/EJA.0b013e328349b7db     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (44)

References (84)
  • 1
    • 0037151889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delirium
    • Brown TM, Boyle MF. Delirium. BMJ 2002; 325:644-647.
    • (2002) BMJ , vol.325 , pp. 644-647
    • Brown, T.M.1    Boyle, M.F.2
  • 2
    • 0027486727 scopus 로고
    • A predictive model for delirium in hospitalized elderly medical patients based on admission characteristics
    • Inouye SK, Viscoli CM, Horwitz RI, et al. A predictive model for delirium in hospitalized elderly medical patients based on admission characteristics. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119:474-481. (Pubitemid 23310108)
    • (1993) Annals of Internal Medicine , vol.119 , Issue.6 , pp. 474-481
    • Inouye, S.K.1    Viscoli, C.M.2    Horwitz, R.I.3    Hurst, L.D.4    Tinetti, M.E.5
  • 6
    • 59849114980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Derivation and validation of a preoperative prediction rule for delirium after cardiac surgery
    • Rudolph JL, Jones RN, Levkoff SE, et al. Derivation and validation of a preoperative prediction rule for delirium after cardiac surgery. Circulation 2009; 119:229-236.
    • (2009) Circulation , vol.119 , pp. 229-236
    • Rudolph, J.L.1    Jones, R.N.2    Levkoff, S.E.3
  • 7
    • 14744283756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting post-operative delirium in elective orthopaedic patients: The Delirium Elderly At-Risk (DEAR) instrument [1]
    • DOI 10.1093/ageing/afh245
    • Freter SH, Dunbar MJ, MacLeod H, et al. Predicting postoperative delirium in elective orthopaedic patients: the Delirium Elderly At-Risk (DEAR) instrument. Age Ageing 2005; 34:169-171. (Pubitemid 40331100)
    • (2005) Age and Ageing , vol.34 , Issue.2 , pp. 169-171
    • Freter, S.H.1    Dunbar, M.J.2    MacLeod, H.3    Morrison, M.4    MacKnight, C.5    Rockwood, K.6
  • 8
    • 0029917496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Precipitating factors for delirium in hospitalized elderly persons: Predictive model and interrelationship with baseline vulnerability
    • DOI 10.1001/jama.275.11.852
    • Inouye SK, Charpentier PA. Precipitating factors for delirium in hospitalized elderly persons. Predictive model and interrelationship with baseline vulnerability. JAMA 1996; 275:852-857. (Pubitemid 26087222)
    • (1996) Journal of the American Medical Association , vol.275 , Issue.11 , pp. 852-857
    • Inouye, S.K.1    Charpentier, P.A.2
  • 9
    • 0004235298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Psychiatric Association. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association
    • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
    • (2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
  • 10
    • 0003514452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed 8 February 2011
    • World Health Organization: ICD-10 http://apps.who.int/classifications/ apps/icd/icd10online/. [Accessed 8 February 2011].
    • World Health Organization: ICD-10
  • 12
    • 77955761916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does this patient have delirium? Value of bedside instruments
    • Wong CL, Holroyd-Leduc J, Simel DL, Straus SE. Does this patient have delirium? Value of bedside instruments. JAMA 2010; 304:779- 786.
    • (2010) JAMA , vol.304 , pp. 779-786
    • Wong, C.L.1    Holroyd-Leduc, J.2    Simel, D.L.3    Straus, S.E.4
  • 14
    • 0035023645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensive care delirium screening checklist: Evaluation of a new screening tool
    • DOI 10.1007/s001340100909
    • Bergeron N, Dubois MJ, Dumont M, et al. Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist: evaluation of a new screening tool. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27:859-864. (Pubitemid 32480514)
    • (2001) Intensive Care Medicine , vol.27 , Issue.5 , pp. 859-864
    • Bergeron, N.1    Dubois, M.-J.2    Dumont, M.3    Dial, S.4    Skrobik, Y.5
  • 15
    • 74949123615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different assessment tools for intensive care unit delirium: Which score to use?
    • Luetz A, Heymann A, Radtke FM, et al. Different assessment tools for intensive care unit delirium: which score to use? Crit Care Med 2010; 38:409-418.
    • (2010) Crit Care Med , vol.38 , pp. 409-418
    • Luetz, A.1    Heymann, A.2    Radtke, F.M.3
  • 16
    • 0025667229 scopus 로고
    • Clarifying confusion: The Confusion Assessment Method. A new method for detection of delirium
    • Inouye SK, van Dyck CH, Alessi CA, et al. Clarifying confusion: the Confusion Assessment Method. A new method for detection of delirium. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113:941-948.
    • (1990) Ann Intern Med , vol.113 , pp. 941-948
    • Inouye, S.K.1    Van Dyck, C.H.2    Alessi, C.A.3
  • 17
    • 0023866919 scopus 로고
    • A symptom rating scale for delirium
    • DOI 10.1016/0165-1781(88)90037-6
    • Trzepacz PT, Baker RW, Greenhouse J. A symptom rating scale for delirium. Psychiatry Res 1988; 23:89-97. (Pubitemid 18038426)
    • (1988) Psychiatry Research , vol.23 , Issue.1 , pp. 89-97
    • Trzepacz, P.T.1    Baker, R.W.2    Greenhouse, J.3
  • 19
    • 0030293351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The NEECHAM Confusion Scale: Construction, validation, and clinical testing
    • Neelon VJ, Champagne MT, Carlson JR, Funk SG. The NEECHAM Confusion Scale: construction, validation, and clinical testing. Nurs Res 1996; 45:324-330. (Pubitemid 126433497)
    • (1996) Nursing Research , vol.45 , Issue.6 , pp. 324-330
    • Neelon, V.J.1    Champagne, M.T.2    Carlson, J.R.3    Funk, S.G.4
  • 22
    • 18044371854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fast, systematic, and continuous delirium assessment in hospitalized patients: The nursing delirium screening scale
    • DOI 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2004.07.009
    • Gaudreau JD, Gagnon P, Harel F, et al. Fast, systematic, and continuous delirium assessment in hospitalized patients: the nursing delirium screening scale. J Pain Symptom Manage 2005; 29:368-375. (Pubitemid 40602517)
    • (2005) Journal of Pain and Symptom Management , vol.29 , Issue.4 , pp. 368-375
    • Gaudreau, J.-D.1    Gagnon, P.2    Harel, F.3    Tremblay, A.4    Roy, M.-A.5
  • 24
    • 0037977890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prognostic significance of subsyndromal delirium in elderly medical inpatients
    • DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2389.2003.51255.x
    • Cole M, McCusker J, Dendukuri N, Han L. The prognostic significance of subsyndromal delirium in elderly medical inpatients. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51:754-760. (Pubitemid 36693423)
    • (2003) Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , vol.51 , Issue.6 , pp. 754-760
    • Cole, M.G.1    McCusker, J.2    Dendukuri, N.3    Han, L.4
  • 25
    • 33846330520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Screening methods for delirium: Don't get confused!
    • DOI 10.1007/s00134-006-0400-6
    • Polderman KH. Screening methods for delirium: don't get confused!. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33:3-5. (Pubitemid 46115462)
    • (2007) Intensive Care Medicine , vol.33 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-5
    • Polderman, K.H.1
  • 26
    • 34247525495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central nervous system dysfunction after noncardiac surgery and anesthesia in the elderly
    • DOI 10.1097/00000542-200703000-00026, PII 0000054220070300000026
    • Silverstein JH, Timberger M, Reich DL, Uysal S. Central nervous system dysfunction after noncardiac surgery and anesthesia in the elderly. Anesthesiology 2007; 106:622-628. (Pubitemid 46662227)
    • (2007) Anesthesiology , vol.106 , Issue.3 , pp. 622-628
    • Silverstein, J.H.1    Timberger, M.2    Reich, D.L.3    Uysal, S.4
  • 27
    • 33847609968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence delirium in children: Many questions, few answers
    • DOI 10.1213/01.ane.0000250914.91881.a8, PII 0000053920070100000018
    • Vlajkovic GP, Sindjelic RP. Emergence delirium in children: many questions, few answers. Anesth Analg 2007; 104:84-91. (Pubitemid 46360426)
    • (2007) Anesthesia and Analgesia , vol.104 , Issue.1 , pp. 84-91
    • Vlajkovic, G.P.1    Sindjelic, R.P.2
  • 29
    • 77954982886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for inadequate emergence after anesthesia: Emergence delirium and hypoactive emergence
    • Radtke FM, Franck M, Hagemann L, et al. Risk factors for inadequate emergence after anesthesia: emergence delirium and hypoactive emergence. Minerva Anestesiol 2010; 76:394-403.
    • (2010) Minerva Anestesiol , vol.76 , pp. 394-403
    • Radtke, F.M.1    Franck, M.2    Hagemann, L.3
  • 35
    • 77953159789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reducing delirium in elderly patients with hip fracture: A multifactorial intervention study
    • Bjorkelund KB, Hommel A, Thorngren KG, et al. Reducing delirium in elderly patients with hip fracture: a multifactorial intervention study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2010; 54:678-688.
    • (2010) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.54 , pp. 678-688
    • Bjorkelund, K.B.1    Hommel, A.2    Thorngren, K.G.3
  • 38
    • 35348887919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of risperidone for prevention of postoperative delirium in cardiac surgery
    • Prakanrattana U, Prapaitrakool S. Efficacy of risperidone for prevention of postoperative delirium in cardiac surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care 2007; 35:714-719. (Pubitemid 47572095)
    • (2007) Anaesthesia and Intensive Care , vol.35 , Issue.5 , pp. 714-719
    • Prakanrattana, U.1    Prapaitrakool, S.2
  • 39
    • 77957343185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Administration of olanzapine to prevent postoperative delirium in elderly joint-replacement patients: A randomized, controlled trial
    • Larsen KA, Kelly SE, Stern TA, et al. Administration of olanzapine to prevent postoperative delirium in elderly joint-replacement patients: a randomized, controlled trial. Psychosomatics 2010; 51:409-418.
    • (2010) Psychosomatics , vol.51 , pp. 409-418
    • Larsen, K.A.1    Kelly, S.E.2    Stern, T.A.3
  • 42
    • 67650474592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rivastigmine for the prevention of postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery: A randomized controlled trial
    • Gamberini M, Bolliger D, Lurati Buse GA, et al. Rivastigmine for the prevention of postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med 2009; 37:1762-1768.
    • (2009) Crit Care Med , vol.37 , pp. 1762-1768
    • Gamberini, M.1    Bolliger, D.2    Lurati, B.G.A.3
  • 44
    • 77953076612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of dexmedetomidine versus lorazepam on outcome in patients with sepsis: An a priori-designed analysis of the MENDS randomized controlled trial
    • Pandharipande PP, Sanders RD, Girard TD, et al. Effect of dexmedetomidine versus lorazepam on outcome in patients with sepsis: an a priori-designed analysis of the MENDS randomized controlled trial. Crit Care 2010; 14:R38.
    • (2010) Crit Care , vol.14
    • Pandharipande, P.P.1    Sanders, R.D.2    Girard, T.D.3
  • 45
    • 59849087047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dexmedetomidine versus propofol/midazolam for long-term sedation during mechanical ventilation
    • Ruokonen E, Parviainen I, Jakob SM, et al. Dexmedetomidine versus propofol/midazolam for long-term sedation during mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35:282-290.
    • (2009) Intensive Care Med , vol.35 , pp. 282-290
    • Ruokonen, E.1    Parviainen, I.2    Jakob, S.M.3
  • 46
    • 70350435266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of delirium with dexmedetomidine compared with morphine based therapy after cardiac surgery: A randomized controlled trial (DEXmedetomidine COmpared to Morphine-DEXCOM Study)
    • Shehabi Y, Grant P, Wolfenden H, et al. Prevalence of delirium with dexmedetomidine compared with morphine based therapy after cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial (DEXmedetomidine COmpared to Morphine-DEXCOM Study). Anesthesiology 2009; 111:1075-1084.
    • (2009) Anesthesiology , vol.111 , pp. 1075-1084
    • Shehabi, Y.1    Grant, P.2    Wolfenden, H.3
  • 47
    • 59649127447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam for sedation of critically ill patients: A randomized trial
    • Riker RR, Shehabi Y, Bokesch PM, et al. Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam for sedation of critically ill patients: a randomized trial. JAMA 2009; 301:489-499.
    • (2009) JAMA , vol.301 , pp. 489-499
    • Riker, R.R.1    Shehabi, Y.2    Bokesch, P.M.3
  • 48
    • 67650921091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dexmedetomidine and the reduction of postoperative delirium after cardiac surgery
    • Maldonado JR, Wysong A, van der Starre PJ, et al. Dexmedetomidine and the reduction of postoperative delirium after cardiac surgery. Psychosomatics 2009; 50:206-217.
    • (2009) Psychosomatics , vol.50 , pp. 206-217
    • Maldonado, J.R.1    Wysong, A.2    Van Der Starre, P.J.3
  • 49
    • 77954459092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of dexmedetomidine as a sedative and analgesic agent in critically ill adult patients: A meta-analysis
    • Tan JA, Ho KM. Use of dexmedetomidine as a sedative and analgesic agent in critically ill adult patients: a meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36:926-939.
    • (2010) Intensive Care Med , vol.36 , pp. 926-939
    • Tan, J.A.1    Ho, K.M.2
  • 51
    • 33644988306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delirium in older persons
    • Inouye SK. Delirium in older persons. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1157- 1165.
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.354 , pp. 1157-1165
    • Inouye, S.K.1
  • 52
    • 33344464120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Melatonin: Possible implications for the postoperative and critically ill patient
    • DOI 10.1007/s00134-005-0061-x
    • Bourne RS, Mills GH. Melatonin: possible implications for the postoperative and critically ill patient. Intensive Care Med 2006; 32:371-379. (Pubitemid 43289645)
    • (2006) Intensive Care Medicine , vol.32 , Issue.3 , pp. 371-379
    • Bourne, R.S.1    Mills, G.H.2
  • 53
    • 0035999225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel approach to the prevention of postoperative delirium in the elderly after gastrointestinal surgery
    • DOI 10.1007/s005950200044
    • Aizawa K, Kanai T, Saikawa Y, et al. A novel approach to the prevention of postoperative delirium in the elderly after gastrointestinal surgery. Surg Today 2002; 32:310-314. (Pubitemid 34671262)
    • (2002) Surgery Today , vol.32 , Issue.4 , pp. 310-314
    • Aizawa, K.-I.1    Kanai, T.2    Saikawa, Y.3    Takabayashi, T.4    Kawano, Y.5    Miyazawa, N.6    Yamamoto, T.7
  • 55
    • 67651203271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine attenuates delirium after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass
    • Hudetz JA, Patterson KM, Iqbal Z, et al. Ketamine attenuates delirium after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2009; 23:651-657.
    • (2009) J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth , vol.23 , pp. 651-657
    • Hudetz, J.A.1    Patterson, K.M.2    Iqbal, Z.3
  • 58
    • 33846865310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antipsychotics in the treatment of delirium: A systematic review
    • Seitz DP, Gill SS, van Zyl LT. Antipsychotics in the treatment of delirium: a systematic review. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68:11-21. (Pubitemid 46220119)
    • (2007) Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , vol.68 , Issue.1 , pp. 11-21
    • Seitz, D.P.1    Gill, S.S.2    Van Zyl, L.T.3
  • 62
    • 1642415129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Olanzapine vs haloperidol: Treating delirium in a critical care setting
    • DOI 10.1007/s00134-003-2117-0
    • Skrobik YK, Bergeron N, Dumont M, Gottfried SB. Olanzapine vs haloperidol: treating delirium in a critical care setting. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30:444-449. (Pubitemid 38375619)
    • (2004) Intensive Care Medicine , vol.30 , Issue.3 , pp. 444-449
    • Skrobik, Y.K.1    Bergeron, N.2    Dumont, M.3    Gottfried, S.B.4
  • 63
    • 0036097170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An open trial of olanzapine for the treatment of delirium in hospitalized cancer patients
    • DOI 10.1176/appi.psy.43.3.175
    • Breitbart W, Tremblay A, Gibson C. An open trial of olanzapine for the treatment of delirium in hospitalized cancer patients. Psychosomatics 2002; 43:175-182. (Pubitemid 34522527)
    • (2002) Psychosomatics , vol.43 , Issue.3 , pp. 175-182
    • Breitbart, W.1    Tremblay, A.2    Gibson, C.3
  • 64
    • 33645990638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atypical antipsychotics in the management of delirium: A review of the empirical literature
    • Boettger S, Breitbart W. Atypical antipsychotics in the management of delirium: a review of the empirical literature. Palliat Support Care 2005; 3:227-237.
    • (2005) Palliat Support Care , vol.3 , pp. 227-237
    • Boettger, S.1    Breitbart, W.2
  • 65
    • 77953939713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risperidone versus olanzapine for the treatment of delirium
    • Kim SW, Yoo JA, Lee SY, et al. Risperidone versus olanzapine for the treatment of delirium. Hum Psychopharmacol 2010; 25:298-302.
    • (2010) Hum Psychopharmacol , vol.25 , pp. 298-302
    • Kim, S.W.1    Yoo, J.A.2    Lee, S.Y.3
  • 66
    • 74949114615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of quetiapine in critically ill patients with delirium: A prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study
    • Devlin JW, Roberts RJ, Fong JJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of quetiapine in critically ill patients with delirium: a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Crit Care Med 2010; 38:419-427.
    • (2010) Crit Care Med , vol.38 , pp. 419-427
    • Devlin, J.W.1    Roberts, R.J.2    Fong, J.J.3
  • 70
    • 44449086445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An update on the use of antipsychotics in the treatment of delirium
    • Alici-Evcimen Y, Breitbart W. An update on the use of antipsychotics in the treatment of delirium. Palliat Support Care 2008; 6:177-182.
    • (2008) Palliat Support Care , vol.6 , pp. 177-182
    • Alici-Evcimen, Y.1    Breitbart, W.2
  • 71
    • 3042549215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A double-blind trial of risperidone and haloperidol for the treatment of delirium
    • Han CS, Kim YK. A double-blind trial of risperidone and haloperidol for the treatment of delirium. Psychosomatics 2004; 45:297-301.
    • (2004) Psychosomatics , vol.45 , pp. 297-301
    • Han, C.S.1    Kim, Y.K.2
  • 73
    • 78649474311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of rivastigmine as an adjunct to usual care with haloperidol on duration of delirium and mortality in critically ill patients: A multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial
    • van EijkMM, Roes KC, Honing ML, et al. Effect of rivastigmine as an adjunct to usual care with haloperidol on duration of delirium and mortality in critically ill patients: a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial. Lancet 2010; 376:1829-1837.
    • (2010) Lancet , vol.376 , pp. 1829-1837
    • Van Eijk, M.M.1    Roes, K.C.2    Honing, M.L.3
  • 74
    • 67649450488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dexmedetomidine vs. Haloperidol in delirious, agitated, intubated patients: A randomised open-label trial
    • Reade MC, O'Sullivan K, Bates S, et al. Dexmedetomidine vs. haloperidol in delirious, agitated, intubated patients: a randomised open-label trial. Crit Care 2009; 13:R75.
    • (2009) Crit Care , vol.13
    • Reade, M.C.1    O'sullivan, K.2    Bates, S.3
  • 75
    • 33644851831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lorazepam is an independent risk factor for transitioning to delirium in intensive care unit patients
    • Pandharipande P, Shintani A, Peterson J, et al. Lorazepam is an independent risk factor for transitioning to delirium in intensive care unit patients. Anesthesiology 2006; 104:21-26.
    • (2006) Anesthesiology , vol.104 , pp. 21-26
    • Pandharipande, P.1    Shintani, A.2    Peterson, J.3
  • 77
    • 80052844122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DOCUMED SA. Basel: DOCUMEND SA
    • DOCUMED SA. Medikamenten Kompendium der Schweiz. Basel: DOCUMEND SA; 2011. pp. 4944-4946.
    • (2011) Medikamenten Kompendium Der Schweiz , pp. 4944-4946
  • 80
    • 7044229441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous ethanol for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome in critically ill patients
    • DOI 10.1592/phco.24.16.1578.50945
    • Hodges B, Mazur JE. Intravenous ethanol for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome in critically ill patients. Pharmacotherapy 2004; 24:1578-1585. (Pubitemid 39426353)
    • (2004) Pharmacotherapy , vol.24 , Issue.11 , pp. 1578-1585
    • Hodges, B.1    Mazur, J.E.2
  • 81
    • 77954964464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delirium in elderly patients and the risk of postdischarge mortality, institutionalization, and dementia: A meta-analysis
    • Witlox J, Eurelings LS, de Jonghe JF, et al. Delirium in elderly patients and the risk of postdischarge mortality, institutionalization, and dementia: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2010; 304:443-451.
    • (2010) JAMA , vol.304 , pp. 443-451
    • Witlox, J.1    Eurelings, L.S.2    De Jonghe, J.F.3
  • 82
    • 0036097548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The delirium experience: Delirium recall and delirium-related distress in hospitalized patients with cancer, their spouses/caregivers, and their nurses
    • DOI 10.1176/appi.psy.43.3.183
    • Breitbart W, Gibson C, Tremblay A. The delirium experience: delirium recall and delirium-related distress in hospitalized patients with cancer, their spouses/caregivers, and their nurses. Psychosomatics 2002; 43:183-194. (Pubitemid 34522528)
    • (2002) Psychosomatics , vol.43 , Issue.3 , pp. 183-194
    • Breitbart, W.1    Gibson, C.2    Tremblay, A.3
  • 83
    • 77449084057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic infection and delirium: When cytokines and acetylcholine collide
    • van Gool WA, van de Beek D, Eikelenboom P. Systemic infection and delirium: when cytokines and acetylcholine collide. Lancet 2010; 375:773-775.
    • (2010) Lancet , vol.375 , pp. 773-775
    • Van Gool, W.A.1    Van De Beek, D.2    Eikelenboom, P.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.